Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research
Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/biotechnology-bioinformatics-res/user/register or can send through an e-mail with attachment for biotechnology@onlinescientificresearch.info 1.023 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Post-Impact Hardness Characterization and Strain Hardening Behaviorof Astm A36 Steel Subjected to High-Speed Impact Loading
ASTM A36 steel is widely used in structural and industrial applications due to its favorable combination of strength, ductility, weldability, machinability, and low cost. Understanding the behavior of A36 steel under high-speed impact loading is important for applications involving dynamic loading, penetration resistance, and structural integrity. This study investigates the post-impact hardness characteristics of ASTM A36 steel specimens subjected to ballistic and forced entry loading conditions. Impacted steel plates were recovered following controlled penetration testing and subsequently prepared for microhardness evaluation using the Vickers hardness method. The results revealed substantial hardness variations throughout the impacted regions, indicating localized plastic deformation and strain hardening. Measured hardness values ranged from approximately 120 HV0.5 in minimally affected regions to over 200 HV0.5 near penetration and severe deformation zones. The increase in hardness is attributed to localized work hardening caused by high strain rates and concentrated plastic flow during impact. Areas immediately adjacent to penetration sites exhibited the highest hardness values, while regions farther from the impact locations retained hardness values closer to the original material condition. The findings demonstrate that ASTM A36 steel responds to dynamic loading primarily through plastic deformation and strain hardening rather than brittle fracture. Post-impact hardness mapping provides valuable insight into deformation mechanisms, energy absorption behavior, and localized material response under extreme loading conditions.
ASTM A36 Steel, Hardness Testing, Vickers Hardness, Strain Hardening, Ballistic Impact, Plastic Deformation, Dynamic Loading
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research
High Reducing Sugars Concentrations from Brewers’ Spent Grains
The yield of reducing sugars tends to be constant from a given concentration of BSG so that the increase of a concentration of reducing sugars to a concentration of enzyme complex occurs through an increase in the concentration of BSG slurries. However, this approach is restricted by the agitation conditions and, in the limit, by the water absorption capacity of BSG. Therefore, the goal of achieving solutions of 60 g/L of reducing sugars, suitable for the subsequent obtaining of ABE (Acetone- Butanol-Ethanol), is tested with a fixed bed reactor with total recirculation (equivalent to a stirred tank).
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Brewers’ Spent Grains
The conditions that must be used in industrial applications of enzyme systems are generally quite different from those in which they are analyzed through basic biochemical studies. However, although a series of compromises must be reached for technical and economic reasons and in order for these processes to be controlled by factors other than those found with pure enzyme substrates in dilute solutions, it is necessary to have a precise biochemical knowledge of the polysaccharolytic systems involved.
Evaluation of Bromelain as Hormonal Diluent and Egg De-Adhesion Agent During Artificial Propagation of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus
This study evaluated bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme from Ananas comosus, as a hormonal diluent and egg de-adhesion agent in the artificial propagation of Clarias gariepinus, aiming to identify the concentration that enhances reproductive performance, improves de-adhesion efficiency, and maximises hatchery outcomes compared to undiluted ovaprim. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Fish Farm, Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, using a completely randomized design with five treatments (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% bromelain concentration) in triplicate. Apparently healthy female and male broodstock with average weight of 1 kg were induced, stripped manually, and monitored for reproductive parameters. Egg samples were incubated in flow-through systems, and data on fecundity, relative fecundity, fertilization rate, de-adhesion percentage, incubation duration, hatchability, and larval survival were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and polynomial regression at 0.05 significance level. Results showed no significant differences in broodstock weight, egg weight, or fecundity across treatments (p>0.05), confirming that bromelain does not impair ovulation or egg production. However, significant improvements were observed in de-adhesion performance, hatchability, incubation period, and larval survival. The 50% bromelain concentration consistently produced the most favourable outcomes, yielding the highest percentage of non-adhesive eggs (96.86%), the highest fertilization rate (94.33%), the shortest incubation duration, the highest hatchability (86.03%), and the greatest larval survival (76.07%), all significantly higher than the control. Polynomial regression further identified an optimal bromelain concentration of approximately 52% for both de-adhesion and hatchability. The findings demonstrate that bromelain is a safe, efficient, and biologically compatible natural enzyme that enhances reproductive success in C. gariepinus, offering an eco-friendly alternative to traditional synthetic or chemical agents. The study concludes that bromelain within the range of 50–52% concentration, can significantly improve hatchery productivity and contribute to sustainable aquaculture through low-cost, biodegradable, and waste-valorised enzyme utilisation.
