Journal of Health Statistics Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Health Statistics Reports. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of research, review, case reports, analysis, magazines, editorials, opinion, communications, mini-review, short communications, picturized, book review, video type and power point presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://www.onlinescientificsresearch.com/submit-online or can send through an Email with attachment for healthreports@onlinescientificresearch.info
Panksepp’s Emotions Theory and the Ritualization of the Mechanism of Play. A Case Study: Damanhur Ecospiritual Community andBattles
Scientific research has shown, for several years now, that well-regulated affective experiences foster the integration and differentiation of interconnections between neural networks. Therefore, they enable the development of flexibility, stability, and coherence within the global mind-brain-body system in its ongoing processes of adaptation [1,2].
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Health Statistics Reports
Reducing Length of Stay by Improving Timeliness and Efficiencyof Care for the Behavioral Health Patient in a Suburban EmergencyRoom
Background: The average length of stay for BH patients has exceeded the Joint Commission recommended guideline that boarding time not exceed 4 hours. This has posed a threat to staff safety and hamper with patient care. Local Problem: With the closure of several treatment centers and psychiatric units, XXXX Center has experienced a 17% increase in patients over the past year. The average length of stay for behavioral health patient is 460 minutes. The aim of this project was to reduce length of stay by improving timeliness and efficiency of care for behavioral health patients in the emergency room through the use of an anxiety screening tool and standardization of medications by 45% within 90 days. Methods: Rapid cycle quality improvement using four plan-do-study-act cycles. Each cycle included tests of change related to team engagement, patient engagement, and two processes. Data were analyzed using run charts to evaluate the impact of interventions on outcomes. Interventions: Staff training/ team meeting, pilot shared decision-making tool, utilization of anxiety screening tool and standardized medication tool. Results: Re-enforcing de-escalation techniques through role plays and simulations, helping patients commit to outpatient services by initiating referral appointments, and expanding the availability of anxiety and medication tools has contributed to reducing LOS from 460 minutes to 122 minutes. Conclusions: Incorporating simulations and role play in staff training, making outpatient referral appointments, increasing screening days and the use of a standardized medication tool has decreased the length of stay for behavioral health patients.
Interdirectional Mentoring in an Individual Interdisciplinary PhD Program: The Symbiotic Relationship Between the Student and the Committee
The mentoring relationship between a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) student and their advisory committee is paramount in the student’s academic and professional journey. Mentorship is an essential element in the Individual Interdisciplinary PhD (IIP), where navigating the blurred but often complex lines of disciplinary boundaries is expected, if not essential. This analysis describes how mentoring has evolved from the top-down approach to a co-constructed paradigm within the context of the IIP. This study examines how roles, responsibilities, attitudes, and the transfer of knowledge shape relationships and foster camaraderie, intellectual growth, innovative initiatives, and professional development, ultimately producing rich dialogue and scholarship. The study suggests best practices for optimal mentoring in interdisciplinary research settings and provides examples of application in public health and healthcare studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Health Statistics Reports
The Importance of Early Diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome – A Case Study and Public Health Perspective
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare, inherited connective tissue disorder, frequently diagnosed with significant delay due to fragmented care and lack of coordination among specialists. We present the case of a 35-year-old woman whose EDS diagnosis was established 17 years after the onset of symptoms. Despite numerous specialist consultations, the focus on isolated symptoms without a holistic approach led to prolonged diagnostic neglect. This case highlights the crucial role of the family physician as a care coordinator, integrating clinical data from various fields and adopting a holistic view of the patient. Early detection of rare diseases such as EDS is vital for public health—it shortens the time to diagnosis, improves patient quality of life, and optimizes healthcare resource utilization. Our analysis underscores the urgent need for systemic solutions: better care coordination, development of integrated medical data tools, and enhanced education of physicians in rare diseases, especially at the primary care level.
