Journal of Diseases Disorders & Treatments
Journal of Diseases Disorders & Treatments is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Diseases Disorders & Treatments. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of research, review, case reports, analysis, magazines, editorials, opinion, communications, mini-review, short communications, picturized, book review, video type and power point presentations (PPTS). You can submit your article through Online: https://srcpublishers.com/diseases-disorders-treatments/user/register or can send through an e-mail with attachment for Email: diseases@onlinescientificresearch.info 0.35 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Comparative Advances in Natural and Synthetic Polymer based Drug Delivery Systems for Diabetes Mellitus
Background: Diabetes affects approximately 537 million people worldwide. As such, there is a growing need for treatment options that go beyond pharmacotherapy alone. Drug delivery systems (DDS) made from polymers have been developed to address some of the challenges commonly associated with drug delivery, including low bioavailability, inconsistent absorption rates, and high frequency of administration. Objective: The purpose of this review is to compare natural polymers (i.e., chitosan, alginate, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and dextran) to synthetic polymers (i.e., PLGA, PEG, PLA, PCL, and dendrimers) when used for insulin delivery, encapsulation of oral hypoglycaemic drugs, and glucose-responsive formulations. Methods: The literature was searched using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for articles published between 2010 and 2025, yielding numerous relevant articles. Results: Natural polymers exhibit greater biocompatibility and mucoadhesion than synthetic polymers; however, they are limited by variability between batches and heterogeneity in structure. Conversely, synthetic polymers typically contain tunable degradation profiles and reproducibility as well as stimulusresponsiveness. Concerns associated with synthetic polymers include immunogenicity, and complexity of preparation. Hybrid formulations that contain both natural and synthetic polymers exhibit synergistic benefits and reduce the HbA1c by 1.4% to 2.5%. Conclusion: Continued innovation in the development of smart, glucose-responsive, and personalised polymer-based DDS has the potential to revolutionise the treatment of diabetes. Additionally, regulatory alignment and strategies for scaling up manufacturing processes were identified as critical priorities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Diseases Disorders & Treatments
Contextualization of Clinical Care in General Medicine
Theoretical developments in general medicine have gone beyond the classic meanings of doctor, patient, and pathology, but have not yet delved deep enough to clarify what constitutes and differentiates the general practitioner (GP). Contextualization is one of its basic and differentiating pillars.
Clinical Evaluation and Biomedical Research: The Janus-Faced Testability of Medicine as a Human Science
Karl Jaspers already fully understood, as early as 1919, the importance of reconciling the two “souls” of medicine, i.e., the analytical-reductionist and the holistic-normative, the scientific-technological and the clinical. This demand is as (or more) urgent today as it was in Jaspers’s time and in the literature of the last decades about the status of medicine a new awareness has grown that an adequate notion of medical praxis requires an integrative position, which combines the analytic-reductionist with the normative and holistic perspective on medicine. While accepting in its generality Jasper’s thesis of the necessary integration of analytic-naturalistic and phenomenological-existential point of view to understand medicine, we will try to justify the need for such an integration not for (albeit important) ethical-existential reasons, but for epistemological and methodological reasons, intrinsically related to the specific status of medicine as a human science. The peculiarity of the “rules” of medicine as a human science demands a synergistic, reciprocal and continuous interaction of clinical and extraclinical testing. The resulting spiral movement is one of the most general epistemological and methodological conditions for the possibility of realizing, at least in part and in an ongoing process, an ideal of medicine in which objective, biomedical and extraclinical knowledge, on the one hand, and the personal and clinical knowledge, on the other, can work together to reliably counter disease and illness or, which is the same, to reliably promote the goal of health in its two main meanings of the term, the analytic-naturalistic and the phenomenological-existential, ideally opposed but always intimately intertwined in real personal life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Diseases Disorders & Treatments
Evaluating Nursing Knowledge and Management in Pediatric Hemodialysis: A Study of Qsunt Pediatric Nephrology Department