Bromelain, Ananas Comosus, Clarias Gariepinus, Hormonal Diluent, Egg De-Adhesion
Analysis of Medical Laboratory Data and Biomarker Prediction Using Machine Learning
Medical laboratory data offer critical insights into patient health, enabling early detection of diseases and monitoring of treatment efficacy. This study investigates the application of machine learning (ML) algorithms specifically Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks in analyzing a dataset comprising routine biological parameters. The dataset includes complete blood count (CBC), platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), electrolytes, and renal function indicators. The primary objective is to classify patients based on anomaly risk and predict potential biomarkers indicative of underlying health conditions. The findings demonstrate that ML models can effectively process complex medical data, offering valuable tools for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient care.
Medical Laboratory Data, Machine Learning, Biomarker Prediction, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Multi Layer Perceptron, Classification, CRP, Creatinine, Urea
Effects of Microalgae on Nutrigenomics and Stress Biomarkers in Koi Carp, Cyprinus Carpio, (LINNAEUS, 1758) Raised in Aquaponic System
This study evaluated the dietary effects of freshwater microalga, Spirulina platensis on the growth performance, nutrient utilisation and stress biomarkers in Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings raised in aquaponic system with fluted pumpkins. Five feeds were formulated with different inclusion levels of spirulina at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% each representing treatment 1 (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The aquaponic system used is a pyramid Nutrient Film System (NFT) using a Poly Vinyl Chloride base with a small hole made for plant to float placed in a small disposable plastic filled with growth media and conventionally used Gravel (granite stones) which was used as control to support the plants for the plant to grow. The result showed that were significant differences (P<0.05) in the growth and nutrient utilization parameters with treatment 4 with 75% spirulina inclusion having the best protein efficiency ratio, feed conversion and feed efficiency ratios. The results from the stress biomarker analysis indicated that Spirulina platensis reduced liver stress and enhances liver function in Cyprinus carpio fingerlings, as evidenced by the decreasing ALT and AST levels in the liver of fish with spirulina diets.
Gene Latency: A Systems-Level Framework for Understanding Preserved Genomic Potential in Biotechnology and Drug Discovery
Modern genomics has significantly advanced our understanding of how genes are regulated, expressed, and modified in response to biological and environmental signals. However, a fundamental question remains insufficiently explored: why do genomes preserve large amounts of structurally intact genetic information that remain inactive or non-executing across extended biological timescales? This presentation introduces Gene Latency Genomic Theory (GLT), a conceptual framework proposing that genomes maintain a substantial portion of their information in a latent state characterized by preserved structure, suspended execution, and conditional recallability. Within this framework, inactive genes are not necessarily evolutionary residues but may represent stored biological potential that can be activated under specific contextual conditions such as environmental stress, developmental transitions, or system-level regulatory shifts. The theory reframes genome function as a decision architecture in which biological systems manage potential before execution. Concepts such as latency depth, contextual recall thresholds, and latent genomic portfolios are introduced to describe how preserved genetic information contributes to biological memory, adaptability, and evolutionary resilience. Understanding gene latency has important implications for biotechnology and drug discovery. Latent genomic elements may represent previously overlooked regulatory resources, influence cellular responses to therapeutic interventions, and contribute to unexplained variability in drug metabolism and disease susceptibility. By integrating theoretical biology with systems genomics and emerging computational approaches, this framework aims to open new directions for interpreting genomic inactivity, modeling biological decision systems, and exploring hidden layers of functional potential within the genome.