Transforming Pharma with Smart Platforms: Digital Trials, Predictive Insights and Scalable Care
Clinical trials remain the costliest and slowest stage of drug development, with average costs exceeding USD 2 billion per approved drug and timelines often surpassing a decade. Recruitment inefficiencies, high dropout rates, and limited diagnostic integration exacerbate this burden. While decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) promise to reduce patient burden and broaden access, most remain fragmented, with wearables, apps, and telemedicine solutions operating in silos. This paper introduces LifeLens™, an AI-enabled multimodal diagnostic device embedded in the CloudHub Smart Clinical Trial Platform. LifeLens unifies diagnostics across oncology, ophthalmology, and dermatology. Using lung cancer as a representative example, LifeLens enables a diagnostic continuum: symptom triage → lung auscultation → CT/X-ray AI analysis → histopathology confirmation. Additional modules support diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening via fundus imaging and dermatology detection of >50 skin conditions. Our evaluations demonstrate that LifeLens and the broader CloudHub ecosystem can: Reduce trial operational costs by 30–40%, Accelerate recruitment by 30–50%, Shorten time-to-market by 6–12 months Improve patient retention to >90%. We conclude that multimodal, AI-driven diagnostic platforms represent the foundation of DCT 2.0, enabling unified diagnostics, predictive insights, compliance automation, and equitable global access.
Digital Trials, Predictive Insights and Scalable Care
The Economic and Health Policy Impact of a Uniform National Formulary: Equity and Policy Considerations in the U.S. Using Cystic Fibrosis Treatment with Trikafta as a Cross-Comparator
Background: Access to essential medications is critical for an equitable healthcare system, yet the absence of a Uniform National Formulary (UNF) in the U.S. has led to disparities in drug affordability and access. Unlike New Zealand’s Pharmac and Australia’s PBS, which centralize price negotiations and costeffectiveness evaluations, the U.S. relies on a fragmented system controlled by private insurers, PBMs, and Medicare Part D, resulting in inconsistent drug coverage and financial barriers. Using Trikafta (Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor) for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) as a case study, we explored how adopting elements of Pharmac and PBS could improve affordability. While the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 introduced Medicare drug price negotiations, Trikafta remains excluded, underscoring the need for policy reform. Methods: We conducted a comparative policy analysis to assess the economic and health policy implications of a Uniform National Formulary (UNF) in the U.S. It examines New Zealand’s Pharmac and Australia’s PBS as case studies, evaluates the fragmented U.S. formulary system, and compares Cystic Fibrosis (CF) treatment accessibility, focusing on Trikafta pricing and affordability. The analysis assesses cost-sharing structures, formulary decision-making, and regulatory frameworks across the three systems. Additionally, it explores the political and equity considerations of a U.S. national formulary, analyzing policy reports, government data, and peer-reviewed research to provide evidence-based recommendations for improving drug affordability and access. Results: We examined the economic and policy implications of a Uniform National Formulary (UNF) by comparing Trikafta access for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients across New Zealand (Pharmac), Australia (PBS), and the U.S. (Medicare Part D). Pharmac fully subsidizes Trikafta ($0–$5 per prescription), PBS offers fixed co-pays ($31.60, $7.70 concession), while U.S. patients pay $67–$321 under Medicare Part D. Unlike Pharmac and PBS, Medicare Part D does not negotiate drug prices, leaving CF patients with higher costs and limited access. Trikafta is not included in the IRA 2022 drug negotiations, emphasizing the need for policy reform to improve affordability and equity. Conclusions: Disparities in drug pricing, access, and government involvement across New Zealand, Australia, and the U.S. highlight challenges in implementing a Uniform National Formulary (UNF). Pharmac and PBS negotiate lower drug prices, ensuring affordability, while the U.S. market-driven system leads to higher costs and fragmented access. The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 introduced Medicare drug price negotiations, but Trikafta remains excluded, underscoring the need for reform. Expanding Medicare negotiations, integrating a structured formulary, and reducing access barriers could improve affordability. Lessons from Australia and New Zealand suggest that incremental Medicare reforms could pave the way for a national formulary.