Hemodialysis requires specialized care and advanced nursing knowledge to ensure safe treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Competent nurses, who apply evidence-based practices, play a key role in technical management and infection prevention. Globally, hemodialysis is among the most common therapies for chronic kidney disease, and nursing care strongly influences patient outcomes and safety. In Albania, limited studies have assessed dialysis care. This study investigated the knowledge, practices, and challenges of hemodialysis nursing at QSUT Hospital. A cross-sectional observational design was applied with 30 nurses in the Hemodialysis Unit. Data collection combined structured questionnaires with direct observation of practice. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics, professional practices, and adherence to infectioncontrol protocols. Results showed full compliance (100%) with technical procedures such as equipment preparation, patient assessment, and monitoring during hemodialysis. However, adherence to infection-prevention measures was inconsistent. Glove use was high (>90%), but compliance with wearing aprons (23%) and face shields (20–23%) was low. Hand hygiene was strong before procedures (80%) but decreased after completion (33%). More experienced nurses demonstrated higher adherence to safety protocols. The findings highlight strong technical competence among nurses but significant gaps in infection-control practices. Reinforcement of protective equipment use, consistent hand hygiene, and continuous professional development are essential to align with WHO and CDC standards. Strengthening infectioncontrol policies and ensuring adequate resources will further improve patient safety and quality of dialysis care.
The Rising Burden of Obesity and the Emerging Role of Injectable Weight-Loss Therapies: A Systematic Literature Review
Obesity is a growing global health challenge, contributing to increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. Injectable pharmacotherapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual incretin receptor agonists, have become key interventions for weight management. This systematic literature review evaluates the efficacy and safety of semaglutide, tirzepatide, and liraglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2015 to 2024 was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and Cochrane methodology. Twenty-three studies (18 randomized controlled trials, 5 observational studies) were included. Tirzepatide demonstrated the highest mean weight loss (20.1 kg), followed by semaglutide (14.9 kg) and liraglutide (8.4 kg). Gastrointestinal adverse events were the most common, generally mild to moderate, while serious adverse events were uncommon (<5%). Injectable therapies are effective and generally safe, with treatment decisions requiring consideration of individual patient factors and tolerability.
Multi-Modal AI for Mental Health Prediction and Intervention
Mental health disorders are a growing concern globally, and early diagnosis remains a challenge due to limited access to mental health professionals and inherent subjectivity in self-reporting methods. This paper introduces PsyPredict, an AI-based system for predicting mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety using multi-modal data inputs, including text, video-based emotion analysis, and real-time machine learning. Through the integration of these data sources, PsyPredict offers a comprehensive and accurate mental health assessment, providing timely, actionable interventions. This paper detail the methodology, implementation, and performance of the system, concluding with potential future applications and improvements.
Imperceptible Interventions that Change a Situation to Improve Health: That Red Dot in the Middle of the Painting
The author’s intention is to draw attention to the impact of general practitioner’s actions on the patient, however small or insignificant they may seem. Thus, some of the doctor’s actions are a “minimal stroke of genius,” like when “a single, minimal, brilliant, almost imperceptible brushstroke in a painting surpasses the meticulous, ostentatious, and elaborate work of another painting that took years to complete.” These are the simple, seemingly insignificant actions of the doctor that suddenly change the entire situation and produce significant benefits for improving health: 1. Washing hands in front of the patient; 2. The nocebo and placebo effects; 3. The “casual” question, “Tell me, what worries you most about what’s happening to you?”; 4. The “closing” question (“Is there anything else that worries you?”); 5. The importance of nonverbal communication; 6. Medication reconciliation (reviewing what patient is taking); 7. Checking for understanding (“Explain to me what you’re going to do”). The general practitioner must be consciously aware of these imperceptible moments that suddenly make the consultation shine.
