Journal of Gynecology Research Reviews & Reports
Journal of Gynecology Research Reviews & Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Gynecology. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTs). Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/gynecology-research-reviews/user/register or can send through an e-mail with attachment for gynecologyresearch@onlinescientificresearch.info or jgrr@onlinescientificresearch.net 1.5 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
In the 20th century, interest in menopausal disorders steadily increased; however, it took a considerable amount of time to recognize the true impact of hormonal depletion on women’s health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Gynecology Research Reviews & Reports
Efficacy of Body-Oriented Psychotherapy in Alleviating Symptoms of Primary Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome
Dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are prevalent among reproductive-aged women, significantly impacting their quality of life and daily functioning. These conditions often result in irritability, anxiety, depression, and decreased productivity. This study evaluates the effectiveness of bodyoriented psychotherapy in mitigating the symptoms of PMS and primary dysmenorrhea among women of reproductive age. Sixty women with diagnosed dysmenorrhea or PMS were interviewed as part of a structured survey based on the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and the Menstrual Distress Inventory (MDI). Following this, the participants underwent a course of body-oriented psychotherapy lasting from 14 days to 2.5 months. Pre- and postintervention assessments were conducted to evaluate changes in pain levels and emotional well-being. Post-intervention analysis revealed a significant reduction in pain for 96% of participants, with 68.4% reporting improved emotional states and 36.4% experiencing reduced somatic symptoms. Common symptoms like headaches (65%), mastalgia (88%), pelvic and abdominal pain (100%), gastrointestinal disturbances (80%), and eating behavior disorders (93%) showed marked improvement. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the effectiveness of body-oriented psychotherapy and suggest its potential as a non-pharmacological treatment option for reducing PMS and dysmenorrhea symptoms.
Psychosocial Impact of Infertility: Role of the Obstetrician-Gynecologist-A Study of 60 Cases
The management of infertile couples remains one of the most complex and demanding areas in reproductive medicine. This complexity stems not only from the high financial costs and the often prolonged duration of treatments but also, and more critically, from the profound psychosocial impact that infertility imposes on individuals and their relationships. A holistic therapeutic approach must, therefore, extend beyond purely medical and surgical solutions to fully incorporate these psychosocial dimensions.
Pustular Acne Eruption After Nexplanon Fracture in an Active-Duty Service Member
Introduction: Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) like Nexplanon are increasingly popular among active-duty service women for their convenience and benefits to women’s health and military readiness. While generally safe and effective, rare instances of Nexplanon fractures were asymptomatic and discovered during removal, with only two cases linking abnormal uterine bleeding to the broken device. In this unique case, a patient experienced a traumatic Nexplanon fracture during combat training leading to onset of pustular acne within 24 hours. Case: A 21-year-old nulliparous active-duty service member presented to the ED with sudden onset of pustular acne on her face following Nexplanon fracture during combat training. Physical exam was significant for an extensive amount of pustular acne from her mental to infraorbital region. Palpation was significant for a midline defect in the Nexplanon, that was confirmed during removal by an OBGYN. Discussion: Many synthetic progestins (P4), including etonogestrel found in the Nexplanon, are derived from 19-nortestosterone, and the association between synthetic P4 and acne is well-established. P4-only contraceptives having a stronger association with acne than contraceptives containing both estrogens and P4. Yet, the presence of a dose-dependent response between synthetic P4 and acne vulgaris remains inconclusive. The rapid onset of pustular acne in this patient suggests a potential dose-dependent reaction, especially since device breaks can lead to a slight increase in etonogestrel levels.
Patient Satisfaction with Surgical Informed Consent and Its Associated Factors Among Women Undergoing Obstetric and Gynecologic Surgeries in Northwest Amhara Regional Specialized Referral Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2024
Introduction: Women who were unsatisfied with their informed consent showed poor adherence to treatment plans, a high burden of hospital readmission, and a low intention to attend follow-up appointments. There is a dearth of evidence about the level of patient satisfaction with the informed consent process in the study setting. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the level of satisfaction towards informed consent and associated factors among women who underwent obstetric and gynecologic surgery. Objective: To assess the level of satisfaction towards informed consent and associated factors among women who underwent obstetric and gynecologic surgery at Northwest Amhara regional specialized referral hospitals, Ethiopia, 2024. Methods: Multi-center institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Northwest Amhara regional specialized referral hospitals. The data was collected using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. After checking the data for consistency and completeness, it was coded and entered into EPI data 3.6 by a principal investigator and exported to STATA vers.14 for analysis. Statistical summaries were done and the results were presented in the text, tables and figures. Bi-variable and Multivariable analysis were performed to identify factors associated with satisfaction towards surgical informed consent. In Multivariable logistic regression, variables with a P value < 0.05 were considered to be significantly associated with the outcome variable. Result: From total 647 sample size, 633 study participants were involved directly in this study giving a response rate of 97.84%. The finding of this study showed that 302(47.71 %) of respondents were satisfied. Multi-parity (AOR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.08-4.96), written informed consent with mother tongue (AOR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.06-2.30), good knowledge (AOR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08-2.38) and good patient to health care providers relationship (AOR: 5.31, 95% CI: 3.56-7.92) were positively associated with patient satisfaction. Conclusion and Recommendation: The findings of this study indicated that patient satisfaction with surgical informed consent services was relatively lower compared to previous studies. Healthcare facilities should organize sessions for health professionals to enhance the patient-provider relationship and improve the delivery of informed consent services.