Evaluating Health Literacy and the Intersection of Public Policy
Health literacy (HL), is how people find, understand, and use information to make informed health-related decisions. HL is a determinant of individual and population health. This article examines the intersection of HL and public policy, and discusses how strategic policymaking can enhance HL and improve health outcomes. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as Nutbeam’s Model of Health Literacy, the Elaboration Likelihood Model, and the Theory of Planned Behavior, we explore how HL influences health behaviors, healthcare utilization, and patient engagement. We also review global policy initiatives, including national HL strategies in the European Union, Australia, China, and the United States. Case studies and public health campaigns, such those related to tobacco control and COVID-19 communication efforts, are analyzed to illustrate best practices and the effectiveness of policy. Despite progress, significant challenges persist, including health disparities, misinformation, and barriers to policy implementation. We conclude with recommendations to strengthen HL through education, accessibility, stakeholder collaboration, and media literacy. A systems-level approach is crucial for reducing health inequities and promoting informed decision-making across diverse populations.
Achieving Joint Commission International Accreditation in War Times: Challenges Towards Excellence
This article describes the process of achieving Joint Commission International (JCI) accreditation at a 300-bed academic medical center in Beirut, Lebanon, during a period of severe national crisis and namely the 2024 war. The hospital was facing significant staff and resource shortages due to economic instability, and was suffering the destructive aftermath of the 2020 Beirut port explosion, and then came the escalation of armed conflict throughout the year 2024. Despite these adversities, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center pursued and successfully achieved JCI accreditation, driven by a longstanding commitment to quality and patient’s safety, serving the community for over 145 years. We describe the strategies employed in an institution with 48 departments, 1600 employees, to overcome resistance, maintain operations, and foster staff engagement under crisis and war conditions, as well as the outcomes and lessons learned through this process towards success.
Application of Quantile Regression and Ordinary Least Squares Regression in Modeling Body Mass Index in Federal Medical Centre Jalingo
Body mass index is a measure of nutritional status of an individual. Malnutrition is a leading public health problem in developing countries like Nigeria, it is also a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In this study, Body mass index is modeled using ordinary least squares method and quantile regression method. Data is collected from Antiretroviral therapy Clinic in Federal Medical Centre, Jalingo. Variables in the data collected are the Body mass index, age, weight, height, sex and occupation of the patients. Results showed that the ordinary least square regression and quantile regression at 25th percentile, median percentile, 75th percentile and 95th percentile fit the data. Weight, age, sex and height of patients are significant in determining the BMI of the patients when OLS method is applied. While weight, sex and height of patients are significant in determining the BMI of the patients. It is also discovered that OLS method fits the data more than quantile regression method using AIC and MSE.
Evaluating Health Literacy and Community Health Workers: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Health literacy is a multifaceted concept that describes how people access, understand, and use health information to make decisions about their health. Low health literacy is linked to negative health outcomes, higher healthcare costs, medication errors, and widened health disparities. This study recognized the importance of health literacy. It focused on the role of Community Health Workers (CHWs) in addressing and improving health literacy in their scope of practice and within communities. Personal health literacy is a critical determinant of individual and community well-being. CHWs build connections between healthcare providers and the people they serve, playing a key role in promoting health literacy and addressing health disparities. This study synthesized existing literature, examined interventions and research, and evaluated a targeted intervention designed for CHW trainees. The intervention focused on enhancing knowledge in health literacy, building skills for effective patient communication, and identified challenges and opportunities for CHWs to enhance health literacy and improve community health outcomes. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured trainees’ confidence in their health literacy levels. This quasi-experimental research design can inform how when adequately trained, CHWs can effectively advocate health literacy, reduce disparities, and improve health outcomes. Also noted are implications for future interventions and training programs, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and policy support to strengthen the role of CHWs in public health.
