Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports
Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of research, review, case reports, analysis, magazines, editorials, opinion, communications, mini-review, short communications, picturized, book review, video type and power point presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/infectious-diseases-case-reports/user/register or can send through an e-mail with attachment for infectiousdiseases@onlinescientificresearch.info 1.023 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Co-Infection of Pulmonary Actinomycosis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Report
Pulmonary actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by bacteria of the Actinomycetaceae family. Pulmonary actinomycosis itself is uncommon, and its co-occurrence with tuberculosis is even rarer. We report a case of a 61-year-old female patient diagnosed with concurrent pulmonary actinomycosis and pulmonary tuberculosis. High-resolution computed tomography, histopathological examination, and GeneXpert testing of the bronchoalveolar lavage sample allowed us to confirm the diagnosis of co-infection. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of concomitant pulmonary actinomycosis and pulmonary tuberculosis in Mongolia.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Actinomycosis, Co-Infection, Chronic Pulmonary Infection, Case Report, Bronchoscopy
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports
Infectious Diseases in Indian Sub-Continent
The Indian subcontinent has a huge burden of infectious diseases due to its enormous and diversified population, growing urbanisation, climate unpredictability, socio-economic inequalities, and changing health care problems. Despite considerable advances in the control of disease through wider immunisation, improved sanitation and improved surveillance systems, infectious diseases continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the region. Endemic diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, dengue, typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases also persist, along with emerging and re-emerging infections such as COVID-19, Nipah virus disease, antibiotic resistance bacterial infections and zoonotic pathogens. Growing international travel, environmental changes and population mobility further magnify the spread and evolution of infectious hazards. This article gives an overview of epidemiology, determinants, clinical impact and public health significance of infectious illnesses in the Indian subcontinent. It also covers breakthroughs in diagnostics, vaccines, antimicrobial stewardship, genomic monitoring and integrated disease surveillance systems that are driving current infectious disease management. The article ends with the call for a multidisciplinary, One Health approach that includes governments, health care professionals, researchers and communities to boost preparedness, improve outbreak response and minimise the burden of infectious illnesses in the region.
Beyond Weight: Understanding Low Back Pain in Nurses with Normal BMI
Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a leading occupational health problem among nurses worldwide. While overweight and obesity are known risk factors, emerging evidence shows that nurses with a normal body mass index (BMI) also experience high rates of LBP due to physical workload and psychosocial stressors Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 184 nurses in Oman, of whom 106 had a normal BMI (18.5–24.9). Data was collected using a validated questionnaire addressing demographic, occupational, psychosocial, and clinical characteristics of LBP. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and multivariate logistic regression Results: The overall prevalence of LBP was 100%. Among nurses with normal BMI, the most reported frequency was weekly pain (34.5%), followed by daily pain (26.1%). Pain intensity was predominantly mild (64.8%) or moderate (25.9%), while duration was commonly less than one day (44.4%). Significant associations were found between LBP and pain frequency (p = 0.006), intensity (p < 0.001), BMI category (p = 0.049), and work specialty (p < 0.001). Correlation analysis showed that physical job demands (r = 0.44, p < 0.01) and psychological job demands (r = 0.28, p = 0.018) were positively related to LBP severity, whereas job control and social support demonstrated protective effects. Logistic regression revealed that high physical job demands (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3–4.3) and working more than 40 hours per week (AOR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.5) were independent predictors of high-severity LBP Conclusion: LBP is highly prevalent even among nurses with normal BMI, underscoring that occupational and psychosocial demands are stronger determinants than weight alone. Targeted ergonomic interventions, workload regulation, and workplace support programs are essential to reduce LBP and protect nurses’ health
The Bio-psychosocial Relevance of Non-Specific Low Back Pain (NSLBP) in Peri -and Postmenopausal Women
Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) in peri- and postmenopausal women is becoming an increasingly important women’s health concern. It draws attention to three major issues: the global burden of disability, a growing ageing population, and the physical, emotional, and social changes that accompany menopause.Low back pain impacts a significant population worldwide. The World Health Organization reports that 619 million people were living with low back pain in 2020, and this number is expected to rise to 843 million by 2050. It also remains the leading cause of disability worldwide, mainly due to an increase in the ageing population. According to WHO, the number of women aged 50 years and above is expected to reach 1.2 billion globally by 2050. Peri-menopause in women is a transitional phase leading to menopause, typically beginning in mid to late 40s. Both the phases are characterized by irregular menstrual cycles and fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone resulting in hot flashes, sleep disturbances, mood changes and a shift in body composition. These changes in combination with decreasing bone density accelerate degenerative changes in the lumbar spine, thereby increasing the susceptibility to Low back pain. Common symptoms like anxiety, depression, and general psychological distress are known to be strongly associated with the transition from acute to chronic LBP. Social and family responsibilities of women as primary care takers are likely to further delay healthcare access and worsen outcomes. All the above factors emphasize why NSLBP in peri- and postmenopausal women should be understood through a bio-psychosocial lens. Exploring and understanding this multifactorial nature of NSLBP is inevitable for a better assessment and earlier prevention, and to design individualized care.