Preservation of Protein-Lipid Molecular Integrity in Red Blood Cell Membranes Using Magnetite Nanoparticles (ICNB)
This study was devoted to the learning changes in the structure of erythrocyte membranes at the level of molecular bonds during their storage at a positive temperature by means method of infrared spectroscopy (IR). Objects of research were red blood cells (RBCs) into bags containing preservative CPD and RBCs into bags containing preservative CPDA-1. As membrane protective used saline which had previously been treated with magnetite nanoparticles (ICNB) by the Belousov’s method. The physiological solution that was treated with nanoparticles was added to the preserved RBCs according to the developed method. Sample of control was the addition of intact saline. Analysis of changes occurring in the IR spectra of samples of control and test in the CPD medium was showed that during the first 28 days storage of: 1. In the suspension of control of the RBCs, noticeable destructive changes in the molecular structure membrane of erythrocytes at the 14th day storage begins. After three weeks, the molecular structure membrane of erythrocytes is completely destroyed; 2. In the sample of test there was a weakening and rupture of molecular bonds only at the 28th day storage of RBCs. Complete destruction of the structure of membrane of erythrocytes occurs at the 35th day storage. Analysis of changes occurring in the IR spectra of samples of control and test in the CPDA-1 medium was showed that during 49 days storage of: 1. In the suspension of control of RBCs noticeable destructive changes in the molecular structure begins in four weeks, and after six weeks storage the molecular structure of erythrocytes membrane are completely destroyed; 2. In the sample of test, a significant weakening of intra-and intermolecular bonds in the structure of erythrocytes membrane occurs after six weeks. However, the complete destruction of the structure is not observed. After seven weeks storage of erythrocytes obvious violations of the molecular structure of lipids and proteins that make up the RBCs are visible but some of the strongest compounds still remain. In general, the results clearly showed that the presented method of application of nanotechnology significantly increases the storage time of RBCs in different versions of preservatives due to mechanisms to reduce violations of the molecular structure of proteins and lipids in the erythrocyte membranes. Presented method of application of nanotechnology is not only safe for use in practice in the Blood Service, Transfusiology and Hematology, but also is the most promising innovation project.
Nursing and Midwifery in Albania: An International Perspective in Healthcare
Albania, located in Southeast Europe, has undergone rapid economic and healthcare transformations in recent years. As the demand for healthcare professionals, especially nurses and midwives, continues to rise internationally, Albania faces challenges and opportunities in the healthcare sector. This presentation explores the evolving role of nurses and midwives in Albania, focusing on their contributions to maternal and child health, healthcare advancements, and the emigration trends of healthcare professionals seeking better opportunities abroad. The significance of research, professional development, and technology integration is highlighted as crucial elements to strengthen the healthcare sector in Albania and improve international collaborations in nursing and midwifery. Moreover, the role of nurses and midwives in the global healthcare landscape post-COVID-19 will be explored.
Forgotten Intrauterine Device (Copper T) Forming Vesical Calculus
Background: An intrauterine device (IUD) is a well-accepted means of reversible contraception. Complete migration of IUD to the bladder through partial or complete perforation though rarely reported, results in lower urinary tract symptoms and stone formation around the migrated IUD. This phenomenon could be strongly associated with history of prior caesarean sections (C-section) or early insertion of the device in the postpartum period. Case presentation: A 50-year-old female presented with a history of lower urinary symptoms and haematuria. X ray KUB showed a straight foreign body in the bladder with stone formation. According to ultrasound, the copper IUD was partly in the bladder lumen and within the bladder wall. Cystoscopy showed a bladder stone formation around the IUD anchored to the anterior bladder wall. Patient gave history of medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) 20 years back and she denied the insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device. She had cystolithotomy and retrieval of oblong shaped stone measuring about 4cm and intact IUD (Copper T) after failed endoscopic procedure. Conclusions: Vesical calculi are uncommon in adult women and their presence should raise the suspicion of the presence of a foreign body. This case highlights the importance of properly informing the patient regarding IUD at the time its insertion. This will reduce the incidence of missing IUD.