Recognising Oral Health as a Public Heath Issue
Oral health encompasses the well-being of the teeth, gums, and the entire oral-facial system that enables functions like speaking, smiling, and chewing. Poor oral health can lead to dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal (gum) diseases, tooth loss, and oral cancers. These conditions are not only painful but also contribute to difficulties in eating, speaking, and social interactions, thereby diminishing quality of life. Moreover, emerging research highlights connections between oral health and systemic conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. For these reasons World Health Organisation calls for oral health to be promoted through a common risk factor approach. It is about recognising oral health as a health issue public health to promote it and reduce social health inequalities.
Nurses as Leaders in Healthcare. The Impact of Advanced Education and Training on Leadership and Managerial Skills
This study explores the impact of advanced education and training on the leadership and managerial skills of nurses in Albania. The use of advanced training and the development of leadership skills are crucial for improving healthcare services and managing healthcare teams. In this study, 350 nurses working primarily at the University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa” (QSUT) and in primary healthcare centers in Tirana, Albania, were interviewed during the period from July to December 2024. Statistical analysis indicates that advanced training has a significant impact on improving the leadership and managerial skills of nurses, with notable improvements observed in those who had undergone advanced training.
Workday Prism for Executive Dashboards: A Complete View of Organizational Health
As organizations become more data-driven, executives require real-time, comprehensive insights to drive informed strategic decisions. This paper examines the role of Workday Prism Analytics in providing dynamic, executive dashboards that offer a complete view of organizational health. By integrating both internal Workday data and external data sources, Workday Prism enables businesses to create powerful dashboards that synthesize information across HR, finance, and operations. These executive dashboards streamline performance management, enhance decision-making, and provide actionable insights to improve business outcomes. The paper discusses how organizations can combine and blend various data sources using Workday Prism’s data pipeline functionality, and how these insights are delivered to report consumers, offering a holistic view of the organization’s performance. Through a focus on real-time analytics and data integration, Workday Prism supports executives in fostering organizational agility, improving competitiveness, and optimizing overall business health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Health Statistics Reports
Advantages of Strengthening the Long-Term Care Facilities’Networking with Hospitals and Community Services
Although people live longer in developed countries, it may not be the quality metric for healthy living. This rapid aging is concerning due to the unmet psychosocial needs and the diagnosed and potential chronic disease conditions. Furthermore, despite the government, policymakers, and researchers tirelessly trying to design modern long-term care services to meet the dual needs of the aging population, such as psychosocial and medical needs, progress is being limited. Unfortunately, as much as every person wishes to age in their comfort home, community living is not ideal for everyone due to their complex needs and family circumstances. Therefore, at present, around 1.3 million elderly and other dependent populations are living in more than united states certified nursing homes. Where these nursing homes serve as temporary residences for some of them until they recover and for some as permanent residences due to homelessness and poverty [1]. However, most of these nursing homes in the United States are cited as a concern for the quality. Therefore, the author wants to gain insight into strengthening long-term care networking with broader healthcare settings such as hospitals and community-based services contribution to the quality of nursing home care.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Prevention Practice Towards Scabies Among Haramaya University Health and Medical Science Students, Harar, Ethiopia 2022
Background: Scabies is a skin disease caused by infestation and sensitization to Sarcoptes scabies mites and is an endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. It is a common skin infestation, endemic in developing countries, usually affecting families and large groups of people living together. Objective: The study was aimed to assess Knowledge, attitude, and prevention practice towards scabies among Haramaya university health and medical science students, Harar, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods: Institutional -based Cross-sectional study was conducted from April 25- May 21, 2022 among 417 randomly selected students. Self-administered questioner was used to collect data. The collected data was entered into SPSS version 22 for analysis. Descriptive and analytic data was used to present the finding. Result: Approximately 62.85% of the students demonstrated a high understanding of scabies, encompassing its transmission, symptoms, and prevention methods. Conversely, 6.1% exhibited poor knowledge. A finding of attitudes towards scabies among students only 36.7% demonstrating good attitude towards the condition. The data provided underscores a significant variation in scabies prevention practices among students with 65.8% exhibiting good practices. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of continuous education and awareness programs to enhance knowledge and attitudes, which in turn can lead to better practices. It also underscores the need for targeted interventions to address the gaps identified in both knowledge levels and attitudes to foster a more proactive approach to scabies prevention and management. The findings serve as a valuable benchmark for the university and health authorities to develop tailored strategies that can improve health outcomes related to scabies within the community.