Blood-Based and Urine-Based Liquid Biopsies for Detection and Monitoring of HPV Circulating Tumor DNA in HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Advances in ctDNA detection using liquid biopsies offer significant potential for early diagnosis and monitoring of HPV-associated head and neck cancers. However, standard plasma ctDNA assays for human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC) often lack sufficient sensitivity, in part due to highly fragmented cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and the inherent limitations of conventional single-probe assays targeting short genomic regions. To address these, we developed a droplet digital PCR assay called ‘CHAMP-16’, designed to target nine regions across the HPV16 genome. Compared to single-probe assays, CHAMP-16 assay demonstrated markedly increased analytical sensitivity along with superior performance in clinical validation with HPV-positive OPSCC patient plasma samples. We also developed an expanded version of the assay called ‘MyHPVscore’, using a pool of single-probe assays to detect other high-risk HPV types (HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35 and HPV39). This blood test has shown promising results, enabling detection of HPV ctDNA approximately 5.5 months before conventional clinical methods during patient relapse monitoring. Complementing this innovation in plasma-based testing, we explored urine-based ctDNA detection through analysis of “trans-renal” cell-free tumor DNA (TR-ctDNA), which transits from blood into urine and enables non-invasive monitoring even for non-urologic cancers. Our study using single-stranded urine DNA sequencing revealed that TR-ctDNA fragments are predominantly ultra-short (<50 bp), and likely to be missed by conventional ctDNA assays. To address this limitation, we designed an ultra-short fragment-compatible ddPCR assay (42 bp) for HPV TR-ctDNA detection in HPV+ OPSCC patients, yielding substantially improved sensitivity and concordance with plasma ctDNA in clinical validation, even in early-stage patients using remote, at-home urine sample collection. Together, these innovations illustrate not only how multiprobe assays can dramatically enhance ctDNA detection, but also how these approaches can broaden access to care, particularly for underserved populations. Our findings pave the way for economically viable screening, and post-treatment monitoring strategies in HPV+ OPSCC and potentially other cancers in the future.
Effects of Novel Futa Multipurpose Sweet Sorghum on Basic Haematology, Blood Biochemistry and Genomic Expression of AfricanCatfish (Clarias gariepinus)
This study evaluated the effects of substituting maize with the Federal University of Technology Akure multipurpose sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. The Novel Federal University of Technology Akure Multipurpose Sweet Sorghum was obtained from the Department of Crop, Soil and Pest, FUTA Ondo State, Nigeria. A total of five experimental diets were formulated, with sweet sorghum replacing maize at varying levels, alongside an initial baseline group. The feeding trial lasted 56 days, with three replicates per treatment, water quality, haematology, blood biochemistry, whole-body proximate composition, and genomic expression were assessed. Results showed that water parameters remained within the optimal range for catfish culture, indicating no adverse environmental impact of sweet sorghum inclusion. Hematological and biochemical indices, including PCV, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, and globulin, varied significantly (p < 0.05) among treatments. Fish fed sweet sorghum-based diets exhibited enhanced blood health markers compared to the control. Additionally, genomic expression analysis suggested a positive influence of sweet sorghum on physiological and immune-related gene regulation. Overall, substituting maize with sweet sorghum in catfish diets improved fish health, growth, and sustainability, while reducing reliance on conventional feedstuffs. Sweet sorghum can therefore serve as a viable, locally available, and cost-effective.