Peri-menopause, Menopause, Ageing, Lumbar Spine, Low Back Pain
From Unknown to Understood: Revisiting Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
Background: Fever of Unknown Origin, now termed Pyrexia of Unknown Origin, is defined as temperature >38.3°C for >3 weeks with no diagnosis after 1 week of inpatient investigation. PUO remains a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse and often atypical etiologies. Contrary to perception, it is more commonly caused by atypical manifestations of common diseases rather than rare conditions. Tuberculosis is the single most common cause of FUO globally, especially in endemic regions. Other major contributors include infections, malignancies, and non-infectious inflammatory disorders. A systematic and stepwise approach is essential to reduce unnecessary investigations and avoid diagnostic delays. Case Summary: The clinical approach begins with detailed history and examination focusing on fever pattern, associated systemic symptoms, and risk factors. Key history points include onset and character of fever, night sweats, weight loss, cough, headache, joint pain, burning micturition, abdominal pain, recent travel, TB contact, animal exposure, sexual history, IV drug use, recent hospitalization, dental procedures, and medication history. Physical examination should target signs of occult infection, malignancy, or vasculitis. Special attention is given to FUO with headache, where CSF analysis for HSV, Cryptococcus, and _M. tuberculosis_ is warranted. Results: Diagnostic evaluation should prioritize common causes before pursuing rare etiologies. In suspected miliary TB, CT chest plus bone marrow/lymph node/liver biopsy improves yield. TST/IGRA may be falsely negative in miliary TB, malnutrition, or immunosuppression and does not exclude TB. For suspected vasculitis, fundoscopy for retinal vasculitis and temporal artery biopsy in elderly patients are useful. 18F-FDG PET-CT serves as an adjunct to localize lesions in malignancy or large-vessel vasculitis like Giant Cell Arteritis, though it cannot establish diagnosis alone. Conclusion: Management of PUO depends on establishing a definitive diagnosis. Once diagnosed, start targeted therapy. Most undiagnosed cases resolve spontaneously. Empirical antibiotics are reserved for hemodynamic instability or neutropenia. In TB-endemic regions with positive TST/IGRA and risk factors, empirical anti-TB therapy may be considered, but alternative diagnoses must be reconsidered if fever persists beyond 6 weeks. NSAIDs may be trialed in undiagnosed cases, while glucocorticoids should be avoided as they can mask symptoms and delay diagnosis.
Comparing an Artificial Intelligence-Powered Chatbot to Standardized Patient Simulation for Teaching Breast Self-Examination: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Artificial intelligence-assisted simulation (AIAS) has emerged as a potential alternative, but its efficacy compared to SPS for BSE training has not been rigorously evaluated. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of AIAS and SPS in teaching BSE to first-year medical, nursing, and paramedical students. Design: An open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial. Setting: Tertiary care institution in Eastern India. Methods: 84 first-year medical, nursing, and paramedical students were randomized to receive either AIAS (n=42) or SPS (n=42) training for BSE. The outcomes assessed included BSE skill performance, knowledge, anxiety, self-confidence, and satisfaction. Assessments were conducted at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at one-month follow-up. Interventions Participants in the AIAS group were provided access to the application using individual user IDs and passwords. Following an initial orientation within the app to familiarize themselves with its features, the participants used it for their BSE training. They could interact with the chatbot, view instructional videos, and practice BSE techniques guided by the app. The participants in the control group performed BSE on a standardized patient (a trained actress) using a wearable breast model in a private room under the supervision of an interventionist to ensure standardized scenario parameters. The sessions lasted for 15-20 minutes. Results AIAS participants achieved higher immediate post-intervention BSE skill scores than SPS participants (16.4 vs. 13.1, p<0.01). At one month, the scores were comparable between the groups, suggesting convergence of skill retention. Both interventions led to significant and sustained improvements in BSE knowledge. No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of anxiety, self-confidence, or satisfaction. At the one-month follow-up, 82.4% of the participants reported performing BSE, with no significant difference between the groups. Conclusions AIAS demonstrated superior immediate BSE skill acquisition compared to SPS, with comparable long-term outcomes across all metrics. These findings suggest that AIAS may offer an efficient, scalable alternative to SPS for BSE training, potentially addressing resource constraints in medical education, particularly in settings with limited access to standardized patients, while providing a platform for deliberate, on-demand practice.