On Inference of Weitzman Overlapping Coefficient in Two Weibull Distributions
Studying overlapping coefficients has recently become of great benefit, especially after its use in goodness-of-fit tests. These coefficients are defined as the amount of similarity between two statistical distributions. This research examines the estimation of one of these overlapping coefficients, which is the Weitzman coefficient ∆, assuming two Weibull distributions and without using any restrictions on the parameters of these distributions. We studied the relative bias and relative mean square error of the resulting estimator by implementing a simulation study. The results show the importance of the resulting estimator.
Understanding the Impact and Limitations of Medicare: A Comprehensive Analysis
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Medicare, the federal health insurance program in the United States, focusing on its impact, limitations, comparisons with other healthcare plans, and strategies for cost control. Medicare plays a vital role in providing coverage for individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger people with disabilities, offering various parts such as hospital insurance, medical insurance, Medicare Advantage, and prescription drug coverage. While Medicare ensures access to essential healthcare services, it faces challenges like coverage gaps, out-of-pocket costs, and disparities in access to care. By examining the multifaceted impact of Medicare on patients, physicians, payers, and the healthcare system, this analysis underscores the need for ongoing improvements to enhance quality of care, address limitations, and promote equitable access to healthcare services. Comparisons with other healthcare plans and proposed strategies for cost control highlight the importance of optimizing Medicare to achieve better health outcomes and ensure the sustainability of the program for all beneficiaries.
Gender based Disparities in Healthcare in Developing Nations- A Comprehensive Review
Gender plays a pivotal role in healthcare access and outcomes with disparities, particularly in developing countries. The lack of education, systematic discrimination, lack of access to financial resources, religious and cultural beliefs are some of the reasons why women in particular face challenges to the access to basic health care services in the developing nations. Lack of support from families and spouses in general due to the social norms established is another reason why there is delayed in seeking medical diagnosis and treatment leading to worsening of condition or death in many cases. To promote gender-sensitive healthcare access and ensure health equity requires a multi-step approach from promoting education and healthcare awareness, policy reforms, member outreaches, access to basic needs such as food and safe drinking water. Through these efforts, there is possibility to reduce the disparities that exist in the current healthcare system and promote access to quality healthcare. This article explores how gender intersects with healthcare in these nations shedding light on the issues and obstacles faced by women. Additionally, the article aims to showcase gender-based approaches that can be implemented to provide targeted programs and strategies for addressing the challenges mentioned. This will be achieved through analysis of case studies and existing literature.
Micro Level Analysis on Health Insurance Enrolment among Selected Women in Ghana: Barriers and Predictors
Background: The enrolment onto a health insurance scheme is a viable means of improving access and utilisation of healthcare services which play critical roles in efforts to attain universal health coverage in most countries for which Ghana is inclusive. However, at the micro level, there appears to be inequitable patterns of health insurance enrolment based on gender, and contextual factors. To account for these disparities, the Micro Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2017/2018 was conducted to investigate, inter alia, women enrolment on national health insurance services, and the reasons behind non-enrolment of women in the reproductive ages on health insurance schemes. Thus, this paper explores the barriers and predictors of health insurance enrolment in Ghana using data obtained from a nationality representative micro indicator cluster survey. Methods: Based on health insurance enrolment trajectories, this paper comprehensively investigates the predictors of health insurance enrolment at the micro level among 9,533 women between the ages of 15 years to 49 years in Ghana using data from MICS 2017/2018 which was made available for public access in 2020. Specific items relating to health insurance enrolment which is the independent variable, and contextual and compositions factors were selected in line with relevant literature as predictors to conduct an ordinal logistic regression analysis. Findings: The findings revealed that lack of money or funds, perceived irrelevance of the scheme, relative far proximity to registration centres, and lack of confidence in the operation of health insurance services accounted for the major barriers to non-enrolment. In all, the parameters under wealth index quintile were the most significant predictors of health insurance enrolment in this study. The poorest wealth quintile exhibited the highest odd ratio of 4.655 with lower bound value of 3.873 and an upper bound of 5.595 at p value of <0.001. In sum, the higher odd ratios and statistically significant values in wealth quintile index, education, pregnancy status, and regional location demonstrate the spatial-demographic disparities in enrolment among respondents which lead to exclusion of the most vulnerable in health insurance coverage, and thus, limit the realization of its objective to provide pre-payment arrangement to cater for healthcare cost and reduce financial burden among individuals and households. Conclusion: It is concluded that at the micro level, access to health insurance services is likely to be impeded by system level factors and compositional attributes. There is the need for extensive subscriber segmentation and targeting to help address the challenges of people who are in most need of health insurance services. The national health insurance system should strengthen its pro-poor enrolment incentives and build synergies to derive support from relevant government and non-state actors to improve education and livelihood opportunities for women across the country.