Sweet Sorghum, Energy, Health, Aquafeed and Genomic
Functional and Pasting Properties of Different Rice Varieties from Ebonyi State Nigeria
This study was targeted at carrying out a critical comparison of selected varieties of rice obtained from Ebonyi State Nigeria with a view to determining their functional and pasting properties and as well advises both farmers and consumers accordingly. The aim of the research was to determine the functional and pasting properties of selected rice varieties. The paddy rice was processed before determining both functional and pasting properties. Findings from this work indicate that Peak viscosity ranged from 128.50 to 245.50 RVU, with IWA 3 exhibiting the highest value. Breakdown viscosity (22.08-106.75 RVU), trough viscosity (85.08-159.25 RVU), and final viscosity (145.25-294.33 RVU) varied significantly (p<0.05) among varieties. Pasting temperature (82.35-85.65°C) and peak time (5.45-5.96 min) showed minimal variation. Bulk density (4.30-4.60 g/cm³), water absorption capacity (8.20-8.90 g/ml), and gelatinization temperature (70.30-70.90°C) were statistically similar (p>0.05) among varieties. Particle size ranged from 0.72 to 0.87 g/g, with no significant differences. These findings suggest varying processing suitability among the rice varieties. IWA 3 stands out as a top-performing variety, exhibiting highest peak viscosity, highest breakdown viscosity, highest final viscosity and high trough viscosity
Onyekachukwu Obumneme Enyi Onyekachukwu Obumneme Enyi
Theophilus Chikodi Odom Theophilus Chikodi Odom
Retinal Dopaminergic Activation and Oxidative Stress Reduction Induced by Green Landscape Exposure: Evidence from a Controlled Myopia Study
Background: Exposure to natural green environments has been associated with various physiological and psychological benefits, including potential improvements in visual acuity. This study investigates the molecular and visual effects of daily exposure to green landscapes among individuals with myopia in Parepare, Indonesia. Methods: A total of 250 participants with clinically diagnosed mild to moderate myopia were enrolled from January to December 2024. Participants underwent daily 2-hour exposure to green rice fields and were evaluated biweekly using standardized Snellen chart assessments over a 10-week period. Changes in visual acuity were tracked and statistically analyzed. Ethical clearance was obtained (EC/66891/01/2024). Results: Visual acuity improved significantly across the 10-week period. Biweekly assessments demonstrated a consistent improvement in uncorrected distance visual acuity, with a mean improvement of 0.2 logMAR by week 10. Molecularly, retinal tissue response to the green wavelength (495–570 nm) suggests reduced oxidative stress and increased dopamine activity, contributing to visual clarity. Conclusion: Daily exposure to natural green scenery can lead to measurable improvements in visual acuity, potentially via both ocular relaxation and molecular pathways involving dopamine signaling and oxidative stress reduction.
Advances in Blood-Brain Barrier-on-a-Chip Models for Neurological Research and Therapeutics
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable gate between the brain and the central nervous system. It is essential in preserving brain function,as it protects the brain from harmful substances while permitting necessary nutrients. Traditional in vitro and in vivo models have provided fundamental insights into BBB physiology and pathology, yet they often fall short in mimicking the dynamic, multicellular, and mechanical microenvironment of the human BBB. The development of blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip (BBB-oC) platforms represents a significant degree of progress within biomedical engineering and neurobiology, leading to more physiologically relevant modeling of the neurovascular unit. These microfluidic systems utilize human derived endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and shear flow to simulate the BBB’s structure and function with unprecedented fidelity. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of recent developments in BBB-on-a-chip (BBB-oC) technologies, focusing on novel developments in microfluidic design, materials, cellular integration, and real-time monitoring techniques. Special significance is placed on the use of these platforms to model neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease, which is characterized by early and progressive BBB dysfunction. BBB-oC systems offer encouraging new avenues for drug screening, mechanistic studies, and personalized medicine applications. Current limitations, such as scalability,cost, and integration with systemic circulation models are addressed, and emerging solutions driven by artificial intelligence, organoid fusion, and high throughput screening technologies are discussed. By bridging neuroscience, engineering, and disease modeling, BBB-oC platforms represent a powerful tool for translational research and precision therapeutics. This study consolidates key findings, identifies knowledge gaps, and outlines directions for future development in the field.
brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs)
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research
Flapless Approach and Digital Workflow in the Implant-Prosthetic Rehabilitation of the Maxillary Arch Using Electrowelded One-Piece Implants and a Two-Stage Implant in the Tuber Region: 6-Year Clinical Follow-Up
Implant rehabilitation of the maxillary arch represents a clinical challenge due to the poor quality of maxillary bone and its anatomical complexity. This article describes a clinical case of full-arch maxillary rehabilitation performed flaplessly using a combination of grade 3 titanium one-piece implants, bent and stabilized through intraoral electrowelding, along with a posterior two-stage implant placed in the tuberosity region. The 6-year clinical and radiographic follow-up demonstrated implant stability, absence of biological complications, and satisfactory prosthetic function.
