Neuropsychiatric Manifestation of HMPV: A Review

Abstract

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a significant respiratory pathogen with emerging evidence linking it to neuropsychiatric complications. While primarily causing upper and lower respiratory infections in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, HMPV’s neuropsychiatric manifestations, including encephalitis, seizures, and cognitive impairments, are increasingly recognized. The virus’s ability to incite neuroinflammation, disrupt the blood-brain barrier, and elicit robust cytokine responses (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) underlies its potential to contribute to neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Vulnerable populations, such as children, neonates, and immunocompromised adults, are particularly at risk of acute and longterm effects, including mood disturbances, attention deficits, and neurodevelopmental delays. Age-related immune changes may further exacerbate these complications, highlighting the need for early detection, targeted antiviral therapies, and preventive strategies. This review underscores the importance of understanding HMPV’s systemic impact to mitigate its neuropsychiatric sequelae and develop effective interventions for affected populations.