The Importance of Two Epidemiological Tasks in General Medicinethat are not Usually Performed in an Infectious Outbreak: MonitoringNegative Cases and Tracing Back Positive Cases: The Example ofCovid-19
In recent years, there has been growing interest in infectious disease outbreaks. The pandemics of SARS, influenza A, MERS, Ebola, and, especially, covid-19 that occurred in the 21st century have demonstrated the difficulty of controlling high-incidence epidemics without collaboration and coordination between public health services and general medicine.
The Effect of Storage Temperatures and Time on Complete BloodCount Parameters
Aim The aim of the study is to assess the stability of Complete Blood Count under the storage temperature and period of storage. Methodology The study was carried out at the haematology laboratory of Mubarak Alkabeer Hospital—a total of 18 samples of male patients’ blood in the EDTA tubes. There were two groups of samples: The refrigerated group, which stored the sample at 4-8°C, and the room temperature group, in which a sample was kept at room temperature, 21°C. The parameters of the Complete Blood Count included White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Red Cell Distribution Width, Platelet Count, and Mean Platelet Volume were measured daily for five days. For the refrigerated group, stability at time points of more than five days was considered. The analysis was performed using a Unicell DxH800 analyzer. Results The stability of a Complete Blood Count can be dependent on how it is stored. Both White Blood Cells and Mean Platelet Volume. Mean Platelet Volume had a significant variability, with White Blood Cell count being reduced by Day 4 and Mean Platelet Volume increased by Day 5. Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin maintained relatively constant levels in both conditions. Still, there were more pronounced differences in Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, especially when left at room temperature. Hematocrit was found to fluctuate under environmental conditions, while Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin declined consistently. A relative difference of a Red Blood cell parameter was observed in the form of a Red Cell Distribution Width elevation, suggesting that variation in the size of the red cells has occurred over time. The samples refrigerated at 4-8°C showed higher stability for almost all the parameters of Complete Blood Count than at room temperature. Conclusion It is preferable that the Complete Blood Count testing be performed on the day of collection. Parameters including White Blood Cells, Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mean Platelet Volume gravity declined significantly at the ambient temperature, raising the imperative required to make sure to adhere correctly to the storage procedures for proper test value results.
Delayed HIV Diagnosis in an Elderly Female: A Case of MissedOpportunities Across Multiple Specialties
This case highlights a significantly delayed diagnosis of HIV in a 78-year-old female, despite more than 20 clinical encounters over four years. The patient presented with classic HIV indicator conditions, including unexplained weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, recurrent infections, and esophageal candidiasis. Due to demographic biases and the absence of routine HIV screening in older, heterosexual individuals, the diagnosis was missed until advanced immunosuppression occurred. Ultimately, an HIV test conducted by the Infectious Diseases (ID) team revealed a CD4 count of 8 cells/mm³ and a viral load of 346,000 copies/mL. This case underscores the urgent need to adopt inclusive HIV testing practices and eliminate demographic profiling as a barrier to early diagnosis.
Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the stability of Complete Blood Count under the storage temperature and period of storage. Methodology:The study was carried out at the haematology laboratory of Mubarak Alkabeer Hospital—a total of 18 samples of male patients’ blood in the EDTA tubes. There were two groups of samples: The refrigerated group, which stored the sample at 4-8°C, and the room temperature group, in which a sample was kept at room temperature, 21°C. The parameters of the Complete Blood Count included White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Mean Corpuscular Volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration, Red Cell Distribution Width, Platelet Count, and Mean Platelet Volume were measured daily for five days. For the refrigerated group, stability at time points of more than five days was considered. The analysis was performed using a Unicell DxH800 analyzer. Results: The stability of a Complete Blood Count can be dependent on how it is stored. Both White Blood Cells and Mean Platelet Volume. Mean Platelet Volume had a significant variability, with White Blood Cell count being reduced by Day 4 and Mean Platelet Volume increased by Day 5. Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin maintained relatively constant levels in both conditions. Still, there were more pronounced differences in Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin, especially when left at room temperature. Hematocrit was found to fluctuate under environmental conditions, while Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin declined consistently. A relative difference of a Red Blood cell parameter was observed in the form of a Red Cell Distribution Width elevation, suggesting that variation in the size of the red cells has occurred over time. The samples refrigerated at 4-8°C showed higher stability for almost all the parameters of Complete Blood Count than at room temperature Conclusion: It is preferable that the Complete Blood Count testing be performed on the day of collection. Parameters including White Blood Cells, Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mean Platelet Volume gravity declined significantly at the ambient temperature, raising the imperative required to make sure to adhere correctly to the storage procedures for proper test value results.
