Journal of Cancer Research Reviews & Reports
Journal of Cancer Research Reviews & Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Cancer Research. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/cancer-research-reviews-reports/user/register or can send through an e-mail with attachment for cancerresearch@onlinescientificresearch.info 1.5 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Disrupted Neuroimmune Pathways in Cognitive Development: Insights from EEG-Based AI Detection of Synaptic and Lymphatic Dysfunctions
Emerging evidence suggests that disrupted synaptic pruning, chronic microglial activation, and impaired brain lymphatic clearance represent converging neuroimmune mechanisms underlying atypical cognitive development. These processes, fundamental for maintaining neural circuit homeostasis, are particularly vulnerable during critical periods of brain maturation and are increasingly implicated in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review synthesizes recent findings on how deficits in microglial-mediated synapse elimination and glymphatic drainage can lead to sustained neuroinflammation, aberrant connectivity, and cognitive dysfunction. Traditional imaging and behavioral assessment tools often fail to capture these early and subtle disruptions. However, non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a valuable biomarker platform for quantifying neurophysiological alterations linked to these immune-related processes. We present evidence from our prior EEG studies demonstrating distinct oscillatory patterns—particularly in the delta, theta, and alpha bands—correlated with immune dysregulation. Moreover, we discuss how artificial intelligence (AI)-based classification algorithms, including artificial neural networks (ANN) and deep learning frameworks, can detect neuroinflammatory signatures in EEG data with high sensitivity, enabling early screening and personalized interventions. By integrating neuroimmune biology with AI-enhanced electrophysiology, this work proposes a novel diagnostic paradigm for understanding and addressing brain-based cognitive vulnerabilities, with implications for both cancer-related cognitive impairment and developmental disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Cancer Research Reviews & Reports
Modeling the Angiogenic Switch: A Multi-Scale Approach to Solid Tumor Progression
The transition from a localized avascular tumor to an aggressive, vascularized state is a critical yet poorly understood phase in cancer progression. While existing mathematical models often focus solely on avascular growth, they fail to capture the dynamics of this crucial “angiogenic switch,” where the tumor stimulates the creation of its own blood supply. In this work, we bridge this gap by introducing a novel multi-scale mathematical model that integrates the avascular and vascular stages. The framework couple’s ordinary deferential equations for tumor cell densities (proliferating, quiescent, necrotic) with a dynamic equation for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration and sub- sequent blood vessel density. This allows the nutrient supply to evolve from a constant to a variable controlled by the tumor’s own signaling. We perform a complete stability analysis to identify the conditions that trigger the angiogenic switch and employ global sensitivity analysis to pinpoint the model parameters with the greatest influence on tumor fate. Our results provide a mechanistic understanding of a key threshold in cancer development and establish a computational tool for identifying potential therapeutic targets aimed at suppressing the transition to vascularization. This model ores a more holistic and clinically relevant perspective on solid tumor evolution.
A study of design, synthesis and promising selective anticancer agents The indole core continues to captivate researchers and remains a vibrant area of investigation due to its remarkable pharmacological potential. Both natural and synthetic indole-based compounds have garnered significant attention owing to their diverse biological activities, including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-HIV, antioxidant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, and antimalarial properties. This wide spectrum of bioactivity has spurred intense interest in the synthesis of novel indole derivatives. Meanwhile, sulfoximine derivatives have recently emerged as promising scaffolds in medicinal and synthetic chemistry, attracting growing interest from researchers in these fields. The combination of these two important chemical moieties, indoles and sulfoximines, offers a unique opportunity to develop novel compounds with potentially enhanced biological activities and therapeutic applications. As part of our efforts to develop novel anticancer agents, in the present work we have successfully synthesized and conducted cytotoxicity studies on indolylsulfoximines. A facile and efficient approach utilizing copper-mediated cross-coupling reaction of N-boc-3-indolylsulfoximines with aryl iodides was developed to synthesize a diverse range of N-arylated indolylsulfoximines in excellent yields (up to 91%). Indolylsulfoximines were readily prepared by the treatment of N-boc-3-methylthioindoles with a combination of IBD and ammonium carbamate. The reaction is highly chemoselective and tolerant of a wide range of functional groups. The prepared indolylsulfoximines are well characterized using NMR and Mass spectrometry. The N-arylated indolylsulfoximines derivatives displayed a broad spectrum of activity (1.2-8.2 M) against the tested prostrate and breast cancer cell lines. These compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic to normal HEK293 cells, indicating their potential selectivity for cancer cells. Cellular assay shows that indolylsulfoximine increases the endogenous level of ROS, leading to the increased level of p-53 and c-jun inducing apoptosis. N-arylated indolylsulfoximines also induced mitochondrial dysfunction, further promoting apoptotic pathways. As oxidative stress causing tubulin depolymerization. Our data shows that N-aryl indolylsulfoximines could serve as potent and selective anti-cancer agents. A comprehensive presentation of the synthesis and the biological results of indolylsulfoximines will be delivered during the conference.