Assessment the female sexual function among Libyan women at Tripoli, Libya, 2024
Background: The sexual function is an essential aspect of life for women irrespective of age because it is closely correlated with overall wellbeing and relationship satisfaction. Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD) is a common public health issue that is defined as one or more problems of female sexual desire, arousal, orgasm and/or sexual pain/discomfort that leads to significant distress. Aim: This study aimed to assess the female sexual function among Libyan women. Methods and Materials: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at Tripoli University Hospital over six months duration between January and June 2024. It included 314 female participants who attended the hospital during that period. The data underwent analysis and prescription via a computerized program of SPSS version 24. Results: The most frequent age range was between 26 to 35 years accounting for 54.8% (172). The mean duration of marriage was 7.42 years ± 7.228 SD. The majority of participants were multipara accounting for 79.9% (251). Based on the classification of female sexual dysfunction severity, 41.7% (131) of participants had mild to moderate severity followed by 32.2% (101) had mild severity with an overall female sexual dysfunction rate was 81.2% (255). Based on female sexual function characteristics, 28.3% (89) had abnormal desire, 22% (69) had abnormal arousal, 55.4% (174) had abnormal lubrication, 24.5% (77) had undetected orgasm, 23.2% (73) had inappropriate satisfaction and 19.1% (60) had pain. Conclusion: The overall rate of female sexual dysfunction among Libyan women was (81.2%) which is considered high but with low severity, (41.7%) had mild to moderate dysfunction followed by (32.2%) had mild dysfunction. These findings had significant effects on sexual life and marital status which require a basic strategy approach to increase sexual awareness and marital counseling among couples and to avoid adverse sexual dysfunction consequences such as divorce, marital problems, insufficient sexual satisfaction, and psychosocial concern.
Classification of female sexual dysfunction severity
An Appraisal of Recurrent Miscarriage in Sub Saharan Africa: Occurrence and Possible Solution
A recurrent miscarriage may be defined in the African context as the foetal demise of two or more successive pregnancies before the attainment of the age of viability. A literature review was done to assess the trend of recurrent miscarriage in sub-Saharan Africa. Identifying the main causes, considering the population at risk, and the availability of accurate diagnostic utilities to effectively ensure good management of recurrent miscarriage is an important gynaecologic issue. Over the years, studies have identified several etiologies and yet there’s been no tangible implementation of therapeutic strategies. Routine modifications should also be employed to develop new approaches to reproductive prognosis. There is notably scanty information on the cases of spontaneous abortion due to chromosomal abnormalities. Genetic and immunological factors should be considered in the work-up plan for women with RM. About 70% of the cases of RM are considered unexplained, and this may be due to limited resources. We concluded that there is relatively poor management of miscarriage and cases of missed and inaccurate diagnosis of the causes of spontaneous abortion in sub-Saharan Africa. More studies are needed in order to assess the extent of genetic induced miscarriage, where resources are limited, folic acid supplements should be provided for pregnant women.
A Significant Percentage of Adults Suffer from Infertility, Which Is a Worldwide Health Issue
A significant percentage of adults suffer from infertility, which is a worldwide health issue. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has estimated that infertility affects 17.5% of people globally. In the context of Pakistan, a low-middle-income country, the issue of infertility is particularly pronounced. In Pakistan, infertility is estimated to affect 22% of people, with 9% of men and 13% of women affected. Even though infertility is still a major worry, it is important to take into account the larger environmental issues that may be involved. The existence of “microplastics,” which are pieces of any plastic that are less than 5 mm (0.20 in) in length, in the environment is one growing worry. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other dangerous substances are among the many chemicals found in microplastics. These microparticles can enter the body primarily via ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, and target the reproductive system (hormonal changes) in a size-dependent manner. Pakistan generates approximately 20 million tons of solid waste annually. Pakistan’s plastic consumption is rising at an annual rate of 15 percent. The per capital consumption is 7.5kg per person. The increasing presence of microplastics in the environment and the potential link between these factors become crucial for scientific understanding and public health. This study was designed to assess the knowledge, and perception regarding microplastics and their possible impacts on hormonal disturbances (infertility) among the female population of Karachi and give possible preventive measures to improve it. A cross sectional observational study was conducted between October till December 2024, using a questionnaire distributed via Google Forms. In this study, 154 females participated. The study population targeted adult females aged 18-45 residing in Karachi. Participants taking hormonal medications or undergoing treatments that could interfere with hormonal assessments were excluded. Additionally, women who were currently pregnant or had a history of pregnancy within the last 12 months were also excluded. The majority of the females were aged between 2024(n=98, 63.7%), and those that were unmarried were (n=118, 76.6%) and had bachelor’s degree (n=90, 58.4%). Approximately (n=82, 53.3%) faced problems in their menstrual cycle and approximately (n=130, 84.4%) used single-use plastics. The knowledge score related to microplastics was (n=106,68.8%) and the rest were unaware of microplastics and their sources. The majority of the females assessed were unaware of the impact of microplastics on hormonal health (n=132, 85.7%). From this research, it was concluded that there is a need to create awareness and knowledge of microplastics and their potential impact on female health. The prevalence of menstrual problems and the extensive use of plastics emphasize the importance of addressing environmental and health concerns in this demographic. Future efforts in research and awareness campaigns can play a pivotal role in addressing these issues and fostering more informed and sustainable practices among women of reproductive age.