Serum Determinations in SARS COV2 Infection
Purpose This presentation outlines the technical specifications, procedural guidelines, and clinical performance data for the VIDAS® SARS-CoV-2 IgG II (9COG) assay (pp. 1-2). The test serves as an automated diagnostic aid to evaluate whether an individual has developed a specific humoral immune response following exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination (pp. 2, 4). Methodology The assay utilizes the Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) technique, combining a two-stage sandwich enzyme immunoassay with automated fluorescence detection via a specialized Solid Phase Receptacle (SPR) device (pp. 2, 5). The inner wall of the SPR is coated with recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike protein to capture specific IgG antibodies from human serum or plasma (pp. 2, 7). Alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-human IgG antibodies and a 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate substrate are then introduced to generate a measurable fluorescent signal (pp. 6, 11). Performance and Results The automated analysis delivers semi-quantitative index results within approximately 27 minutes (pp. 2, 24). The test is highly precise and exhibits a wide linear range between 0.40 and 17.00 index values, with a determined cut-off value of 1.00 index equivalent to 20.33 BAU/ml relative to the first WHO international standard (pp. 27, 29, 31). Clinical evaluations demonstrate an overall internal specificity of 99.9% (p. 39). Clinical sensitivity is strongly correlated with time elapsed post-infection, rising from 45.3% within the first 7 days following a positive PCR result to 96.6% after 16 or more days (p. 40). Cross-reactivity studies against a panel of 261 potentially interfering infectious conditions verified high analytical specificity with minimal cross-reactivity (pp. 35-36). Conclusion The VIDAS® SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assay provides a highly efficient, reliable, and standardized solution for clinical laboratories to quantify anti-RBD Spike protein IgG antibodies, facilitating accurate long-term humoral immunity assessment (pp. 2, 4). Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA), Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), Spike Protein, VIDAS Automation, Humoral Immunity, Clinical Sensitivity, Analytical Specificity
Seroprevalence of Syphilis among Patients in Consultation at Cacia Health Centre (Republic of Guinea)
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is a major public health problem due to its silent transmission and severe complications in the absence of treatment. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is on the rise, particularly in 66 developing countries. The objective was to determine the seroprevalence of syphilis at the Cacia Health Centre. The analyses were carried out at the biomedical laboratory of the Cacia Health Centre. This was a prospective cross-sectional study. During the study, TPHA was used as the method of analysis. The study was conducted at the Cacia Health Centre over nine months (from 10 October 2024 to 10 June 2025) and involved 660 patients for whom a treponemal test was requested, of whom 23 were positive (3.48%). Men were more affected (14 cases/660, or 2.12%) than women (1.36%), with a sex ratio of 0.61 men to 1 woman. Single people were the most infected (17 cases, or 2.58%), followed by shopkeepers (8 cases, or 0.76%), students/pupils (5 cases, or 0.76%), and manual workers (4 cases, or 0.61%). The most affected age groups were: 27–36 years old (10 cases, or 1.51%) and 17–26 years old (8 cases, or 1.21%). The localities of Koliady (8 cases, 1.21%), Cacia (6 cases, 0.91%) and Caravanceraïls (4 cases, 0.61%) were the most affected. Early diagnosis of syphilis, adequate treatment, and sex education, among other measures, would reduce the risk of infection. Before syphilis becomes a greater public health emergency than it is today, it is time to promote free mass screening, adequate care for positive cases, sex education, and locally targeted prevention campaigns.
Defeating Resource Bottlenecks in Mass Screening: Empowering Global Pandemic Surveillance via Free Liaw Pooling Strategies
As the world faces an era of continuous pandemic threats, the primary challenge for global health systems remains the initial, rapid mobilization of mass population screening. When time and testing resources are severely limited, sample pooling serves as the only mathematically viable solution to identify infectious cohorts quickly.
Contemporary Challenges of Brazilian Public Health: State, Society, and Care Policies
Brazilian public health is characterized by significant social diversity, regional heterogeneity, and continuous efforts to promote equitable access to healthcare. This integrative study brings together evidence from five complementary investigations focusing on vaccine hesitancy, sexually transamitted infections (STIs), mental health among healthcare workers, reproductive health and contraceptive access, and public perceptions of the Unified Health System (SUS). Collectively, these studies explore how social, cultural, economic, and institutional factors influence health outcomes and healthcare experiences across different populations in Brazil.