Clinicopathological, Patterns of Care and Outcome of Soft Tissue Tumors in A Tertiary Center in Oman, A Mixed Cohort Study Over 14 Years
Connective tissue tumors are a wide spectrum of disease ranging from benign, to intermediate to malignant and they can affect any part of the body. The diversity in clinical presentational and behaviors makes the diagnosis and management of such diseases challenging. This study presents the unique features of soft tissue tumors in Arab population in a cancer center in Oman over a 20-year period. A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of patients diagnosed with connective tissue tumors between 2010 and 2024 in a tertiary cancer center. Data retrieved from electronic medical records included demographic information, clinical presentation, histopathological findings, treatment modalities and follow-up records until Dec 2024. The study included consecutive patients diagnosed with soft tissue tumors over the study period. Osseous tumors and gastrointestinal stromal tumors were excluded. Statistical analysis, including descriptive statistics and survival analysis were performed. After applying the inclusion criteria, 228 patients were identified and evaluated. The 2020 WHO soft tissue neoplasm classification was used to categorize them. Myo fibroblastic origin tumors were the commonest accounting for 39% of all cases, with Desmoid-Like Fibromatosis as the commonest entity. Followed by tumors of Uncertain differentiation with Synovial sarcoma as its prevalent subcategory. Perivascular tumors were of the least common subtype, accounting for less than 2%. The median age at diagnosis was 41.8 years with a slight female predominance. Limbs were the comments site seen accounting for 34% of cases, followed by trunk (22%) and intra-abdominal and retroperitoneum (10, 8%). Almost half of the patients (48%) presented with a mass, others presented with pain (15.8%) bleeding or were detected incidentally. Surgical resection was done on 84% of the patients including wide local excision, multivesicular resection and even cytoreductive surgery and Heated Intra Peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Two third of the patients received some form of radiation during their treatment. Details about systemic management and overall outcome were also evaluated and reported. Our study evaluated the presentation soft tissue tumors in Omani individuals and different treatment patterns and outcome. There are very spars information about soft tissue tumors among Arabs overall and Omani’s specifically and this study can help to build a foundation for understanding this disease in the area at a deeper level in parallel to the current information we have about Asian and European population.
Clinical Impact of AI - Augmented Lymph Node Evaluation in Metastatic Gastric,Colorectal and Breast Cancer
Examination of lymph nodes (LN) plays a critical role in cancer staging and prognosis, however, it remains a time-consuming and labor-intensive process in pathology. While artificial intelligence (AI) tools have shown promise in improving diagnostic accuracy, their real-world clinical utility in LN metastasis detection across multiple cancer types remains underexplored. Objective To evaluate the diagnostic performance and efficiency of an AI module in detecting LN metastases from gastric, colorectal, and breast cancers, and to assess its impact on pathologists’ workflow. Design A retrospective study was conducted using 314 whole-slide images from 95 patients who underwent resection for gastric, colorectal, or breast cancer. Three board-certified pathologists reviewed the slides with and without AI assistance. Diagnostic accuracy, review time, and number of mouse clicks required to detect metastases were recorded and compared. Results AI assistance increased sensitivity from 91.8-3.9% to 95.9% for all pathologists, while specificity remained high (97.0-98.9%). Time to detect LN metastases reduced by up to 78% for some cancer types. The AI-guided click-based review required an average of 1.4-5.2 clicks depending on tissue type, with colorectal metastases detected most efficiently. Challenging subtypes, such as breast carcinoma with apocrine differentiation, required more extensive interaction. Micrometastases across all three cancer types were successfully identified by the AI. Conclusions The AI module improved pathologists’ sensitivity in detecting LN metastases and significantly reduced review time, particularly for positive nodes. These findings support the integration of AI tools to enhance diagnostic efficiency and accuracy in routine pathology practice.
Targeting Ferroptosis Evasion Mechanisms in KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer
Ferroptosis is an oxidative, non-apoptotic form of cell death that is frequently inactivated in cancer, yet its regulation in oncogenespecific tumors remains poorly understood. We have identified lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), but not the closely related LDHA, as a noncanonical regulator of ferroptosis defense in KRAS-driven lung cancer. Using murine models and human-derived tumor cell lines, we demonstrate that LDHB silencing impairs glutathione (GSH) levels, sensitizing cancer cells to inhibitors of either GSH biosynthesis or utilization. This triggers a KRAS-pecific ferroptosis-driven synthetic lethality, characterized by increased glutamine metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS). Furthermore, we show that LDHB suppression upregulates STAT1, a negative regulator of SLC7A11, thereby reducing SLC7A11-dependent GSH metabolism. Our findings reveal a reviously unrecognized role of LDH isoenzymes in ferroptosis resistance and provide a novel therapeutic rationale for targeting oncogene-specific ferroptosis susceptibility in KRAS-driven lung cancer.