Hysterectomy for Gynecological Indication at the General Hospital of Kasenga, in the city of Uvira, in the Province of South-Kivu in the Est of the Democratic Republic of Congo
We conducted a retrospective and cross-sectional study. We collected the data over a period of one year. It took place over a period of time from January 25, 2021 to January 25, 2022 in the obstetrics gynecology departments of the General Hospital (GH) of KASENGA in the city of Uvira in the province of South Kivu in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The main objective is to determine the frequency of hysterectomy in this part of DRC and to determine what would be the gynecological indications. Only patients who underwent hysterectomy for gynecological indication were included in our study. We found that the frequency of hysterectomies for gynecological indications compared to all surgical activity was 12.5%. The average age of our patients was 54.2 years. The indications were dominated by hysteroceles (44%) and uterine myomas (20%). The approach was vaginal in 52% and abdominal in 48%. The hysterectomies were total in 92% of cases and radical in 8% of cases. We did not note any major complications except parietal infections which were in 16% of cases. All patients received postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis. No anticoagulant treatment was prescribed. After this work we found that hysterectomy is frequent at the Reference Hospital (HR) of KASENGA with the main indication, hysterocele according to the different degrees. We did not have many complications and this would be due to the early antibiotic prophylaxis. The improvement of socio-economic conditions, awareness and early detection should improve the conditions of care.
Surgical Site Infections After Cesarean Delivery: Epidemiology and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines surgical site infections (SSIs) as infections occurring within 30 days of a surgical procedure. These infections are categorized into three types: superficial incisional, deep incisional, and organ/space. Healthcare institutions should monitor SSI rates after cesarean delivery (CD) and benchmark their performance against similar facilities as part of quality improvement initiatives. Globally, the rate of SSI following CD varies widely, ranging from 2.7% to 48%. This significant variation contributes to increased maternal morbidity and, in some cases, mortality, patient dissatisfaction, prolonged hospital stays, and elevated healthcare costs. These differences between countries likely reflect variations in population demographics, pre- and postoperative practices, study methodologies, patient comorbidities, antibiotic use, and reporting practices. Several risk factors for SSI after CD have been identified, including maternal characteristics, intrapartum and operative factors, and care provided within academic teaching settings. Beyond the core SSI prevention bundle, several effective interventions can further reduce infection rates. These include preoperative vaginal cleansing with povidone-iodine, subcutaneous tissue closure with sutures when wound depth exceeds 2 cm, skin closure with sutures rather than staples, and minimizing operating room traffic during procedures. Each hospital should develop a tailored CD surgical bundle incorporating these and other evidence-based practices to minimize SSI rates.
Effect of Social Media Platforms Education for Postpartum Women on Contraceptive Awareness and Utilization
Background: Since contraceptive methods are now widely available in the nation, it is critical to use the new methods of educational resources that improve women’s attitudes, knowledge, and ability to make decisions about contraceptive methods utilization. Aim: Assess the Effect of Social Media Platforms Education for Postpartum Women on Contraceptive Awareness and Utilization. Methods: A quasi-experimental design pre posttest was used to conduct the study. A non-probability purposive sample was used of 100 women during post-partum period. Data was collected by using self-administered close ended questionnaire which consisted of demographic factors of study sample, obstetric history, contraceptive history, contraceptive knowledge assessment, attitude toward utilization of contraception. (Pre - Post assessment). The validity and reliability of the data collection tool were ensured. Setting: post-partum wards at Menoufia University Hospitals, Menoufia governorate, Egypt. Result: There was a statistically significant improvement in the total knowledge, attitude toward utilization of Contraception after the Social Media Platforms education for Postpartum women on Contraceptive awareness and utilization (p = 0.00 and 0.001 respectively). There was a significant relationship between posttest attitude scores, and some obstetrical variables as number of abortion and, number of deliveries of the study sample (P= 0.001 and 0.002 respectively) also significant relationship between posttest and some items of obstetrical variables and woman’s decision-for utilizing of the contraceptive method as number of live birth and, number pregnancy among the study sample (P= 0.001 and 0.000 respectively) Conclusion: the social media platforms education for postpartum women has a positive effect in improving women’s knowledge and enhancing decision for utilization of the contraceptive method. Recommendation The current study recommended integrating the social media platforms education for postpartum teaching as an innovative technology method of guidance into the routine maternity care.