Aging People with Viral Infection, Novel Strategies
Human beings are medically easy to infect with dangerous bacteria and viruses. The risks for bacteria or viral-induced human morbidity and mortality is complex and multi-factorial. However, a long-term awareness that old people are more vulnerable to microbial infections than adultness, especially like seasonal viruses spur more recently. This phenomenon may be attributed to different risk factors of physiological, pathological and therapeutic reasons. This article outlines this string of problems and tries to find answers from different clinical evidences and biomedical logics.
Assessment of EQA Reference Conventional Flow Cytometers for Clinical CD4+ T-Cell Enumeration
Background: CD4+ T-cell enumeration continues to be an essential marker for assessing immunodeficiency and monitoring HIV disease progression. Enrollment in an external quality assessment (EQA) program is a strong tool for diagnostics as it allows for identification and correction of potential errors that may occur during testing. The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of our repeated participation in an EQA program on the performance of our internal flow cytometry instruments, namely the Navios and FACSCalibur, as an EQA provider. Methods: We compiled data from 14 Canadian Immunology Quality Assurance Program (CIQAP) EQA sessions and compared the Navios and FACSCalibur results to the aggregate group mean (AGM) of each session. The standard deviation index (SDI), residual, and percent differential was performed to identify trends in data and identify any potential problems. A Bland-Altman analysis was performed comparing both of these flow cytometry instruments. Results: Our results showed good performance overall with trend variation between the relative (%) and absolute count CD4+ T-cell results for both of the instruments. We observed a good agreement between instruments and identified that all HIV+ samples with low relative CD4+ T-cell results (<28%) were overestimated by Navios compared to FACSCalibur. Conclusion: As an EQA coordinator, using the same instruments as participating laboratories allows more accurate monitoring of instrument performance and variability, supporting a stronger analysis of corrective action based on participant results.
Careful Investigation of Some Biomolecules That Might Be Successful in Preventing Sars-Cov-2/COVID-19 Using In-Silico Analysis: Preliminary Research
In 2019, the corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) with highly contagious features caused millions of cases worldwide. Scientists now feel more pressure than ever to create a unique cure. Due to the strong spreading properties that increased the death rate, medical professionals administered Remdesivir, dexamethasone, azithromycin, and hydroxychloroquine, among other treatments. An alternative Ayurvedic treatment that is safe and has no side effects can be helpful, even though a medication has now been licensed and vaccinations have been given to combat the symptoms. Because these plants are endowed with strong chemical contents, this study is focused on a selection of prospective plants. According to a review of the literature, these chemical components support the body’s defenses against illness, lower inflammation, supply antioxidants, and increase resistance. Consequently, the protein crystalline structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was carried out in the current study, In-silico analysis of selected markers against 6LU7. The average binding energy of the following compounds was determined: -5.67, -6.01, - 6.47, -6.41, -6.92, -6.52, -6.35, -6.47, -6.98, -6.83, -6.52, -7.86, -6.36 kcal/mol for nobiletin, tangeretin, sideroxylonal C, Coriandron, Epicatechin, epigallactocatechin gallate, luteolin, Ombuin, Tamarixetin, 6-deacetylnimbin, nimbolide, and Tricin, respectively. Furthermore, nine bioactive markers, namely PHE140, CYS145, GLU166, GLN189, Epicatechin, Nobiletin, Tamarixetin, Ombuin, and nimbolide, exhibit comparable binding active sites with the synthetic drug Remdesivir. Additionally, binding energy scores, binding affinity, and ADMET modeling are the main topics of the inquiry. Nonetheless, immunization is a necessary condition to stop the spread of infection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports
The Role of Nutrition on The Treatment of COVID-19
The rapid and extensive transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Initially thought to be an acute illness, many patients have reported persistent and recurring symptoms even after the infectious period. This has given rise to a new epidemic known as “long-COVID” or post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease, which has significantly impacted the lives of millions of individuals globally. The symptoms of both COVID-19 vary from person to person, but they share similarities with other respiratory viruses, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue, as well as adverse effects on metabolic and pulmonary health. Nutrition plays a crucial role in immune function and metabolic health, and therefore, it is believed to have an impact on reducing the risk or severity of symptoms for both COVID-19. However, despite the importance of nutrition in these physiological functions related to COVID-19, the exact role of nutrition in the onset or severity of COVID-19 infection is still not fully understood. This review aims to explore established and emerging nutrition approaches that may have a role in COVID-19, while emphasizing the significance of established nutrition and clinical practice guidelines as the primary resources for patients and healthcare practitioners
Pilosomes as Nanodrug Carrier: A Novel Drug Delivery System