Biophoton Co-Therapy in Oncology: Early Evidence for Improved Tolerance, Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes
Background/Objective Cancer care is limited by toxicity, treatment interruptions, and poor quality of life. Biophoton Quantum Medicine (BQM)-application of coherent, ultra-weak light fields-has been proposed as a non-pharmacologic adjunct to restore cellular coherence and support recovery. We synthesized evidence from recent reports to evaluate signals of benefit, safety, and plausible mechanisms relevant to cancer science, diagnosis, and therapeutics. Methods Narrative synthesis of • A four-patient oncology case series integrating biophoton co-therapy with standard treatments • A longitudinal post-chemotherapy lung-cancer case with serial live-blood microscopy and tumor markers • A mechanistic review of BQM • A mini-review on unmet medical needs and biophoton mechanisms and • A case report demonstrating genomic-level change after biophoton exposure (to contextualize potential DNA-repair pathways). Device descriptions in these reports note over-the-counter automatic biophoton generators emitting 500-1000 nm fields. Results In the case series, biophoton co-therapy alleviated pancytopenia, fatigue, pain, and other adverse effects, enabling uninterrupted completion of therapy; three of four patients achieved cancer-free status with improved quality of life. In the post-chemotherapy lung-cancer case, serial microscopy showed progressive improvements in red-cell morphology and plasma terrain, concordant with symptom gains and a 33.5% reduction in squamous cell carcinoma antigen over 23 days, suggesting remission support. Mechanistic reviews describe BQM restoring cellular coherence, modulating immune responses, and interacting with mitochondrial/DNA dynamics-offering a systems-level, non-toxic adjunctive strategy. A mini-review outlines biophotons (200-1200 nm) as coherent, information-rich emissions implicated in cellular communication, with external fields potentially entraining disordered oscillations and supporting DNA transcription/repair. A non-oncology case report documented a decrease in detected genetic mutations from 64 to 29 after six weeks of biophoton therapy, consistent with activation of endogenous DNA-repair pathways-mechanistically relevant to oncology. Conclusions Across early reports, biophoton co-therapy appears safe and may improve treatment tolerance, hematologic/microscopic terrain, tumor biomarkers, and clinical outcomes when integrated with standard oncology care. These hypothesis-generating signals, alongside plausible mitochondrial/immune/DNA mechanisms, support prospective controlled trials to define indications, dosing, and responder phenotypes in cancer patients.
AI and Genomics in Drug Discovery Accelerating Cancer Treatment Development
Traditional methods in drug discovery are often slow, costly, and require years of experimentation. Artificial intelligence (AI) especially Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), offers a data driven approach that can accelerate this process by learning effective strategies directly from complex biological data. DRL’s ability to adapt and improve decision making in dynamic environments makes it suitable for addressing challenges like drug resistance caused by tumour mutations. Therefore, the research question this study focuses on is: “How can deep reinforcement learning be used to generate novel drug like molecules targeting EGFR for effective personalized cancer treatment?”. In this study we are targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). EGFR is a key cancer target in lung, breast, and colorectal cancers.
Assessment of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Breast cancer patients treated with standard chemotherapy protocol often present with signs and symptoms of autonomic dysfunction such as orthostasis, low blood pressure, gastroparesis & constipation all of which are grossly under-diagnosed. CAD is common and one of the least documented impairment in various malignancies and its associated chemotherapy. With progressive advancing disease the symptoms worsen and are associated with short survival rate. The present study aimed to evaluated cardiac autonomic functions in breast cancer patients on chemotherapy as early marker to evaluate CAD. Methodology Study design: Case-Control. Cardiac autonomic function testing was performed in the autonomic function laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur. Biopotentials was recorded using a lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) and Photoplethysmography (PPG) in two groups, controls (n = 25 healthy female volunteers) and cases (n = 25 histologically proven stage I-III breast cancer patients, age 30-65 years, received three cycles of chemotherapy). Echocardiography was also recorded. Results: Patients on chemotherapy had significantly lower time domain (all parameters) and frequency domain (absolute total power) of HRV and PPG parameters compared to age-matched healthy controls. Autonomic reactivity showed significant loss in the patient group. Conclusions: Cardiac autonomic tests showed a significant loss in the patient group compared to the healthy controls. This may be because of the chemotherapeutic drugs taken by the patients or cancer as the disease per se. Our study showed that assessment of these tests is a reliable diagnostic and prognostic method for detecting and scoring early CAD in patients with breast cancer. Other prospective studies are needed to establish the relationship between CAD in patients with cancer and chemotherapy.
Two Stage Hepatopancreatectomy on Frantz Tumor: A Case Report
The solid pseudopapillary pancreatic tumor also called “Frantz tumor”, first described in 1959 by Dr. Frantz Gruber. Part of the classification of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas, it is a condition presented predominantly in young women up to in 90% of cases. A 24-year-old female patient, with abdominal pain of 3 days, accompanied by nausea, vomiting and abdominal distention. A tomography was performed that identified a lesion with a solid aspect of the pancreatic parenchyma at the level of the tail, in the liver lesions in segments VIII and V. A subtotal pancreatectomy was performed with splenectomy, with biopsy of liver lesions, reporting positive for malignancy. It was decided to perform a right portal vein ligation. In the eight postoperative day, right two staged hepatectomy was completed. In the postoperative day one of the second surgery, she presented clinical sings compatible with bleeding, it was confirmed with tomography as a hematoma in the surgical bed. Exploratory laparotomy was performed with hematoma drainage. She went to an Intensive Care Unit, where she further evolved without complications. Postoperative bleeding in patients with hepatectomy varies from 4.2% to 10%, and the reasons described for which it occurs are several. In our case, in relation to bleeding on the surface of the resection, diagnosis and control were accurately performed. Surgical postoperative bleeding is one of the most frequent operative complications of hepatectomy, so it is necessary to keep it in mind and not prolong its treatment for definitive control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Cancer Research Reviews & Reports
Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Female Medical Doctors in a Tertiary Health Care Institution, South-East Nigeria
Background: Cervical cancer remains a major cause of mortality among women, particularly in low-resource and developing countries like Nigeria. The attitude of doctors towards the uptake of cancer screening program may directly influence the uptake in the general population. Aim: To assess the level of uptake of cervical cancer screening amongst female medical doctors in a tertiary healthcare institution, South-east Nigeria. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted among 85 female medical doctors using systematic random sampling technique. Data was using a self-administered questionnaire. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 22. P-value <0.05. Result: The mean age of the respondents was 34.2±8.4 years. Less than half (35.3%) of the respondents had ever undergone cervical cancer screening with majority (90%) had pap smear test done. Only 63.3% had been adherent since onset of uptake of screening. There was a statistically significant association between accessibility of services, type of facility and payment of test with screening uptake. (χ2 = 64.8, p<0.001, χ2 = 85.0, p< 0.001, χ2 = 58.5, p<0.001) respectively. Conclusion and Recommendation: The uptake of cervical cancer screening among female medical doctors is low. There is need for the Medical Women’s Association of Nigeria (MWAN), in partnership with NGOs to organize programs which offer cervical cancer screening exercises for her members at affordable or no cost.