Four Years Experience with 1940NM Diode Laser and Total EVLA Method. Short Term Outcomes
Background: The use of endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) combined with other techniques, typically miniphlebectomy, is recommended to avoid undesirable complications. We decided to compare the safety and efficacy of two treatment methods – EVLA and the new breakthrough TOTAL EVLA (side brunches and perforator veins are closed by laser) and to investigate whether the TOTAL EVLA is associated with a lower complication risk. Methods: Clinical study of patients who had undergone TOTAL EVLA or EVLA with miniphlebectomy. Evaluation of intraoperative pain, haematoma, duration of wearing compression stockings, postoperative pain and neuropathy, sick leave duration and return to physical activity. Symptoms and complaints were surveyed using a questionnaire at least 4 weeks after the operation. Results: 60 TOTAL EVLA and 48 EVLA with miniphlebectomy patients. Patients who underwent TOTAL EVLA had a shorter period of compression usage – average 16,9 days, with EVLA - 36,16 days. Duration of haematoma: 2,16 weeks for TOTAL and 3,13 weeks for EVLA. The TOTAL group measured intraoperative pain at 4,1 (from 1 to 10), EVLA – 4,3. Six TOTAL EVLA patients didn’t feel any postoperative pain, the rest had pain for 7,6 days. All of EVLA had pain for on an average of 15,8 days. In TOTAL sick leave was for 2,8 days, in EVLA – 14,5 days. TOTAL patients returned to physical exercises in an average 8,3 days, EVLA – 39,5 days. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that TOTAL EVLA has lower postoperative complication risks and a faster recovery than EVLA. TOTAL EVLA patients have shown better pain improvement. Treatment method proved clear impact on patients quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Health Statistics Reports
A Review on Building Knowledge Graphs from Scanned Textual Data in Medical Literature for Structured Insights
The exponential growth of medical literature presents challenges in extracting, organizing, and utilizing valuable information for healthcare applications. This paper presents a comprehensive review of methodologies for building knowledge graphs (KGs) from scanned medical literature, integrating Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. The review addresses the challenges of low-quality scans, domain-specific terminology, data heterogeneity, and entity ambiguity. Furthermore, the paper explores various use cases in healthcare, such as clinical decision support and drug discovery, demonstrating the transformative potential of structured knowledge extraction.
Adoption of Care Management Applications in Healthcare
This article explores the use of care management apps in healthcare to improve patient outcomes, efficiency, and quality. The research employs TechnologyContext-Analysis-Implementation-Outcomes (TCAIO) to identify key trends, causes, and obstacles to implementing these applications. The findings show that healthcare businesses require a digital transformation plan that involves ongoing adjustments to their processes, evaluating their strategies, and embracing new technologies. According to the research, healthcare staff should employ change management strategies to maximize care management tools.