One of the primary challenges in pharmaceutical dosage form development is the poor solubility of certain drugs, particularly those classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class IV. These drugs exhibit low solubility and permeability, resulting in suboptimal pharmacokinetics and limited bioavailability, which hinder their therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development. This study focuses on developing a novel Pilosomes drug delivery system, termed PDDS, to encapsulate a BCS Class IV drug using a novel lipid derived from pilu oil. The Pilosomes were formulated using an emulsification-evaporation technique with specific modifications and were comprehensively characterized for their physicochemical properties, including average particle size, surface morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity, in vitro drug release, and release kinetics. The prepared PDDS demonstrated an average particle size of 76.89 nm with a spherical morphology. The formulation achieved a percentage yield of 62.5%, drug entrapment efficiency of 90%, and drug loading capacity of 47.36%. In vitro drug release studies revealed that 24.27% of the drug was released within the first 2 hours, with a cumulative release of 75.18% over 12 hours. The release profile followed a zero-order kinetic model, indicating sustained and controlled drug release. These findings suggest that pilu oil serves as an effective novel lipid for the formulation of Pilosomes drug delivery systems, providing enhanced encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, and sustained release for BCS Class IV drugs. This research highlights the potential of PDDS as a promising platform for improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs. Future investigations may further validate the utility of pilu oil-based Pilosomes for broader pharmaceutical applications
Gastroentritis Impact on General Health and Proper Approach
Gastroenteritis, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting the stomach and intestines. It is most frequently caused by viral infections, particularly norovirus and rotavirus, although bacterial pathogens like Salmonella and Escherichia coli can also be responsible. The condition is characterized by symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. Transmission typically occurs through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected individuals. While gastroenteritis is usually self-limiting, leading to recovery within a few days, it can be particularly dangerous in vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
Emergency Medicine in Geriatrics – Are We Ready to Be on the Other Side?
The increasing presence of elderly patients in emergency departments (EDs) presents unique challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. This presentation explores the complexities of geriatric emergency medicine, emphasizing the need for specialized multidisciplinary teams and specific training to address age-related vulnerabilities. Key challenges include biased medical evaluations, inadequate communication, and ER settings lacking proper adaptations. Physiological changes associated with aging, such as diminished neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and immune system functions, compound the risks in emergency care. Factors like polypharmacy, comorbidities, and conditions such as dementia, falls, and chronic pain further complicate clinical decisions. Additionally, the “progeriatric theory” highlights accelerated aging processes, leading to poorer quality of life. To meet these challenges, the presentation advocates for a shift in emergency care strategies, integrating tailored approaches that enhance diagnosis, treatment, and quality of care for the geriatric population.
Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases: Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions
Unveiling the Secrets of Persistent Infections: A Journey into the Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases Imagine a microscopic battleground where the human immune system and persistent pathogens engage in a complex and relentless dance. This is the world explored in “Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases: Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions,” a groundbreaking book that delves into the intricate interplay between our bodies’ defenses and the elusive enemies that can linger for years, even decades. Authored by the renowned immunologist Azhar ul Haque Sario, this book serves as an indispensable guide for researchers, clinicians, and public health professionals seeking to understand the hidden mechanisms behind chronic infectious diseases. Like a seasoned detective, Sario unravels the cunning strategies employed by pathogens to evade our immune system’s grasp, including their ability to hide within our cells, disguise themselves, and even manipulate our defenses. A Captivating Exploration of Host-Pathogen Interactions Within the pages of this book, you’ll embark on a captivating journey through the world of chronic infections. Each chapter unveils the unique challenges posed by specific pathogens, such as the stealthy tuberculosis bacterium, the ever-evolving HIV, the elusive Lyme disease spirochete, and the persistent Helicobacter pylori. Sario masterfully illuminates the fundamental principles of host immunity, providing a concise yet comprehensive overview of the innate and adaptive immune responses. He then delves into the intricate world of pathogen persistence mechanisms, exposing the diverse tactics used by these microscopic foes to outwit our immune system. Unmasking the Host Factors and Cutting-Edge Research But the story doesn’t end there. Sario also examines the crucial role of host factors in determining susceptibility to chronic infections, exploring the influence of genetics, the microbiome, nutritional status, and co-infections. Furthermore, the book provides a glimpse into the “omics” revolution, highlighting the power of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in unraveling the complexities of host-pathogen interactions. A Beacon of Hope for Vaccine Development and Immunotherapy Finally, Sario addresses the unique challenges and opportunities in developing vaccines and immunotherapies for chronic infections. He explores novel vaccine platforms, adjuvants, and personalized approaches, offering a beacon of hope for future treatments. “Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases: Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions” is more than just a textbook; it’s a captivating exploration of the intricate dance between host and pathogen. It’s a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the complexities of chronic infections and contribute to the development of more effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Regulatory Harmonization and Cross – Border Vaccine Approval