What is a Good Consultation for the Patient and the Doctor?
Certainly, in the daily practice of the general practitioner (GP), he or she continually has to decide what is best for the patient. But how do we define and identify the concept of “good”? What are good and bad health behaviors? Where are the “gold standards” of good clinical practice?
Molecular Coevolution of Anopheles Vectors and PlasmodiumParasites: Environmental Drivers of Host Pathogen GeneticInteractions
The evolutionary relationship between Anopheles mosquito vectors and Plasmodium parasites represents one of the most intensively studied examples of host-pathogen coevolution. This dynamic interaction, shaped by millions of years of evolutionary pressure, has resulted in sophisticated molecular mechanisms governing parasite transmission, vector immunity, and the delicate balance between parasite survival and vector fitness. Climate change, habitat modification, and anthropogenic pressures significantly influence this coevolutionary arms race. This review examines the molecular genetic basis of vector-parasite interactions, exploring how environmental drivers shape immune evasion strategies, vector competence, and novel transmission patterns. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting disease emergence, designing effective control strategies, and anticipating environmental change consequences on malaria transmission.
Clinical use of Loop Diuretics Acting on Symporters
Loop diuretics, targeting the Na-K-2Cl symporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, are pivotal in managing fluid overload and electrolyte imbalances. By inhibiting NKCC2, these drugs reduce sodium, chloride, and potassium reabsorption, diminishing interstitial osmolarity and enhancing water excretion. This mechanism underpins their efficacy in treating congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, and resistant hypertension, offering rapid symptom relief despite no proven survival benefit. Additionally, loop diuretics are utilized off-label for emergent hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia due to their kaliuretic and calciuretic effects. Four loop diuretics—furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, and ethacrynic acid—vary in potency, bioavailability, and metabolism. Bumetanide is the most potent, while torsemide’s longer half-life and hepatic metabolism favor specific patient profiles. Intravenous administration achieves faster diuresis but necessitates close monitoring to avoid complications like hypotension and acute kidney injury. Adverse effects include electrolyte disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia), ototoxicity (especially with ethacrynic acid), and metabolic derangements (hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia). Guidelines from the AHA and ACC recommend loop diuretics as first-line therapy for heart failure with fluid overload and in hypertension with renal impairment. However, their use requires careful electrolyte monitoring and dose adjustments based on renal/hepatic function. Despite comparable mortality outcomes among agents, torsemide may offer advantages in reducing hospitalizations. Clinicians must balance efficacy against risks, emphasizing personalized therapy to mitigate adverse effects while addressing the underlying pathophysiology. Loop diuretics remain indispensable in clinical practice, underscoring the need for judicious application to optimize patient outcomes.