Sandalwood Sustainable Harvesting Methods
Sandalwood oil is one of the most valuable essential oils globally,extracted primarily from trees of the genus Santalum (Indian sandalwood, Santalum album) and Osyris (African sandalwood,Osyris lanceolata). The oil is highly sought after in the fragrance, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to its unique woody aroma and numerous therapeutic properties. The global sandalwood oil market was valued at approximately $150 million in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.5% from 2023 to 2030. Sandalwood oil is composed mainly of sesquiterpenes, with α-santalol (41–55%) and β-santalol (16–24%) being the key components responsible for its fragrance and medicinal benefits.Traditionally, sandalwood oil has been used in Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and aromatherapy for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic,and sedative properties. Due to increasing demand, commercial production of sandalwood oil has expanded beyond its native regions, leading to conservation concerns as wild populations continue to decline.
Science, Technology and Innovation in Latin America, the Caribbean and Ibero-America in 2024
This document presents the main economic and context indicators on Science, Technology and Innovation in Latin America, the Caribbean and IberoAmerica through 2024, taken mainly from RICYT, The World Bank, and The World Economic Forum. Brief concepts on the Knowledge Society and statistical data on Science and Innovation from the World Intellectual Property Organization “Global Innovation Tracker 2024” are added. The ten-year ScTi investment, the yearly drug launches by therapeutic area, the human resources dedicated to ScTi and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in IberoAmerica and Latin America and the Caribbean -LAC- are analyzed in detail.
A Multiple Increase in the Content of Some Chemical Elements in Breast Tissue After its Malignant Transformation. Original Data andMini Review
The etiology of breast cancer remains largely unclear, although it is known that disturbances of somatic elemental homeostasis play a certain role in oncogenesis. This study aimed to identify changes in the content of chemical elements during malignant transformation of breast tissue. For this purpose,an effective method of small samples (mass from 10 mg) analysis by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was developed. With the help of the developed technique, the samples of cancerous (n=43) and normal (n=38) breast tissues were studied. Differences in the content of chemical elements were analyzed using Student’s t-test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test. In patients with breast cancer the mean mass fractions of Al,Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, and Zn in malignant breast tissue were (mg kg-1 dry tissue) 8.88, 0.42, 650, 3.90, 123, 4347, 302, 0.47, 6262,3867, 4599, 10.2, 1.37, 4.55, and 34.2, respectively, and were 2.45, >4.2, 8.37, 3.79, 8.91, 22.4, 16.3, >2.35, 9.13, 19.2, 11.9, 1.17, 2.74, >4.55, and 10.4 times higher than in healthy gland tissue. All differences identified were statistically significant except for Si. The phenomenon of the multiple increase in the Al,Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, Ti. and Zn contents in the malignant breast tumors requires further detailed study.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Engler-Brout-Higgs Information Floor and the Human Brain
The article examines the collapse of the wave function of photons and other elementary particles and the dependence of these processes on the superluminal Engler-Brout-Higgs information field, born in the observer’s cerebral cortex. The directed radiation generated by the observer leads to fluctuations in the quantum vacuum, which can cause the collapse of the wave function.
Subquantum Signals of “Strange” Radiation
Microneedle Technology: An Overview Focusing on its Types, Drug and Hormonal Delivery System in Animals
Microneedle technology has garnered significant attention in the biomedical field as a minimally invasive drug delivery system emphasized by exponential increase in the rate of academic publications in this era. Its application in veterinary medicine is emerging as a promising tool, particularly in the delivery of drugs and hormones such as progesterone, insulin, Human growth hormone etc. This review explores different types of microneedles and their use in drug and hormonal delivery systems for animals. Also, the mechanisms, benefits, challenges, and future prospects of using microneedles for drug and hormonal administration in veterinary applications has been discussed briefly. A bird eye view on all these aspects strongly aided our scientists and technocrats to tackle the obstacles in drug and hormonal delivery system more wisely, precisely and efficiently.