Regulatory harmonization and cross-border vaccine approval are pivotal in ensuring the swift and equitable distribution of vaccines globally, particularly highlighted by the urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the world becomes more interconnected, differing national regulatory systems, guidelines, and approval procedures have often led to significant delays in the availability of vaccines, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Regulatory harmonization aims to align regulatory standards, guidelines, and approval processes to promote efficiency, safety, and consistency. Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) are key players in these efforts, working to establish globally accepted regulatory frameworks that can expedite vaccine approval across borders. Cross-border vaccine approval ensures that vaccines approved in one jurisdiction can be rapidly distributed and used in others, streamlining the global response to health emergencies. Such approval mechanisms reduce barriers to international trade and support global health security by allowing faster access to life-saving vaccines. However, regulatory harmonization faces several challenges, including differences in national sovereignty, regulatory divergence, and political factors that can slow down collaboration. Furthermore, issues related to intellectual property rights, vaccine equity, and data sharing remain central to discussions about cross-border approval. Addressing these challenges requires international cooperation, transparent communication, and shared responsibility for global health outcomes. This abstract explores the significance of regulatory harmonization and cross-border vaccine approval, focusing on their impact on public health, international relations, and vaccine accessibility. By fostering collaboration among regulatory agencies, countries, and international organizations, the world can enhance its ability to respond to future pandemics and ensure that vaccines reach all populations equitably and efficiently. Key concepts discussed include regulatory frameworks, global health collaboration, vaccine distribution, equitable access, public health security, and emergency preparedness.
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH)
Let’s Stop the Side Effects of The COVID-19 Vaccine with The New Science of Low-Level Laser Therapy
As we know, based on information and articles, irreparable complications have occurred worldwide due to the injection of the Covid vaccine. These complications include diabetes, cancer, internal diseases, heart disease, or even heart and stroke in all age groups. This is a statistical disaster world-wide. Based on my many years of study on Low-level lasers with a wavelength range of 450 to 910 nanometres, like a mother holding her child, this wavelength range with a power of 50 to 250 milliwatts can save vaccine side effects. This Mentioned Interval Causes: Creating proper blood vessels Increasing blood cell production Controlling immune cells Reducing inflammation and infection Increasing the body’s immunity in the right direction Radiation inputs vary based on the patient’s history and complications: Acupuncture points, Local radiation, Intravenous radiation and Radiation through the nose and ear. This treatment method can be safely said to be effective in 80% of the complications of this fatal vaccine, and using the appropriate dose, it is the safest and most effective method available
Comprehensive Approaches for Managing MDR Gram-Negative Infections
Dr. Sahar Abass Jadalla Mohmed, MBBS, MRCEM UK. Diploma in infectious diseases Royal colleagues of physicians in Ireland, AHA BLS, ACLS, and ACLS instructor assigned to 120 compression Rhod Island USA and Safety First UAE Abudhabi, a speaker in public, presented multiple keynote topics and was chair for several UCG conferences in USA and UAE; with extensive expertise in intensive care units and inpatient medical and surgical departments, stabilising acute cases, can lead all emergency codes, self-assured, flexible, appreciative, supportive of teamwork, and motivated to use the most recent innovations and advancements in the medical field.
Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Attiéké Consumed in Burkina Faso
Attieke, a popular food in Burkina Faso, is often produced under variable hygienic conditions, which favors the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a growing threat to the health of consumers. This study assessed the health risks associated with the presence of MRSA in attieke consumed in Burkina Faso. A survey was carried out on 300 vendors to assess their sales conditions. Of the 225 samples analyzed using standardized microbiological analysis methods, 89 strains of S. aureus were identified, of which 37% were methicillin-resistant and 76.4% were multidrug-resistant. However, 77.53% of the strains were sensitive to linezolid. The survey findings indicated that a significant proportion (57.33%) of attieke sellers lack training in proper hygiene and modern food processing techniques. Key risk factors identified included inadequate hygiene practices, suboptimal fermentation methods, and the quality of water used in production. These results highlight the urgent need for an antibiotic resistance surveillance system and better awareness of good hygiene practices. Health authorities are called upon to strengthen controls throughout the production chain and to encourage producers and consumers to adopt safer practices to reduce the risks of antibiotic-resistant infections.