The Prevalence, Pattern, and Outcome of Ovarian Cancer Management in a Tertiary Hospital in Nnewi, South-East Nigeria
Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the sixth most common malignancy among women worldwide and the eighth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In Nigeria, it is the second most prevalent gynaecological malignancy after cervical cancer. Early diagnosis remains challenging due to the absence of an effective screening tool and vague, non-specific symptoms that mimic benign gynaecological conditions. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, and treatment modalities of patients with ovarian cancer managed at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of all histologically confirmed ovarian cancer cases managed at NAUTH between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2021, was conducted. Data were extracted using a structured proforma and included patient demographics, clinical presentation, histopathological findings, treatment modalities, and outcomes. Cases without histological diagnosis were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained from the NAUTH Ethics Committee. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 26.0 (Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The prevalence of ovarian cancer was 2.0%. The mean age of patients was 57.6 ± 5.2 years, with majority (55.5%) in their sixth and seventh decades of life. The leading identifiable risk factors were age >50 years (70.4%) and obesity (40.7%), whereas only 13% reported a history of smoking. The predominant presenting complaint was weight loss (96.3%), and abdominal distension was the most common clinical feature (94.4%). The majority of patients (79.6%) were diagnosed at advanced stages, with epithelial ovarian cancer representing 96.3% of histological subtypes. Surgery combined with chemotherapy was the main treatment modality (79.6%), while the overall mortality rate was 38.9%. Conclusion: Ovarian cancer remains a major cause of gynaecological morbidity and mortality in South-East Nigeria. Most patients presented at advanced stages with epithelial-type tumours. There is an urgent need for public health initiatives to promote awareness, early detection, and affordable screening strategies to improve patient survival.
Male Infertility and its Possible Relationship with Eating Habits
Background: Infertility affects 10 % of the global population, with 30 % of cases attributable to male factors. Chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension), stress, obesity, malnutrition, and inadequate lifestyles contribute to its development. Despite its psychosocial impact, the relationship between nutrition and male infertility remains insufficiently studied, with limited focus on specific dietary habits. Objective: To analyze the influence of dietary habits on male fertility, emphasizing the impact of nutritional balance on semen quality. Development: Evidence shows that both excess (obesity) and deficiency (extreme underweight) of body weight alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reducing testosterone and sperm quality. Obesity induces hypogonadism, oxidative stress, and erectile dysfunction, while inadequate dietary patterns (high intake of saturated fats, trans fatty acids, and sugars) impair seminal parameters. Conversely, balanced diets (e.g., Mediterranean) with adequate antioxidants (vitamins C, E), folic acid, zinc, and selenium improve sperm motility and concentration. The beneficial role of plant proteins, skim dairy, and unsaturated fatty acids (olive oil) is highlighted, alongside avoiding processed foods, tobacco, and alcohol. Conclusions: A balanced diet and healthy lifestyle significantly improve semen quality. Robust scientific research is needed to generate evidence on specific diets or foods influencing male fertility, an underexplored area.
Prostate Cancer Screening and Current Treatment: A Brief Updated Review
Prostate cancer is the second most incident malignant tumor among men worldwide and the leading urological neoplasm in developed countries. In Brazil, estimates from the National Cancer Institute point to approximately 65,840 new cases in 2020, corresponding to 29.2% of all male neoplasms. Systematic screening primarily based on prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination aims to reduce mortality through early diagnosis. However, survival benefits are counterbalanced by risks of overdiagnosis, unnecessary biopsies, and complications from invasive treatments. Advances in imaging techniques, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), have improved candidate selection for biopsy, reducing superfluous procedures. In the therapeutic landscape, developments include robotic radical prostatectomy, advanced conformal radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, and next generation agents (abiraterone and enzalutamide), alongside the consolidation of active surveillance for low risk tumors. This review integrates recent evidence on prostate cancer screening and management, analyzing benefits, limitations, and current gaps. It concludes that despite technological and therapeutic progress, the challenge of personalizing decisions to maximize benefit and minimize harm remains, highlighting the need for research validating individualized risk tools and new treatment modalities.