Tele-Triage Systems Utilizing for Obstetric and Gynecological Cases in Low-Resource Communities
Introduction: Many people don’t understand that obesity has the link factor for getting infertility. So, these abstract wants to discuss how obesity can increase a person’s risk of suffering infertility. Methode: Review study Results: Obesity and overweight people have high risk for reproductive disorder. Obesity is excessive fat accumulation condition. Human adipose tissue produces a variety of secretory factors. The secretory factors of adipose tissue release are free fatty acid, high leptin levels in serum and follicular fluid, hormone, cytokine or chemokines such as TNF alpha, IL-6, IL-8, leptin and adiponectin etc. So, adipose tissue in obese men and women is in pro inflammatory condition. Leptin is a stimulatory effect on the HPG axis to initiate the reproductive maturation of the hypothalamus. Leptin levels are higher in people who are obese. Discussion: Obesity is linked to infertility in both genders. Infertility in obese people has relationship with pro inflammatory condition. Obesity in men affect fertility by impaired spermatogenesis, erectile dysfunction, reduced the hormone testosterone levels, poor libido which has relationship with the HPG and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axes. Leptin is a hormone that plays a role in many metabolic functions, including reproduction. High concentration of leptin has relationship to azospermia, oligozoospermia and oligo astheno teratozoospermia in obese men. Conclusion: Obesity has relationship to infertility cause of obesity has adipose tissue accumulation which produces many secretory factors. So, obesity in the pro-inflammatory condition will disturb normal reproductive function.
Introduction: Many people don’t understand that obesity has the link factor for getting infertility. So, these abstract wants to discuss how obesity can increase a person’s risk of suffering infertility. Method: Review study Results: Obesity and overweight people have high risk for reproductive disorder. Obesity is excessive fat accumulation condition. Human adipose tissue produces a variety of secretory factors. The secretory factors of adipose tissue release are free fatty acid, high leptin levels in serum and follicular fluid, hormone, cytokine or chemokines such as TNF alpha, IL-6, IL-8, leptin and adiponectin etc. So, adipose tissue in obese men and women is in pro inflammatory condition. Leptin is a stimulatory effect on the HPG axis to initiate the reproductive maturation of the hypothalamus. Leptin levels are higher in people who are obese. Discussion: Obesity is linked to infertility in both genders. Infertility in obese people has relationship with pro inflammatory condition. Obesity in men affect fertility by impaired spermatogenesis, erectile dysfunction, reduced the hormone testosterone levels, poor libido which has relationship with the HPG and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axes. Leptin is a hormone that plays a role in many metabolic functions, including reproduction. High concentration of leptin has relationship to azospermia, oligozoospermia and oligo astheno teratozoospermia in obese men. Conclusion: Obesity has relationship to infertility cause of obesity has adipose tissue accumulation which produces many secretory factors. So, obesity in the pro-inflammatory condition will disturb normal reproductive function.
Ovarian Dysfunction is a Condition Characterized by a Decrease In Residual Follicles in the Ovaries
Ovarian dysfunction is a condition characterized by a decrease in residual follicles in the ovaries, classified into POI (premature ovarian insufficiency) and DOR (Diminished ovarian reserve). POI is characterized by amenorrhea before the age of 40, whereas DOR shows hormonal abnormalities but does not necessarily involve menstrual irregularities or ovulation disorders. Previously, POI was considered to affect1% of women, but recent studies indicate an increased prevalence of 3.7%. Infertility treatment for ovarian dysfunction using patients’ own genetic eggs is challenging. The only established method is embryo transfer to POI patients using eggs obtained from young healthy donors fertilized with the partner’s sperm. However, this method is not ideal due to ethical issues and potential immunological abnormalities from carrying a non-genetically related pregnancy. It is also prohibited in some countries and regions for religious or other reasons. In POI, activation of dormant primordial follicles arrests, and recruitment of developing follicles does not occur, resulting in the absence of FSH-responsible antral follicles, leading to anovulation and infertility. In DOR, the number of developing follicles decreases due to reduced ovarian reserve, resulting in fewer FSH-responsive antral follicles and minimal oocyte retrieval even with aggressive controlled ovarian stimulation. The speaker has developed in vitro activation (IVA) treatment to induce activation of dormant primordial follicles and growth of early follicles in the FSH-independent phase, enabling POI/DOR patients to conceive with their own genetic eggs. IVA involves laparoscopic removal of ovaries or ovarian tissues, followed by in vitro ovarian tissue culture for follicle activation, and subsequent grafting into and around the residual ovary. The initial method required two laparoscopic surgeries due to 48-hour in vitro ovarian tissue culture. To reduce the invasiveness, a method that can be completed in a single surgery has been implemented, known as drug-free IVA. Further research is ongoing to develop less invasive methods, some of which will be introduced in this lecture.