Analysis of the Role of Visual and Auditory Gnosis for the EarlyDiagnosis of Cognitive Disorders
Background: Nowadays, there is a steady trend towards an increase in the prevalence of cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis of moderate cognitive impairment is of particular importance due to the possibility of conducting therapy at this stage that slows down the development or causes regression of cognitive deficit. Some modern studies indicate the possibility of using the level of visual and auditory perception as an early marker of the neurodegenerative process. However, the question of the role of agnosia in the spectrum of clinical manifestations of cognitive deficit still remains open. Methods: The study was conducted using a random sampling method based on the results of testing patients who were undergoing treatment in the rehabilitation departments of city hospitals in Yekaterinburg. The state of cognitive abilities was recorded using traditional diagnostic scales. Visual perception was studied using questionnaires authored by A.R. Luria. The NEPSY test battery technique was used to test auditory perception. Finding: The study involved 136 elderly patients in the early recovery period after ischemic stroke. According to the results of the study of cognitive status, deviations from 25·77% to 48·4% were found in the cohort. The results of the measurement of the paired correlation test between visual and auditory gnosis and cognitive status were equal to 0·63% and 0·51%, respectively. Interpretation: During an analysis of the results of the paired correlation test, a positive relationship of high strength was determined between visual gnosis and cognitive status. Between auditory perception and intellectual abilities, the correlation was positive and weak.
Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases in Women: The “48-Syndrome”
Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of mortality globally, with significant gender differences in incidence and outcomes. While men experience a higher incidence, women, especially those undergoing menopausal transition, exhibit greater CVD-related mortality rates. The following opinion report outlines a trend in CVD risk among women aged 48 years, a crucial point of time associated with perimenopausal changes. Despite presenting symptoms such as severe shortness of breath (SOB) and ischemic chest pain, standard diagnostic tests including electrocardiogram (ECG), and coronary angiogram (CA) often yield normal results suggesting a need for improved diagnostic approaches. Discussion: Hormonal fluctuations: particularly relating estrogen, increase the risk of atherosclerosis, arterial stiffness, and dyslipidemia. Additionally, alterations in lipid metabolism, weight gain, central obesity, and insulin resistance during multiple stages of menopause further exacerbate cardiovascular risks. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction driven by the variation of estrogen concentrations contribute to vascular abnormalities, while psychological health declines: such as stress and anxiety, may aggravate these conditions. Conclusion: This unique age-specific trend of increased CVD risk at age 48 years in women has been termed the “48-Syndrome.” This highlights the importance of early detection and intervention for middle-aged women. Understanding this age-related phenomenon provides a foundation for developing targeted prevention strategies, improving cardiovascular health, and reducing mortality rates in women during this critical life stage.
AI-Simulated Doctor’s Rounds in a Memory Ward with Alzheimer’sPatients: Using Simulation and Mind Genomics Thinking to Exploreand to Teach the Doctor-Patient Interaction
This paper focuses on AI simulations of the “rounds” made by doctors in a facility devoted to dementia in general and to Alzheimer’s Disease in particular. The paper is divided into three distinct steps: the “town hall,” the junior doctor rounds, and the creation and exploration of minds-sets among doctors and, in turn, among their patients. These simulations provide guidance, enabling students to learn diagnostic skills in a risk-free, education-based environment. The simulations capture the complexities of human thought and behavior, enhancing empathy and communication with patients and their families. Generative AI simulations have the potential to transform the way medical students learn about and interact with patients with dementia, enhancing their understanding, diagnostic and communication skills, and ultimately improving the quality of care they provide.