Importance of Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Tumors: A Brief Review
Gastrointestinal tumors (GITs) rank among the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, accounting for more than one-third of oncology-related deaths estimated for 2024. Evidence shows that five-year survival exceeds 90 % when diagnosis occurs at a localized stage but drops to below 20 % in metastatic disease. This review synthesizes recent literature on the importance of early diagnosis of GITs, explores risk-based screening strategies, and analyzes barriers to their implementation. Searches in PubMed, SciELO, and Embase covered publications from 2020 to 2025. The data demonstrate tangible benefits from colonoscopy, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and non-invasive tests such as the fecal immunochemical test and multitarget stool DNA, which reduce colorectal-cancer mortality by 30 %–60 %. Artificial-intelligence tools have increased the sensitivity of endoscopic detection of early lesions, while serum and microbiome biomarkers show promise for pancreatic and gastric- ancer screening. Socio-economic inequalities, procedural fear, and low health literacy nevertheless limit adherence, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Cost-effectiveness models indicate net savings when colonoscopy begins at 45 years of age, given the rising incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults. Investing in early diagnosis is therefore a cost-effective strategy that can save lives and reduce the economic burden of digestive cancers.
BRCA1 Gene 5382insC Polymorphism and its Associated Risk Factor among Breast Cancer Patients in the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital,Northwest Ethiopia
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer that causes death among women worldwide. In Ethiopia, though there has not been an adequate study, the incidence of new cases of breast cancer is currently increasing and has become one of the most common cancer types, causing high rates of morbidity and mortality. Mutation in the BRCA1 gene in 5832insC regions has been demonstrated as the most common genetic factor that increases the occurrence of breast cancer. Thus, this study aimed to detect the frequency of 5832insC gene polymorphism in the BRCA1 gene and its associated risk factors among breast cancer-positive patients visiting the study sites. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 blood samples of females with breast cancer. Following genomic DNA isolation, PCR amplification was done using specific primer pairs for 5832insC BRCA1 regions. The amplified products were digested with restriction enzymes (HinfI) to detect 5382insC polymorphism. Results: Based on the findings of this study, family history was the only variable that had a significant association (P = 0.001) with 5382insC mutation in the BRCA1 gene. On the other hand, alcohol consumption (P = 0.542), age (P = 0.376), and residence zone (P = 0.856) of the participant did not show any association for this mutation. The total frequency of 5382insC BRCA1 gene mutations in the study participants was found to be 6%. Conclusion: The present study confirmed that 5382insC was the potential BRCA1 alterations that have been encountered in most breast cancer patients in the study area. The use of molecular techniques for early breast cancer detection is highly recommended to improve treatment efficiency and minimize the rate of mortality
Gastric Cancer Today: Epidemiology and Treatment-An Updated Review
Gastric cancer remains a serious public health challenge, ranking as the fifth most incident malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Current epidemiology shows marked regional variation, with high rates in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America, while incidence has been declining in most highincome countries an effect attributed to Helicobacter pylori control, improvements in food refrigeration, and reduced smoking rates. In Brazil, the estimated incidence for 2023 to 2025 is 13.44 cases per 100,000 men and 7.31 per 100,000 women. Curative treatment is based on radical gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy, complemented by perioperative chemotherapy with the FLOT regimen, which has demonstrated a survival benefit. In metastatic disease, the advent of immunotherapy has reshaped the landscape: nivolumab combined with chemotherapy has shown superior overall survival compared to chemotherapy alone, and the addition of pembrolizumab to trastuzumab has become the new standard for HER2 positive tumors. Moreover, the molecular classification proposed by ESMO now guides targeted therapies, including FGFR2b and Claudin 18.2 inhibitors. Despite these advances, five year survival remains below 40 % globally, underscoring the need for high risk screening programs, primary prevention policies, and equitable access to high complexity centers.
Chemotherapy-Related Toxicities and Clinical Management: An Article Review
Chemotherapy-induced toxicities remain one of the greatest obstacles to maintaining the ideal therapeutic intensity in cancer treatment. Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, most cytotoxic regimens still have a considerable safety burden, resulting in delays, dose reductions, and early discontinuation. The most prevalent adverse effects include myelosuppression, nausea and vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, mucositis, diarrhea, cardiotoxicity, and dermatologic manifestations. These events impair quality of life, increase hospitalization risk, and raise healthcare costs, making the development of evidence-based prevention and management strategies imperative. This review describes the principal toxicities associated with traditional chemotherapeutic agents, discussing their underlying pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical complications. Preventive measures, supportive therapies, and multidisciplinary approaches capable of reducing symptom severity and enabling treatment continuity. such as colony-stimulating factors, next-generation antiemetics, cardioprotective agents, mucosal-care protocols, and telemonitoring programs are presented. Emerging trends, including the use of predictive toxicity biomarkers and real-time digital symptom-assessment tools, are also explored. We conclude that dose individualization, close follow-up, and patient education are fundamental to minimize complications, maintain therapeutic adherence, and optimize oncologic outcomes. Systematic adoption of these practices, allied to technological innovation, represents a promising path to transform oncologic care, ensuring greater safety and well-being for patients at all treatment stages. This review reinforces the central role of the multiprofessional team in the early recognition of toxicity signs, implementation of standardized interventions, and timely adjustment of therapeutic plans, ultimately improving clinical outcomes and lowering treatment-related mortality. Thus, integration among research, clinical care, and technology constitutes a strategic pillar for sustainable advances in modern oncology.