Polygenic Embryo Screening: Ethical Considerations and Recommendations for Clinical Practice On behalf of the Ethics and Good Clinical Practice Group and the Genetics Group of the Spanish Fertility Society
Recent advances in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies at the embryonic level have made Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) a feasible tool for embryo analysis. These findings have enabled the development of Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS), which aggregate information from hundreds or thousands of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) to estimate an individual’s relative risk of developing a given condition compared with the general population. When PRS are applied at the embryonic stage, the approach is referred to as Polygenic Embryo Screening (PES) or, more specifically, Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Polygenic Disorders (PGT-P) PGT-P provides a measure of each embryo’s relative genetic susceptibility compared with the general population. These estimates rely on statistical models that weigh the contribution of each SNP according to its frequency and estimated disease association. However, interpreting PRS at the embryonic level is challenging. Polygenic risk is probabilistic; thus, an embryo with a high PRS may never develop the disease, while an embryo with a low PRS is not risk-free. PGT-P raises important ethical concerns, including the need for adequate counseling, realistic patient expectations, issues of distributive justice, the impact of environmental and social determinants of health, and the potential exacerbation of health inequities. The main objective of this document, prepared by the Ethics and Good Clinical Practice Interest Group of the Spanish Fertility Society (SEF), is to provide guidance to researchers, clinicians, embryologists, regulators, and professional societies as they make decisions regarding the implementation of this emerging technique, with particular emphasis on its ethical implications.
Ovarian Cancer Refractory to Chemotherapy was Confirmed Colorectal Sarcoma
Double primary cancer had been rarely reported. We experienced an ovarian cancer patient. After cytoreductive surgery, She had adjuvant chemotherapy of 6 cycles. We evaluated chemoresponce with follow up CT scanning. There was slowly growing tumor from 3cm to 6cm. So we did secondary cytoreductive operation. The histologic report was entirely different cell type tumor. High grade sarcoma in Colon. We present this special case with brief review.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Gynecology Research Reviews & Reports
Cervical Carcinoma Presenting as Postmenopausal and PostcoitalBleeding in Two Women Over Age 60: A Case Series
Cervical cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in women worldwide, despite being largely preventable through HPV vaccination and regular screening. In postmenopausal women, symptoms like vaginal bleeding often trigger evaluation for endometrial pathology; however, cervical cancer should remain on the differential.
Current Status and Challenges of Assisted Reproductive Technology(ART) Services in Nepal
Nepal, a developing country in South Asia, has a population of 29,164,578 according to the 2021 census, with 8,060,560 individuals falling within the reproductive age group (15-49 years). Subfertility affects approximately 10% of this group. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) treatment was regularly introduced in Nepal since 2004, prior to which individuals often travelled abroad for treatment. A recent survey identified 51 ART centers in Nepal, with 66.7% located within the Kathmandu Valley. Of these, 94% are privately owned, while only one is government-operated, and two function as semi-government centers. Among the 51 centers, 35 are fully operational, but only 23 (45.1%) have been licensed by the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). Despite increasing number of ART centers, the proper ART policy and guidelines are under discussion but not finalized. Most of the centers follow different ART guidelines like European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), ICMR (India) guidelines etc. Data from 34 functioning ART centers were analyzed, as one declined to participate. All centers have in-house fertility experts, but only 58.8% have in-house embryologists. While 79.4% of centers provide regular In-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments, 11.8% offer batch only IVF due to lack of skilled embryologist. Most centers practice IVF- antagonist protocol (85.3%) for autologous and oocyte donor cycles. Oocyte, embryo, and semen donation are practiced by almost all centers. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) for all with frozen embryo transfer cycles are common, with 2-3 embryos typically transferred per cycle. Only few centers offer Preimplantation Genetic Testing (PGT), which is usually outsourced. ART data recording is done individually by 94.1% of centers, either in hardcopy or softcopy, as there is no national ART registry yet. Only one center submits ART data to International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART), reflecting limited awareness of international standards. Despite the growth in ART services, challenges remain in policy finalization, equitable access, and standardized practices.
Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiome: The Next Frontier inInfertility and Gynecological Disorders
The female reproductive tract microbiome particularly Lactobacillus-dominant (LD) vaginal communities has emerged as a key determinant of reproductive outcomes. Evidence links vaginal dysbiosis and non-Lactobacillus–dominant endometrial communities with infertility, Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF), and adverse In-vitro Fertilization (IVF) outcomes, while highlighting substantial methodological pitfalls in low-biomass endometrial sampling. This narrative, evidence-based review synthesizes contemporary data on (1) physiology and measurement of the vaginal/endometrial microbiome, (2) associations with infertility, RIF, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), endometriosis, and gynecologic pathology, (3) interventional options (antibiotics, probiotics, vaginal microbiota transplantation), and (4) a pragmatic clinical framework for ART programs. While LD vaginal states especially L. crispatus consistently correlate with improved implantation and live birth, the existence and clinical significance of a stable, distinct “endometrial microbiome” remains debated due to contamination risks. High-quality, contamination-controlled, prospective trials are urgently needed before routine microbiome-directed therapy is adopted in ART pathways.