The Effect of an Educational/Behavioral Intervention on UrinaryInconsistence of Women with Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction: Considering the high prevalence and importance of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its complications, especially urinary incontinence and the need to identify less complicated and effective treatment methods for it, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention on urinary incontinence of women with MS. Methods: In this semi–experimental study, 70 MS patients with urinary incontinence, who referred to the affiliated hospitals of Tehran Islamic Azad University 2021–2022, were included non–randomly. Two sessions of 45–minute pelvic floor muscle training, standard method of urination and regulation of fluid intake were provided to the patients. The urinary leakage before and after the intervention were evaluated using ICIQ–UI questionnaire and the results were compared using SPSS v.23. Results: Comparing the post–intervention values with pre–intervention values showed significant decrease in mean frequency of urinary leakage (from 1.19±0.89 to 2.90±1.05; p=0.012), mean amount of urinary leakage (from 4.20±1.49 to 1.49±1.23; p=0.003), and the impact of urinary leakage on the quality of life (from 2.82±0.92 to 1.01±0.75; p=0.012). Conclusion: The educational/behavioral training had a significant effect on urinary control of women with MS and reduced the impact of UI on their QOL; therefore, this method is suggested as an effective, easily applicable, and available tool to be implemented for treatment of urinary incontinence in women with MS.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Diseases Disorders & Treatments
Thalassemia Major: A Catastrophe in the Pregravid Patient: CaseReport
The red blood cell contains approximately 500 to 600 million hemoglobin molecules, the predominant one in the adult is hemoglobin A (HbA) formed by four polypeptide chains, two alpha chains and two beta chain, in addition to the HEM group formed by iron and protoporphyrin. In any normal adult, three types of hemoglobin are found: HbA ((α2 β2) in more than 90%, hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) formed by 2 alpha polypeptide chains and two delta (α2 δ2) and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) which contains two alpha chains and two gamma chains (α2 γ2).
“Rare Presentation of Lemierre Syndrome in an 84-Year-Old Man”:A Case Report
Lemierre’s syndrome (LS) is a rare but severe complication of bacterial pharyngitis or tonsillitis, often caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum, leading to septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and distant septic emboli. Though typically affecting young adults, we present a case of an 84-year-old man with multiple comorbidities, including dementia and coronary artery disease, who developed LS. Despite treatment with intravenous antibiotics, his condition deteriorated, resulting in gram-positive septicemia and death. This case highlights the potential for LS to affect older populations with significant comorbidities, underscoring the importance of clinical vigilance and prompt management.
Knowledge and Attitude among Nurses Towards Pressure UlcerPrevention at Palestinian Hospital
Background: Pressure ulcers (PU) remain a serious complication of immobile patients and a burden for healthcare professionals. The incidence and prevalence remain alarming. Knowledge and attitudes of nurses play a fundamental role in prevention. Aim of the study to assess knowledge and attitude towards pressure ulcer prevention in Palestinian hospital. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted at fourth hospitals in Jenin and Nablus for one month from 1-4-2023 to 1-5-2023, a sample size was 150 participant, who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, data was collected by three section, first section was nurse’s demographic characteristics, second section was PressureUlcer Prevention Knowledge Assessment Instrument (PUPKAI), and third section was Attitude towards Pressure Ulcer Prevention Instrument (APUP) Result: The main result on our study shows that the level of nurse’s knowledge regarding PrUs preventive measures at Palestinian hospitals is low, and the level of nurse’s attitude regarding PrUs preventive measures at Palestinian Hospitals is high, and there is no significant relationship between knowledge and attitude regarding PrUs preventive measure among nurse’s at the Palestinian Hospitals. Conclusion: Results showed insufficiencies in the knowledge and attitudes of nurses towards PU prevention. Therefore, it is essential to focus on general education and continuing education and practice of nurses. Further development of educational programs and frequent measurement of these two parameters can lead to a significant improvement in the quality of care provided
The High Mortality of Aerococcus Urinae Infective Endocarditis
The presence of Aerococcus endocarditis remains to be rare with a high mortality rate and a poor prognosis with some literature suggesting as high as 50%. We present a case involving a 43-year-old male patient with Aerococcus urinae infective endocarditis that, unfortunately, led to his death. It is thought that there was an abscess formation that may have interfered with the hearts innate conduction system leading to asystole. Our case serves as a poignant reminder of the urgent need for CardioThoracic Surgery evaluation in the management of Aerococcus endocarditis, particularly in cases characterized by severe valve dysfunction and extensive vegetations. The 2015 guidelines from the American Heart Association for treating infective endocarditis suggest that early valve replacement surgery may be warranted in instances where there is evidence of congestive heart failure due to significant valve malfunction, as well as in cases involving severe valve regurgitation accompanied by large mobile vegetations exceeding 1 cm in size. We recommend that identifying Aerococcus IE warrant CardioThoracic Surgery assessment given its high mortality.