Maria Eduarda Galhardo Carvalho Fernandes
Hodgkin Lymphoma in Young Adults: Diagnosis and Treatment- A Brief Review
Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most prevalent hematologic malignancies in young adults, accounting for approximately 10–15% of cases in this age group. Clinically and epidemiologically, diagnosis is based on peripheral or mediastinal lymphadenopathy, with “B symptoms” present in about 30% of patients. Histological confirmation, via excisional biopsy, reveals Reed–Sternberg cells within a characteristic inflammatory stroma. Staging is performed with PET/CT according to the modified Ann Arbor system, guiding therapeutic decisions. The ABVD protocol (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) remains the gold standard, yielding five year overall survival rates exceeding 85% in early stages. In high risk or refractory cases, intensified regimens such as escalated BEACOPP, as well as targeted therapies (including brentuximab vedotin and PD 1 checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab, pembrolizumab), have shown promising efficacy. Response assessment by PET allows treatment adaptation, reducing late toxicities such as cardiotoxicity, infertility, and secondary malignancies. In this review, we synthesize diagnostic and therapeutic advances and future perspectives to optimize the balance between efficacy and safety in young adults.
Tumor Cell Behavior: Integrating Microbiome, Lifestyle, and Molecular Transformations in Cancer Development and Therapy Response
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The transformation of a normal cell into a malignant one is a complex, multistep process influenced by a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While the genetic and molecular underpinnings of cancer have been extensively studied, there is increasing recognition of the importance of the tumor microenvironment, the human microbiome, and lifestyle factors in modulating tumor cell behavior and response to therapy [1,2]. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifactorial nature of tumor cell behavior, integrating recent insights from molecular biology, microbiome research, and lifestyle medicine.
Solar Alpha Particles with High Energy Influence Neoplasms Mortality in Europe and the Mediterranean?
A dangerous phenomenon for humanity is described. Through a joint analysis of data from satellites in orbit around the Earth and from the health statistics source EUROSTAT, it became clear that, by some mechanism, the influx of positively charged particles with high energy into the Earth’s orbit increases mortality on the planet’s surface. The increase in mortality is in a band of maximum risk in the Northern Hemisphere, parallel to the Equator and bounded by the parallels of 30° and 50° north latitude. Examples are given for the European Union mortality from neoplasms, confirming the described phenomenon. A hypothetical mechanism based on observational evidence has been proposed, according to which this dangerous phenomenon is caused by high-energy solar alpha particles that are sufficient to overcome the atmosphere’s resistance and reach the Earth’s surface in a limited area, resulting in a maximum death impact.
Establishing a Valid Concept of Cancer to Confront Cancer Successfully
The objective of this article is to establish a valid concept of cancer in order to pursue a right approach of cancer therapy. Cancer is a complex disease involving multiple contributing causes. Elucidation of all contributing causes is important to establish a valid concept of cancer to confront cancer successfully, Cancer therapies in the past have been based on piecemeal displays of cancer symptoms, resulting in a horrible record of 10 million annual mortality worldwide. A more effective cancer therapy based on the valid concept of cancer is definitely needed to turn around the ever escalation of cancer mortality. The valid concept of cancer evolving due to wound unhealing was introduced by Virchow in 1858, which was unfortunately ignored by the cancer establishments. Evidently wound healing is an important issue of health, so that the nature creates chemo- and immuno-surveillance for the perfection of wound healing. The collapse of chemo-surveillance is closely related to wound unhealing, forcing progenitor stem cells (PSCs) to evolve into cancer stem cells (CSCs), and then to progress to faster growing cancer cells (CCs). The appearance of CSCs is critically linked to wound unhealing, and the appearance of CCs is also attributable to wound unhealing. Therefore, healing wound is a valid concept to confront cancer successfully.
The Relationship between Fatigue and Quality of Life in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Background: Fatigue is one of the most common side effects experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, which can negatively impact their quality of life. This study aims to analyze the relationship between fatigue levels and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional design with a total sample of 300 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at a referral hospital. The sampling method used was purposive sampling. Fatigue was measured using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), while quality of life was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation tests. Results: The study found that the majority of patients experienced moderate to severe fatigue (M = 5.8; SD = 1.3). A significant negative correlation was found between fatigue and quality of life (r = -0.65, p < 0.001), indicating that higher levels of fatigue were associated with lower quality of life. Conclusion: Fatigue has a significant impact on reducing the quality of life of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Effective nursing interventions to manage fatigue are necessary to improve patients’ quality of life.