Maternal and Child Health Data Quality in the Volta Regional Hospital and Chereponi Government Hospital
Introduction: Reliability of reported health data in Sub-Saharan Africa is frequently undermined by issues like data completeness, discrepancies, and consistency in health management information systems (HMIS). Reliability of health data is crucial for monitoring health services, especially in maternal and child healthcare, where data inaccuracies can have serious implications for healthcare planning and outcomes. Aim: The objective of this study is to assess the quality of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) data at Volta Regional Hospital and Chereponi Government Hospital. Methods: The research evaluates the quality of maternal and child health data, focussing on three dimensions: completeness, discrepancies, and consistency. Verification factors (VFs) are calculated to assess data accuracy, with a specific focus on discrepancies in data transfer between registers and DHIS2. The study also assesses the consistency of key maternal health indicators, such as antenatal care visits (ANC1, ANC4), immunisation (Penta1, Penta3), and postnatal care. The study uses a facility-based analytical cross-sectional design with quantitative methods, analysing data from both hospitals over a five-year period (2019–2023). Results: The results show that the two facilities’ levels of data completeness varied, with Volta Regional Hospital exhibiting higher levels than Chereponi Government Hospital. Discrepancies in reported data were more noticeable in Volta Regional Hospital, probably as a result of higher patient loads. Both hospitals’ levels of data consistency over time and between related variables was found to be moderate, with specific areas for improvement being ANC data. These findings underscore the necessity of more stringent data management procedures and ongoing staff training to guarantee data reliability. Conclusion: The study concludes that better maternal and child health data quality is essential for efficient health service delivery and policy development in Ghana. The findings offer useful information for policymakers and healthcare administrators to improve the quality of health data for maternal and child healthcare in the area.
The Need for Enhancing the Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in Long-Term Care
Antimicrobials play a crucial role in various treatments and promoting global health by contributing to and complementing chemotherapy and surgical treatments. However, besides their benefits, antimicrobials also cause consequences for the community due to their side effects/complications and drug resistance. Further, the inappropriate usage of antimicrobials in various healthcare settings in the United States is causing concern and leading federal agencies to develop antimicrobial stewardship initiatives to improve patient safety by optimizing antimicrobial usage and improving clinical outcomes. This article focuses on enhancing antimicrobial stewardship practices in Long-term care settings.
Implementing Strategic Plasma Resource Self-Sufficiency through Unpaid Plasma Donations on the Global Plasma Market
The last two decades have seen a considerable increase in the pharmaceutical industry’s demand for plasma on a global scale for the production of Plasma-Derived Medicinal Products (PDMPs). It is impossible to meet the demand for fractionation plasma from unpaid voluntary donations on a global scale at the present state of manufacturing and biomedical techniques. Nevertheless, we argue that self-sufficiency in strategic plasma resources, properly construed, can be achieved through unpaid plasma donations to appropriately designed national blood donation organizations. We proceed in three short steps: (i) By first recalling why and in what sense plasma and PDMPs should be considered strategic commodities; (ii) By secondly explaining why self-sufficiency in strategic plasma products matters and in what practical sense it can be achieved; and (iii) By outlining the main characteristics that a national blood organization must meet to achieve self-sufficiency through unpaid voluntary donations
Bacillus Cereus Surgical Site Infections in Orthopedics: Case Report and Literature Review
Surgical site infections (SSIs) are defined as infections occurring up to 30 days after surgery (or up to 90 days after implants surgery) and affecting either the superficial or deep tissues and organs at the operation site. Despite improvements in infection prevention, SSIs remain a significant clinical problem in orthopedics as they are associated with substantial mortality, morbidity and can drain healthcare resources. The most isolated organisms in orthopedics are Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase- negative Staphylococci, and Gram-negative bacilli. SSIs caused by B.cereus in orthopedic surgery is rare. The organism can be introduced into the surgical site from the environment, medical equipment, or from the patient’s own endogenous flora, if proper sterile techniques are not strictly followed. This may lead to serious complications like osteomyelitis or arthritis. B.cereus is an aerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming rod, widely distributed in the environment. It produces several toxins, including a necrotizing enterotoxin, an emetic toxin, phospholipases, proteases, and hemolysins which are important pathogenic factors. Although most known to cause gastrointestinal infections, it can also cause localized infections, and systemic infections. B.cereus produces beta lactamases and hence resistant to beta lactams including third generation cephalosporins. In this context surgical prophylaxis and management of infections with antibiotics other than beta lactams must be considered. While often dismissed as a contaminant, careful consideration is needed when B.cereus is identified in a surgical site culture, especially from specimens collected aseptically. This presentation describes a case of an athlete who presented with B.cereus SSI following surgery for closed displaced mid shaft fracture of tibia and fibula sustained during a football match, and a literature review. The presentation will also highlight the microbiology, the pathogenic potential, and antimicrobial susceptibility of B.cereus to increase awareness regarding the potential pathogenicity of this organism and the correct therapeutic and prophylactic approach.