Reinfections of COVID-19 with and Without Fourth Dose ofBivalent mRNA Vaccine in the Period from October 2022 toOctober 2023 in a General Medicine Office in Toledo (Spain)
Background: Clinical-epidemiological differences between cases of covid-19 reinfections in people vaccinated with the 4th dose of bivalent mRNA versus cases of covid-19 reinfections in people not vaccinated with the 4th dose of bivalent mRNA are unknown. Objective: Compare the cases of covid-19 reinfections in people vaccinated with the 4th dose with bivalent mRNA vaccines versus cases of covid-19 reinfection in people not vaccinated with the 4th dose. Methodology: An observational, longitudinal and prospective case series study of adult patients with covid-19 reinfections in general medicine from October 1, 2022 to October 1, 2023. Results: 12 covid-19 reinfections were included in the period from October 2022 to October 2023. Of them, 5 were in people with fourth vaccine dose of bivalent mRNA and 7 in people without fourth vaccine dose of bivalent mRNA. There were no statistically significant differences by sex, age, psychosocial factors, severity of infection, symptoms, or in the comparison of chronic diseases by groups. A statistically significant difference was only found in the total presence of chronic diseases: 100% in covid-19 reinfections with fourth vaccine dose of bivalent mRNA versus 29% in covid-19 reinfections without fourth vaccine dose of bivalent mRNA. Conclusion: In the context of general medicine in Toledo (Spain), reinfections are rare, but the presence of chronic diseases represents a significant risk factor for covid-19 reinfections even if these people have fourth vaccine dose of bivalent mRNA. However, number of reinfections was possibly underestimated. The results should be taken with caution due to the small number of covid-19 cases included.
Magnetic Therapies of Different Human Diseases: A Review
In my paper I give a review on magnetic therapies of different human diseases. All the considered diseases are related to inflammations, and these inflammations can be cured by magnetic therapies. I explain the physical processes underlying these therapies.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Diseases Disorders & Treatments
Conservative Management of a Case of Peripartum Cardiomyopathyin a Young Woman: Case Report
Aim of the case report is to enlighten the case of a multigravida with corrected anaemia with immediate postpartum cardiomyopathy. Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an uncommon entity which generally affects the elderly gravid females who are mostly multiparous. It is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy which occurs during the last trimester of pregnancy or early post partum period. Several other risk factors are associated with the development of PPCM. Even though it is associated with greater morbidity but if managed promptly, can be reverted back with minimal mortality or morbidity. We present a case of a young woman, multigravida, G3P1L1A1 with moderate anaemia corrected, who landed up in pulmonary edema intraoperatively and was managed conservatively thereafter with no significant morbidity and good maternal outcome. We should be alert and vigilant while managing high risk patients and correctly diagnosing the condition and prompt treatment to reduce mortality. Clinical Significance is that Heart disease is a very common entity nowadays and can land up in an unprecedented event at any time during pregnancy, labour or postpartum. Appropriate diagnosis and management are necessary for preventing mishap.