A Study on Temperature Variations, PH Changes, and Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria in Cow Dung Substrates for Biogas Production
This study aims to explore the potential of cow dung as a substrate for biogas production, focusing on the impact of temperature, pH variations on biogas yield and the identification of key bacteria involved in the biogas production. Biogas production was generated using the downward displacement method of water. Temperature readings were taken daily and pH of the cow dung substrate was measured before and after the digestion. Bacteria involved in biogas production were isolated and identified using Gram staining. The results showed that biogas production was significantly higher in weeks 3 and 4, with yields of (2360.00±183.60mL) and (3223.00±1377.00mL) at temperatures of 34.0±1.0°C and 36.5±1.5°C, respectively with no significant difference.However, the biogas yield in weeks 1 and 7, were (130.00±34.64 mL) and (70.00±20.00 mL) at temperatures of 26.5±1.0°C and 26.2±1.5°C, respectively,was significantly lower at(p < 0.05) compared to weeks 3 and 4 (Table 1). The pH decreased slightly from 7.827±0.093 before digestion to 7.227±0.04 after digestion, but this change was not statistically significant. Gram staining identified Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus as the primary bacteria involved in the biogas production process. In conclusion, the study showed that temperature significantly influences biogas production from cow dung, with optimal yields observed at higher temperatures and the presence of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus, contributes to the efficiency of the biogas production process. Further research should focus on optimizing temperature control during anaerobic digestion and exploring co-digestion with other substrates.
Efficacy of Combined Therapy Compared to Conventional Therapy in the Treatment of Injuries Secondary to Chronic Osteomyelitis
The treatment, using the electric stimulation, with the use of Stimul W®, in different types of dermal lesions, including those of difficult scaring and the satisfactory results reached with this application, they allowed to investigate about their effectiveness in new pathologies, different to the treated etiology or that they can have certain relationship with them. A Case Study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of this treatment in lesions secondary to Chronic Osteomyelitis and the positive results achieved led to the subsequent implementation of a Clinical Study to confirm the effectiveness achieved with this treatment and compare the experimental results with those obtained with the use of conventional treatments. The results and conclusions of this Clinical Study are shown in this work.
Juan Enrique Suen Díaz Juan Enrique Suen Díaz
Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Testosterone of Smokers
Smoking is a global public health problem associated with excessive morbidity and mortality. We designed this study to estimate the nutritional status and testosterone levels among smokers in Ekpoma, Edo State. We recruited 100 smokers after obtaining informed consent and also included 50 seemingly healthy non-smokers as a control group. The study recruited both male and female subjects who had been smoking at least one stick of cigarettes per day for the past six months. We collected five milliliters (5 ml) of blood from the antecubital vein of both smokers and non-smokers and then transferred it into sterile, anticoagulant-free sample containers (plain tubes). We performed the determination of total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and testosterone using standard laboratory procedures. The results showed that total protein levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in smokers (7.02 ± 0.87 g/dl) when compared with the control (6.43 ± 1.06 mg/dl). Albumin levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in smokers (3.70 ± 0.71 g/dl) when compared with the control (3.32 ± 0.78 g/dl). Globulin levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in smokers (3.32 ± 0.78 g/dl) when compared with the control (3.11 ± 0.92 g/dl). On the contrary, total cholesterol levels were not significantly different (p > 0.05) in smokers (176.10 ± 45.04 mg/dl) when compared with the control (184.94 ± 46.39 mg/dl). Testosterone levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in smokers (4.49 ± 1.55 ng/ml) when compared with the control (3.44 ±1.25 ng/ml). These results showed that smoking affected the nutritional parameters and testosterone. This could be attributed to increased synthesis by the liver.Additionally, smokers showed an increase in serum testosterone, suggesting a potential compromise in its function.
Community Service: Healthy Village for the Prevention of Non- Communicable Diseases in Galung Maluang Village, Bacukiki District, Parepare City, South Sulawesi in 2024
Community service activities are part of the Tridharma of higher education which is carried out in the community as part of the application of further research activities. The increase in non-communicable diseases in all areas in Indonesia is due to lifestyle changes that are instantaneous. The method carried out in this activity is by lectures, simulations, and discussions related to non-communicable diseases. In the implementation of the activity, there are so many questions. After conducting counseling activities and discussions, the level of their understanding related to knowledge and prevention of noncommunicable diseases is around above 90% very understanding. The next follow-up plan is blood tests related to diseases or health problems experienced by teachers and students.