Management of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy as ChallengeCollaboration Between Cardiologists and Obstetricians
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an idiopathic cardiomyopathy presented the last trimester during pregnancy or few months after the delivery and is associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The incidence of PPCM is highly variable depending on the race and geographic regions, maternal age, multiple gestation pregnancies, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Diagnosis is often delayed, as symptoms misinterpreted those of normal pregnancy. During pregnancy cardiac images are limited in modalities that do not allow any sort of radiation but echocardiography is safe and should be performed in any suspected case of heart failure. The clinical outcome of PPCM is also diverse from complete recovery to death. In women with PPCM although the treatment and medical therapy are similar to those in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction due to other causes requires special modifications for fetal safety. The mode of delivery in patients with PPCM during pregnancy should be discussed with cardiologists, obstetrics, anesthetists and neonatologist that should work together for the treatment of such patients and to minimize the risk for mother and the fetus. It is considered very risky for the patients to consider another pregnancy if the LV function is not recovered to normal and the patients have to be very aware for such a situation. Pre-conception cardiologic evaluation are important for every woman with a cardiomyopathy who is considering having a family
Bilateral Huge Ovarian Borderline Tumor Treatment
Huge ovarian multiseptated conglomerated cyst was removed after cystic fluid aspirated with Doush suction device. The histologic repost was serous borderline tumor Post operative bleeding was controlled by radiologic intervention We described the special experience with case report.
Clinical Application and Feasibility of Using ICF Cancer Survivor CoreSet of Breast Cancer to the Health Condition of a Post-MenopausalBreast Cancer Survivor.
Background: The case report is of 52-year-old female complaining of fatigue, depression post modified radical mastectomy. She was under four weeks of exercise program. The purpose of this study was to consider the clinical application of ICF Cancer survivor Core set to describe the health condition of the patient by mapping the components of assessment tools used in this study. Method: The outcome measures -Revised piper fatigue scale, Beck’s depression Inventory, FACT B questionnaire was mapped to ICF categories of body function using linking rules. Results and Discussion: Most of the body function described for outcome measures of depression, fatigue, quality of life like feeling sad, irritation, lack of energy, was third level category except for weight loss which was second level. Conclusion: The mapping of the above outcome measures in ICF framework should be considered for future studies on large number of patients.
Efficacy and Safety of Adavosertib in Platinum-Resistant and RecurrentOvarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and A Meta-Analysis
Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of mortality among gynaecological malignancies. According to estimates from the American Cancer Society for 2024, approximately 19,680 women in the United States will be newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer, and about 12,740 women will succumb to the disease. Advanced-stage ovarian cancers frequently develop resistance to treatment, resulting in a poor overall prognosis for this patient population. This article presents a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the efficacy and safety profile of adavosertib in treating platinum-resistant or recurrent ovarian cancers. Methodology: The research question was framed using the PICO framework before initiating the review. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, HINARI, and ScienceDirect databases, covering publications up to August 2023. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined, and appropriate tools were utilized to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Descriptive and summary statistics were employed to characterize the sociodemographic features of the study cohort and the adverse effects associated with adavosertib. A random-effects model meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between adavosertib and the overall median survival of patients. Results: In the meta-analysis using a random-effects model, the pooled estimate for the overall survival of patients given adavosertib is 14.71 months (95%CI: 9.01 to 20.41 months). The estimate is statistically significant (p < 0.0001), indicating a positive effect of adavosertib on overall survival. The amount of total heterogeneity (variability between studies) is estimated to be 18.97 (SE = 26.19), with a corresponding tau value of 4.35. The I² statistic is 77.36%, indicating a high level of heterogeneity among the studies. The most common adverse effects were nausea (69.3%), anemia (60.3%), diarrhea (56.8%), thrombocytopenia (55.0%), neutropenia (54%), vomiting (52.7%), lymphopenia (35.6%), hypomagnesemia (9.0%), and hypokalemia (5.4%). Conclusion: The meta-analysis suggests that adavosertib has a significant positive effect on overall survival in ovarian cancer patients, with an estimated pooled median survival of 14.71 months. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously due to the high heterogeneity observed among the studies. The top three most common adverse effects were nausea, anemia, and diarrhea. Larger studies are recommended to provide more comprehensive information on this topic.
Treatment of Squamous Hyperplasia of the Vulva with AutologousPlatelet-Rich Plasma in Postmenopausal Women - Own Experience
Treatment of the vulvar epithelium with autologous platelet-rich plasma (a-PRP, plasmotherapy) is a revolutionary, alternative method in medicine that is based on observations of the role of platelets in the process of repair of injured body parts. The effect of natural growth factors in introducing platelets into the affected area is essential.The development of modern medicine has led to the development and implementation of autologous platelet-rich plasma therapy in the field of assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The main problems addressed by the method are: atrophy of the epithelium of the external genital organs in postmenopausal women due to hormonal imbalance. The use of autologous plasma containing activated platelets allows the local application of platelet-derived growth factors. The aim is to restore women’s quality of life and ensure a comfortable life after menopause.