Assessment of Pediatric Thyroid Nodule Sonographic Features Applying the ACR TIRADS
FNA is the recommended clinical approach in the conclusive diagnosis of thyroid nodules. ACR TIRADS assess the various criteria considered before performing the FNA/biopsy of any thyroid nodule. Even though these parameters are validated for adult patients, their use in pediatrics has not been well studied. This research looked in the accuracy of ACR TIRADS in pediatric cases. A retrospective study was done including children who presented with thyroid nodules. Participants were chosen if they were ≤ 14 years and had ultrasound imaging findings of thyroid nodules. Patients were excluded if they had an incidental thyroid nodule detected by other modalities with lack of baseline ultrasound scan, diffuse thyroid disease with no dominant nodule as seen in thyroiditis and Graves’ disease, diffuse heterogeneity, thyroidectomy, and infection/abscess/ phlegmon. 50 thyroid nodules were studied and half were malignant. The ACR TIRADS sensitivity was calculated as 95.8%. Size was also studied to consider its effect on malignancy risk. The research’s findings suggested that ACR TIRADS demonstrates good accuracy level for use in pediatric cases; however, size plays no significant role in the determination of malignancy risk of children’s thyroid nodules.
Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology
Hypovascular Chemodectomy or Metastatic Lymph Node of the Neck
Carotid glomus is a rare disease found among non–organ neck tumors in 0.5-0.9%, and among neurogenic neck tumors up to 37%. The latent course, symptoms similar to a large number of pathologies, lead to a high percentage of errors up to 25-90% and, as a result, to an untimely diagnosis. Diagnosis of carotid chemodectomy and metastatic node in the area of carotid artery bifurcation is a difficult task, which is based on the conclusion of the clinical picture, ultrasound, tomography and angiography, morphological verification is not carried out due to the high risk of bleeding and damage to cranial nerve branches. A chemodectoma with low vascularization is extremely difficult to diagnose. In this article, we present a similar case.
CDA Formulations as the Best Drugs to Turn Around Cancer Mortality from Escalation to Deceleration
The objective of this article is to rectify cancer therapies to turn around cancer mortality from escalation to deceleration. Cancer therapy had a bad start to rely on toxic chemicals to kill cancer cells (CCs). That was an unintentional mistake made by cancer establishments at a time we did not have complete knowledge of cancer. The incidence of cancer keeps on increasing as the world becomes more industrialized. The escalation of cancer incidence and the mishandling of cancer therapies stir up cancer as a giant killer to claim 10 million casualty worldwide a year. Now we have better knowledge of cancer. We know better ways to put out cancer. Unfortunately, the health profession is an authoritarian profession. When the mistake is made at the very top, there is no mechanism to rectify the mistake. Cancer patients continue to suffer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) became known in 1997. The discovery of CSCs unraveled a very important issue of cancer. It became evident that, although CSCs constituted only a very small side population, these cells were responsible for the initiation of tumor growth, and the treatment failure. Thus, elimination of CSCs is essential to the success of cancer therapy. Our studies of abnormal methylation enzymes (MEs), chemo-surveillance, wound healing and cell differentiation agent (CDA) formulations are closely related to CSCs. Therefore, we are in a unique position to offer CDA formulations as the best solution of CSCs and CCs to put out cancer to turn around cancer mortality from escalation to deceleration. The therapeutic endpoint of CDA formulations is terminal differentiation of CSCs and CCs that cannot make tumor to disappear. The tumor residue is harmless. If it is a concern, it can be safely removed by surgery.
Personalized and Precision Oncology (PPO) via Cancer Pathology related Modeling and IT-Assisted Clinical Practice to Prevent, to Treat and to Get Cured Cancer and Its Complications: A Role of Precision Cancer Pathology in the Era of PPO
A new systems approach to diseased states and wellness result in a new branch in the healthcare services, namely, Personalized and Precision Medicine (PPM). To achieve the implementation of PPM concept, it is necessary to create a fundamentally new strategy based upon the recogni-tion of biomarkers and thus the targets to secure the grand future of drug design and drug dis-covery. Each decision-maker values the impact of their decision to use PPM on their own budget and well-being, which may not necessarily be optimal for society as a whole. It would be extremely useful to integrate data harvesting from different databanks for applications to provide more tai-lored measures for the patients resulting in improved patient outcomes, reduced adverse events, and more cost-effective use of the latest health care resources including diagnostic (companion ones or theranostics), preventive and therapeutic (targeted molecular and cellular) etc. Meanwhile, along with the impact of genomics and bioinformatics, pathology is the central specialty of PPM-related resources. Coupled with IT, the upgraded tools are ever more efficient and robust within clinical cancer settings. The latest algorithms may be able to identify and vali-date patterns which humans are not capable of quantifying easily, such as slight differences in textures or morphologies. In this sense, the impact of pathology allows a modular approach, as its various aspects are under development in several areas of PPM. Among the above-mentioned medical specialists involved in PPM, the pathologists play an im-portant and key role in the implementation and development of PPM-driven resources that are in the center of decision of many therapeutic choices. Recent advances in systems biology have tremendously affected the practice of precision pathology, gradually transforming it from a morphology-based into a precise molecular-based discipline.