Comparative Study of Lipid Profile and ABO Blood Grouping
The relationship between ABO blood groups and lipid profiles is gaining attention due to its potential implications for understanding cardiovascular disease risk and metabolic health. This study is aimed at assessing the relationship between the lipid profile of apparently healthy individuals with different ABO blood groups. The subjects used in this project were apparently healthy individuals of different ABO blood groups from Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma,Edo State. We recruited a total of one hundred and sixty (160) subjects for this study, including thirty (30) from blood groups A, B, AB, and O. The results obtained show that the level of total cholesterol was higher in blood groups A (85.13±20.58 mg/dl) and B (89.08±17.19 mg/dl) compared to blood groups AB (81.00±11.65 mg/dl) and O (83.80±15.87 mg/dl). This increase was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The level of triglyceride was higher in blood groups A (171.40±20.37) and B (170.40±18.36 mg/dl) compared to blood groups AB (169.90±15.80 mg/dl) and O (166.70±14.89 mg/dl). Also, the level of HDL was higher in blood group A (50.23±5.36 mg/dl) and B (51.60±5.17 mg/dl) compared to blood group AB (48.55±5.56 mg/dl) and O (49.88±5.55 mg/dl). Furthermore, levels of LDL were higher in blood groups A (104.35±16.91 mg/dl) and AB (105.80±13.88 mg/dl) compared to blood groups B (101.30±15.62 mg/dl) and O (100.33±12.54 mg/dl). From the results obtained in this study, it is evident that there was no significant difference in the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL within the different ABO blood group systems. Therefore, it could be concluded that lipid profile remained unaltered in blood groups A, B, AB, and O.
Metformin in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease
Background: Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) may be the main causes of aging and death in human being. Methods: All patients with Sickle Cell Diseases (SCD) were included. Results: We studied 222 males and 212 females with similar mean ages (30.8 vs 30.3 years, p>0.05, respectively). Smoking (23.8% vs 6.1%, p<0.001), alcohol (4.9% vs 0.4%, p<0.001), transfused red blood cells (RBC) in their lives (48.1 vs 28.5 units, p=0.000), disseminated teeth losses (5.4% vs 1.4%, p<0.001),ileus (7.2% vs 1.4%, p<0.001), CHD (18.0% vs 13.2%, p<0.05), cirrhosis (8.1% vs 1.8%, p<0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (25.2% vs 7.0%,p<0.001), leg ulcers (19.8% vs 7.0%, p<0.001), digital clubbing (14.8% vs 6.6%, p<0.001), chronic renal disease (9.9% vs 6.1%, p<0.05), and stroke (12.1% vs 7.5%, p<0.05) were higher in males. Conclusion: As a prototype of systemic atherosclerosis, hardened RBC-induced capillary endothelial damage initiating at birth terminates with end-organ failures in much earlier ages in the SCD. Excess fat tissue may be much more important than smoking and alcohol for the development of atherosclerosis all over the world, and CHD may be the terminal cause of death in everybody at the moment. The efficacy of metformin in loss of appetite is well known in the literature. Since metformin is a safe, cheap, orally used, and effective drug for excess weight, it should be advised in CHD even in normal weight since there are nearly 20 kg of excess fat tissue even between the upper and lower borders of normal weight in adults.
Secondary Metabolite Profiling and Antibacterial Activities of Indigenous Serratia marcescens
Serratia marcescens produces secondary metabolites, which are bioactive chemicals generated during its non-essential metabolic activities. These secondary metabolites are renowned for their antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer capabilities. This work analyzed the chemical composition and antibacterial properties of the secondary metabolite of Serratia marcescens isolated from the local environment. Serratia marcescens was isolated using standard microbiological techniques and identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. Gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of eighteen (18) bioactive compounds, comprising oleic acid as the most abundant compound (21.9013 %), 9,12-Octadecadien-1-ol, (Z, Z)- (11.9854 %), and other compounds with less than 6 % abundance. The metabolite has antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Bacillus subtilis. Antibacterial activity was higher against Bacillus subtilis (42.00±2.65 mm) and Proteus vulgaris (32.67±1.15 mm), and least with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.00±2.00 mm) at 400 mg metabolite concentration.The antibacterial effect decreased with a decrease in the concentration of the metabolite. The results show that Serratia marcescens exhibits potential as an antibacterial agent within the pharmaceutical and food sectors.