Health Risks of Recreational Tropical Swimming Pools: Microbial Infection and Vulnerability of Specific Populations
Water exercise offers a low-impact, accessible form of fitness for various individuals, especially those with physical limitations. However, exercising in recreational pools, particularly in tropical climates, presents health risks due to potential bacterial exposure, particularly for those with weakened immune systems. Tropical swimming pools, even with regular maintenance, harbor diverse bacteria due to warm temperatures and high swimmer density. This poses a significant risk to vulnerable populations like children, pregnant women, individuals with HIV/AIDS, weakened immune systems, and the elderly. Common bacterial infections contracted from pools include skin rashes and ear infections from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pneumonia from Legionella pneumophila, and abscesses and sepsis from Staphylococcus aureus. While chlorine and pH regulation are essential for pool sanitation, they do not eliminate all bacteria. Factors like swimmer load, personal hygiene, pool size, microbial diversity, and water temperature contribute to bacterial survival and transmission. Therefore, individuals with weakened immune systems should exercise with caution when using recreational pools in tropical climates.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven genomic analysis is transforming healthcare management by enabling precision medicine and large-scale population health monitoring. This study explores the integration of Machine Learning (ML) and cloud computing to analyze genomic data, predict disease risks, and personalize treatment strategies. ML algorithms enhance genomic sequencing by identifying genetic markers, uncovering complex patterns, and improving diagnostic accuracy. Cloud computing facilitates secure, scalable, and real-time data sharing, allowing healthcare providers and researchers to collaborate on global genomic datasets while ensuring data privacy and compliance. Additionally, AI-powered genomic insights contribute to early disease detection, targeted therapies, and public health interventions. This research highlights the benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations of AI-driven genomic analysis, emphasizing its role in revolutionizing precision medicine, optimizing healthcare workflows, and improving patient outcomes in an increasingly data-driven medical ecosystem.
Malaria Therapy, Killing Mosquitoes on their Way to get Infected Blood Meals
Excluding family members and caretakers, mosquito-borne diseases affect approximately 700 million people annually, which is about one-eleventh of the global population. Among these diseases, malaria is the most severe, causing 250 million illnesses and 600,000 deaths each year. Although malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, 94% of cases are concentrated in a small number of dry, semi-desert sub-Saharan countries, where some nations have infection rates affecting up to 30% of their populations. These high-density regions provide nearly ideal case studies for understanding the mechanisms of malaria transmission. Research indicates that malaria burdens tend to be lower in urban areas with community water supply systems and higher in rural areas, where people store water in their homes, creating mosquito breeding habitats. Because of inadequate rainfall to sustain surface vegetational and the absence of natural rainwater pockets for mosquito proliferation, “domestic” mosquito populations become the primary disease vectors, transmitting malaria within households. The aim of this study is to address this issue by implementing proven outdoor female mosquito control measures indoors. As a result, no live blood-seeking mosquitoes were detected; they were eliminated before they could bite, preventing malaria transmission within affected households. With no newly infected mosquitoes, the transmission cycle was effectively interrupted, halting the further spread of the disease.
Secondary Infection Rates After Mpox Exposure in Multiple Settings: A Systematic Review
Between 2022 and 2024, large number of mpox cases were reported globally, especially Europe and Americas. Additionally, from late 2023 a surge of cases has been observed in Africa. Objectives: To assess secondary infection rates after mpox exposure in multiple settings; occupational exposures among healthcare workers (HCWs), household exposures, and congregate/community exposures. Methods: We performed a systematic review that included mpox search in five electronic databases; MEDLINE, Embase, Biosis previews, CAB Abstracts, and Global Index Medicus. All study designs reporting mpox exposure data published between May 2022 and September 2024 were included. Results: A total 62 studies including 8,712 mpox exposures were included in the current analysis. The exposures included 1738 healthcare exposures, 3331 household exposures, 3643 congregate/community exposures. Out of 8,712 exposures in all settings, 239 were associated with mpox infection, with an overall secondary infection rate of 2.74%. Secondary infection rates were highest in household setting (4.02%), intermediate in congregate/community setting (2.50%), and lowest in healthcare setting (0.81%). Secondary infection rates were highest in AFRO region (8.00%), intermediate in European region (4.23%), and lowest in the American region (1.10%). Clade data were available in 17 (27.4%) studies including 2054 (23.7%) exposures. Clade 2b was the most commonly reported clade (15/17 studies). Secondary infection rates were highest with clade 1a (17.14%), intermediate with clade 2b (1.59%), and lowest with clade 1b (0.0%). Secondary infection in healthcare settings was significantly higher with percutaneous injuries than unspecified nosocomial exposures (27.8% vs 0.2%, p<0.001). Close non-sexual contact was the most frequent route of transmission in household setting (75.0%) and congregate/community setting (82.5%). Secondary infection was significantly higher with sexual contact than close non-sexual contact in both settings.