The Influence of Carcinogenic Factors on Occupational Safety Employees of Industrial Enterprises
Occupational cancer results from exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. Early detection of occupational cancer is difficult, mainly due to the latent period, which can be up to 20 years or more. For this reason, it is important to develop and improve methods for early detection of precancerous changes. Medical surveillance and prevention, as well as legislation, are needed to reduce the incidence and mortality of occupational cancer. In industrialized countries, occupation is causally associated with 2-8% of all cancers; however, among exposed workers, the proportion is higher. There are no reliable estimates of either the significance of occupational cancer or the extent of occupational exposure to carcinogens in developing countries. The relatively low incidence of occupational cancer in industrialized countries is the result of strict regulations on a few known carcinogens; exposure to other, not fully investigated agents is still permitted. Although several occupational cancers are listed as occupational diseases in many countries, very few cases are actually recognized and compensated. Many occupational carcinogens go undetected because they are associated with only a small increase in risk or because they have simply not been studied. Occupational cancer is largely a preventable disease.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Japanese Patients Treated with Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) for Localized ProstateCancer: Three-Year Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Evaluations
Objective: To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with localized prostate cancer undergoing treatment with IMRT with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Method: Changes in physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) summary scores were evaluated at eight time points up to three years after IMRT using SF-8 questionnaires, employing longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. The effect of the combination of ADT and patient age on the PCS and MCS was also evaluated. Results: A significant increase in MCS was observed longitudinally after IMRT in all patients, with no change in PCS. Significant increases in MCS were observed in patients receiving IMRT alone and in those receiving IMRT in combination with ADT. However, no change in PCS was observed, regardless of whether ADT was administered. A significant increase in MCS was observed regardless of whether ADT was administered in combination, but no change in PCS. PCS were higher in younger patients than in older patients, regardless of the ADT combination used. However, the difference was more pronounced in patients treated with IMRT alone. Patients treated with IMRT alone had a lower baseline MCS than those receiving combined ADT. Nevertheless, the MCS increased significantly at 6 months after IMRT, eliminating the difference between the two groups. Conclusions: While IMRT reduces adverse events and minimizes the deterioration in HRQoL in patients with localized prostate cancer, changes in PCS and MCS are influenced by ADT and patient age.
CDA Formulations as Superb and Excellent Cancer Drugs to Save Cancer Patients
The objective of this article is to develop effective cancer drugs to save cancer patients. There are three categories of cancer drugs: the superb cancer drugs are those that can prevent cancer from taking place, the excellent cancer drugs are those to target on the causes of cancer, and ordinary cancer drugs are those to focus on the elimination of symptoms. Cancer therapy had a bad to rely on toxic chemicals to kill cancer cells (CCs), the most outstanding symptom of cancer, which was a mistake committed at a time we did not have a complete knowledge of cancer. Cytotoxic agents were the choice of cancer establishment to combat cancer when President Nixon declared war on cancer during 1971-1976, which was not successful. Despite failure, cytotoxic agents continued to dominate cancer therapy because cancer establishments could not find drugs better than failed cytotoxic agents to kill CCs. The consequence is as expected that cancer mortality keeps on escalating. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) became known in 1997. The discovery of CSCs unraveled an important issue of cancer. It became evident that, although CSCs constituted only a small sub-population, these cells were responsible for the initiation of tumor growth and the treatment failure. Therefore, the elimination of CSCs is essential to the success of cancer therapy. Our studies of abnormal methylation enzymes (MEs), chemo-surveillance, and wound healing were closely related to the issue of CSCs. Thus, we are in a unique position to offer the best solution of CSCs to save cancer patients. Wound healing is an important health issue. The nature creates chemo-surveillance to ensure perfection of wound healing to avoid disastrous consequences of wound unhealing, cancer being the worst. Chemo-surveillance is specifically destroyed in cancer patients to result in wound unhealing, which forces progenitor stem cells (PSCs) to evolve into cancer stem cells (CSCs), and then to progress to faster growing CCs. PSCs are the most primitive stem cells to initiate the development of organ or tissue during embryonic development of the fetus. These cells are also the cells involved in wound healing. MEs of PSCs are abnormal due to association with telomerase, which are an important cause of cancer to promote perpetual proliferation by blocking differentiation. Chemo-surveillance is the nature’s creation of allosteric regulation on abnormal MEs to prevent the buildup of cells with abnormal MEs to become clinical problems. Human body produces metabolites active as differentiation inducers (DIs) and differentiation helper inducers (DHIs), which are wound healing metabolites and also the active components of chemo-surveillance. Protection of the functionality of chemo-surveillance is important to ensure perfection of wound healing to avoid cancer. Pathological conditions inducing the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are particularly damaging to chemosurveillance. Anti-cachexia chemical phenylacetylglutamine can effectively antagonize the effect of TNF to protect chemo-surveillance. Phenylacetylglutamine is, therefore, a superb cancer drug that can prevent cancer from taking place. Cell differentiation agent-2 (CDA-2) is a preparation of wound healing metabolites purified from urine, which has been approved by the Chinese FDA for the therapy of cancer and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs). MDSs are diseases attributable entirely to CSCs. CDA-2 is demonstrably the best drug for the therapy of MDSs, showing superior therapeutic efficacy without adverse effects. Phenylacetylglutamine is a major chemical component, and DIs and DHIs are the active anti-cancer components effective to destabilize abnormal MEs and to eliminate CSCs, both of which are critical causes of cancer. CDA-2 fit the description as superb and excellent cancer drugs. We have carried extensive studies on natural and non-natural DIs and DHIs to manufacture CDA formulations. Cancer establishments stand in the way to block the development of CDA formulations, which is a difficult hurdle.