Duplex Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Liver Tumors
Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of duplex ultrasound in the diagnosis of liver tumors. Method: The present study included 152 cases of liver tumors; there were 87 malignant and 65 benign tumors. Visualization of liver tumors was carried out of duplex ultrasound using a convex transducer in the frequency range of 2-5 MHz on Philips HD-11. The p-value <0.05 was regarded as having a significant difference. Results: The hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 29 cases, the cholangiocellular carcinoma – in 21 cases, the metastatic liver cancer – in 37 cases, the capillary hemangioma – in 39 cases and the cavernous hemangioma – in 26 cases, respectively. In 115 cases (P<0,001), liver tumors were localized in the right lobe, in 37 cases – in the left lobe. In 59 cases, the tumor morphology was regularly, in 93 cases – irregularly. In 74 cases, the tumor boundary edge was clearly, in 78 cases – unclearly. Acoustic halo at the edge of the tumors was observed in 27 cases, of which HCC in 19 (65.5 ± 8.8%) cases (P<0,001). Isoechoic lesions were registered in 19 cases of liver tumors, of which in 11 (52.4±10, 9%) cases of cholangicarcinoma – significantly (P<0.001) higher than the rest. Conclusions: Duplex ultrasound allows you to identify the malignant and benign liver tumors. The most significant ultrasonographic signs of malignancy of the formation are fuzzy contours, heterogeneous internal structure, hypoechogenicity and increased vascularization of the pathological formation.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Diseases Disorders & Treatments
Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome, General Conservative and MedicalManagement and Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) Efficacy
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a condition of pelvic and perineal pain, not releated to other known pathologies, that lasts more than three months. It is a disease that influences a lot people’s quality of life. Currently there are several types of management, including conservative, medical and surgical approaches. About medical therapy the management with phytotherapics has shown a good efficacy on pain reduction, in particular palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has demonstrated to have a role for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
Two Case Reports about Prostatitis and Penile Edema as Allergic Reaction to Pfizer-Biontech Covid19 Vaccine
Penile edema is a condition of fluid accumulation in the intracellular spaces of the penile soft tissues, often associated with sexually transmitted diseases, but can have different causes, such as allergic reactions [1,2]. Prostatitis is an inflammatory condition of the prostate which is classified by the NIH as acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic non bacterial prostatitis-Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS) and asymptomatic prostatitis [3]. There are also described, in the scientific literature, cases of allergic prostatitis [4]. We report the clinical case of a prostatitis and penile edema as allergic reaction to Pfizer-BioNTech COVID19 vaccine for which there is still insufficient scientific literature.
Transperineal Freehand US/MRI Fusion Target Prostate Biopsy using the Esaote MylabTM9 System: A Step by Step Guide
Objective: To document a step-by-step guide of transperineal Freehand US/MRI fusion target prostate biopsy using the Esaote MyLabTM9 System. Setting: “San Pio” Hospital of Castellaneta, Italy. Patients: The patients undergoing this procedure had a suspicion of prostate cancer based on a mpMRI of the prostate. Results: No major complications were seen during and after the biopsy, and the patients were discharged 30 minutes-1 hour after the procedure. Conclusions: Fusion-targeted biopsy has proven to be better than random technique for both biopsy-naïve and previous negative biopsy [1]. With a standardized step-by-step approach the procedure can give good detection rate results with little or without discomfort for the patients and with short operating times.
The paper reviewed data confirming that sigma1 receptors modulate NMDA neurotransmission. It has been established that they can enhance the spontaneous release of glutamate in the hippocampus, potentiate the release of a neurotrophic factor induced by glutamate, and also participate in the processes of synaptic restructuring (facilitation of long-term potentiation) in the mammalian hippocampus. But the use of high doses of agonists or antagonists of sigma1 receptors in animal models does not have any effect on memory modulation or learning processes in control animals. These findings indicate that sigma1 receptors do not affect the physiological (normal) processes of memory consolidation. The effects of sigma1 receptors considered in the work speak of effects on cognitive processes only in conditions of neurotransmitter imbalance. In a number of works, with the participation of various experimental models, the possible involvement of sigma1 receptors in the processes of memory recovery was revealed. A real breakthrough in the treatment of affective disorders is being made in our time due to an increasingly detailed study of the mechanisms of intracellular receptor structures and chaperone proteins, in particular, sigma receptors. By acting on these mechanisms, side effects in the treatment of depression, inevitable with the use of traditional antidepressants, can be avoided. Also, thanks to modern drugs based on interaction with sigma receptors, it is possible to influence neurogenesis, learning and memory processes. Thus, the sigma-1 receptor is an extremely promising object that can be considered as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathological diseases.