Cervical Cancer Cytology in Nigeria: Challenges in the Face of Who’sAgenda 2030
Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women, with over 80% occurring in poor nations. It is the most prevalent female genital cancer in Nigeria and a significant public health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) set a goal to eradicate cervical cancer by 2030, based on a triad of vaccination, screening, and treatment methods. However, developing countries have not shown seriousness, prompting the Nigerian government to increase efforts to meet WHO targets. The objective of this study is to evaluate of Nigeria as country meeting up WHO 2030 target for the eradication of cervical cancer. Through literature and internet search, the study reveals that Nigeria already have existing infrastructural deficit that constitute a major setback in the government’s effort to eradicate cervical cancer. Since the WHO’s target was set the government of Nigeria has been making efforts which can be considered inadequate when equated to the challenges against the actualization. Such challenges as elaborated in this study includes economic issue, inadequate access to screening, low awareness, cultural and religious barrier, shortage of man power, and poor policy implementation. It is obvious from this study that Nigeria faces a significant cervical cancer burden, requiring WHO’s request for its eradication. The government is ready to cooperate with global health assemblies, but gaps may hinder its goal of low cervical cancer mortality and prevalence by 2030. Consistent dedication and societal cooperation are needed to tackle these issues.
Research on oocytes and their associated follicles has advanced significantly over the past two decades, shedding light on the fragility of the processes governing their active life. The ovarian follicles and the germ cells within them are crucial to understand conception, growth, and survival mechanisms. Folliculogenesis, the process by which ovarian follicles develop, starts with the primordial follicle, which contains oocytes arrested in meiotic division. These follicles are crucial for the ovarian reserve and serve as the sole source of oocytes throughout a woman’s life. Follicle maturation is regulated by a series of biochemical signals involving granulosa and theca cells, as well as hormones like FSH and AMH. This process begins during fetal development and continues until menopause, with primordial follicles being activated and transitioning into primary follicles. Each stage of follicular maturation is linked to meiotic events that drive the oocyte’s progressive development. Despite the continuous loss of primordial follicles, these cells retain autocrine and paracrine factors that regulate their activation, promoting oocyte growth and supporting both spontaneous and assisted reproduction. The early stages of folliculogenesis involve critical signaling pathways and growth factors such as mTOR, PI3K, and Hippo, which regulate follicle development even before gonadotropin involvement. Initially, follicular growth is influenced by local growth factors like activins and AMH, with gonadotropins playing a larger role as the follicle progresses. Follicles develop through four stages—primary, secondary, tertiary, and Graafian—each regulated by intra-ovarian mechanisms. Oocytes also actively contribute to folliculogenesis by secreting growth factors that interact with granulosa and theca cells. As follicles grow, the oocyte is suspended in follicular fluid and surrounded by granulosa cells forming a structure called the corona radiata. Meiosis begins in fetal life but is arrested until puberty when it resumes just before ovulation. However, not all oocytes will be ovulated; many undergo atresia through apoptosis. Abnormalities in signaling pathways or follicle development can lead to reproductive disorders, highlighting the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian function.
Repercussions of the Use of Imiquimod in Genital Warts
Introduction: The manifestations of a sexually transmitted infection such as condyloma acuminatum generated by the HPV virus are reflected in the increase in the prevalence curve in women and men. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of Imiquimod on anogenital warts in immunocompetent women and men. Methods: The search strategy was made in PubMed, Scielo, LILACS and Google Scholar, Scopus, Trip Database. only 13 articles entered. Results: Sauder et al, 2003 Imiquimod at 5%, efficacy in women and men 72% and 33% respectively. Baker et al, 2011 efficacy Imiquimod 2.5% 28.3%, Imiquimod 3.75% 36.6%. Trofater et al, 2002 with frequency of administration of 5% Imiquimod 1 time per day, 2 times per day and 3 times per week efficacy of 72%, 63% and 62% respectively. Komericki et al, 2011podophyllotoxin with Imiquimod, podophyllotoxin efficacy 72%, Imiquimod 75%. Aricano et al, 2014 Imiquimod efficacy 69.7%. Gilson et al, 2020 Imiquimod plus vaccine efficacy 56%, Podophyllotoxin plus vaccine 54%, Imiquimod plus placebo50%, podophyllotoxin plus placebo 56%. Garland et al, 2006 Imiquimod efficacy 51.6%. Gollnick et al, 2001 efficacy of Imiquimod at 5% 61.8% 3 times a week and 56.7% once a day. Edwards et al, 1998 efficacy of Imiquimod at 5% 72% women and 33% men at 1% efficacy in women 38% and men 7%. Conclusions: Imiquimod has been shown to be a drug with good efficacy and safety in the treatment of HPV-related genital warts.