Vaginal melanoma is an extremely rare form of melanoma,accounting for less than 1% of genital melanomas and less than 3% of melanomas of the genital tract. Its diagnosis is often delayed due to the rarity of specific symptoms and the unusual location [1,2].
Only two things are in action in this Universe. One is energy and the other is matter. Whenever a tiny [only 4.4 %] of the energy manifests, then creation of matter starts. When the matter returns to its original nature, then destruction begins. In 1905, Albert Einstein showed that matter and energy are equivalent. But before Einstein, the great Tamil Siddha MAYAN found that matter is energy and energy is matter. According to accepted physics, energy is the capacity to do work. Also, the conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. But one form of energy can be converted into another form of energy. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa. Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans Recently, it has been found that Our species, Homo sapiens, has now spread to all parts of the world but it’s generally believed that we originated in Africa by about 200,000 years ago. We interacted with local archaic human populations as we colonized the globe. Those Africans migrated to the then Lemurrian continent also called as Kumari Kandam in Tamil literature and history. Those Tamil people were much advanced in all the types of arts and sciences. It is preached from the mouth of a Spiritual Master to the ear of the disciples that the Kumari Kandam spiritually realized Siddhars formulated the first type of yoga on earth. According to this school of thoughts, yoga is the unification of cosmic energy with bioenergy. In this brief work, the author attempts to unlock some treasures of Kumari Kanda yoga for the benefits of the entire humanity.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research
Certain Aspects of Climate Change that are Resulting in Major Changes to the World as we know it
The human population on planet earth has increased dramatically in the past 80 years. In early times, humans were a part of nature. They interacted with it and were integrated with plants and other animals. What do humans do that other organisms do not? All organisms communicate to one degree or another; even plants communicate with one another by indirect methods. Ants build nests, honeybees make hives and birds sometimes dig holes in trees to build nests. However, at some point, humans began to exploit not only natural resources, but other animals and plants. We can trace these activities to ancient structures. A favourite one is the pyramids of Egypt. No other animal on earth has left such obvious evidence of their presence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research
The Advantage of Ultra-Low Volume Spraying-Some Data from Malawi and West Africa
In Malawi farmers growing cotton were encouraged to spray their crop using a knapsack sprayer after trials were completed c 1962, but in 1969 a farmer complained that it was difficult to get the water needed to spray their cotton, so a new trial was carried out using a hand carried ULVA sprayer apply the same insecticide but as a formulation with oil and applied 2 litres of spray per hectare.
Impact of Migration on Rural Social Structures: A Critical Review
Migration is a multifaceted phenomenon that significantly impacts social, economic, cultural, and political structures at global, national, and local levels. This article explores the drivers, theoretical underpinnings, empirical findings, and conceptual dimensions of migration, with a particular focus on its effects on rural social structures. Migration is driven by diverse factors, including economic inequality, environmental pressures, political instability, and aspirations for improved quality of life. Theoretical frameworks such as the New Economics of Labour Migration (NELM), Social Remittances Theory, and the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) provide a foundation for understanding migration as a household-level strategy, a vehicle for cultural transformation, and a means of adapting to vulnerabilities in livelihood systems. Empirical evidence highlights migration’s dual role as a driver of development and a source of structural challenges. While remittances contribute to improved household incomes, education, and healthcare, migration also leads to demographic shifts, labour shortages, dependency on external income, and disruptions to traditional social cohesion. Studies conducted globally and within Nigeria emphasize these tensions, particularly the feminization of rural households and the introduction of new cultural practices by returning migrants. Conceptually, migration is intertwined with globalization, transnationalism, social inequality, and climate change, underscoring its dynamic and context-specific nature.
Migration, Rural Social Structures, Remittances, Social Remittances