Digital Transformation and Information Systems
Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption (kcal) among Publicand Private Secondary School Students in Lagos State, Nigeria
Objective: To describe pattern of dietary energy intake among adolescents from 2021-2022. Design: Cohort study, with students in Public Secondary Schools (PuSS) and Private Secondary Schools (PrSS) in Lagos, Nigeria. Subjects/Setting: A total of 565 male and female secondary school students, Black Africans, with heterogenous ethnic background who were aged 10 to 19 years and who lived in the 3 Senatorial Districts of Lagos State. Methods: A multistage sampling technique was used to select 565 study subjects consisting of 214 boys and 351 girls from sixteen mixed and non-boarding secondary schools. The subjects were further stratified into early-stage (11-14 years), mid-stage (15-17 years) and late-stage (18-19 years) adolescents. Daily energy consumption was estimated by factorial method, body composition by anthropometry and energy intake by average of a 3-day 24-hour dietary recall. Statistical Analyses: Data were summarized as means and standard deviation unless otherwise stated. Differences in values between groups were analyzed for significance using paired t tests and multiple regression. NCSS software was used for data analysis. Results: The study subjects consisted of 62% females and 38% males, including approximately 49%, 33%, and 18% in early-, mid-, and late-stage adolescence. In early-stage adolescence (ESA), girls (n=174, 63.0%, 46.5±11.7 kg) were significantly heavier (t-test=-2.75, P-value=0.006) than boys (n=102, 37.0%; 42.7±10.7 kg), but in mid-stage adolescence (MSA) (n=74, 39.4%; 1.61±0.12) boyes were significantly taller (t-test=-2.74, P-value=0.007) than girls (n=114, 60.6%; 1.57±0.08). Roughly 17% of the study subjects were undernourished while 72.6%, 5.3% and 5.5 % were healthy, overweight, and obese respectively. The lowest (1928.9±816.5) and the highest (2409.2±787.5) mean daily energy (Kcal) consumed was by subjects with BMI-for-age percentiles 95% (obese) respectively (t-test=2.92, P-value=0.005). Mean daily energy consumption (Kcal) by PuSS students (2089.3±898.7) was significantly higher (t-test=2.00, P-value=0.047) than that among PrSS students (1920.8±813.6) though it was evenly distributed (t-test=1.00, P-value=0.32 and t-test=1.69, P-value=0.09) among males in PuSS (2073.3±955.3) and in PrSS (1944.9±805.3) and among females in PuSS (2097.9±868.4) and females in PrSS (1898.2±827.0) respectively. Multivariate regression analysis shows significant and marginally significant variations, respectively between energy consumption and BMI-for-age percentile on one hand (t-statistic=2.24, P-value=0.03) and both schools on the other (t-statistic=1.96, P-value=0.05). Conclusions: These data suggest a moderate level of undernutrition among adolescents in Nigerian secondary schools. Obesity was more prevalent in Public than in Private Secondary Schools. Mean energy consumption was highest among obese students, in early-stage adolescence and in Public Secondary schools. Energy consumption was significantly associated positively with BMI-for-age percentile and type of school.
A Study of Reliability of Mid Upper Arm Circumference for Detection of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants Between 1-<6months of Age
Introduction: Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) in children below 6months of age is diagnosed in presence of either of (1) weight for height/length <-3 standard deviations (SD) of median WHO growth reference (in infants>45cm); (2) visible severe wasting; (3) presence of bipedal edema. Simple measuring tape with reorientation of health workers can detect beginning of childhood malnutrition. This study aims to study reliability of mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) for detection of SAM in infants aged 1-6 months of age. Aims and Objectives Assessment of MUAC for identification of SAM in infants between 1-6 months of age. Comparison of mid upper arm circumference with presently used anthropometric measurement of weight for height for detection of SAM. Identification of definitive cut off value of MUAC which can be used as criterion at community level for detection of SAM in infants between 1-6. months of age. To study determinants of SAM in children between 1-6 months of age. Materials and Methods: A single center hospital based prospective observational study was conducted in department of pediatrics at a tertiary care center in Udaipur in India where total of 501 infants aged between 1-6 months of age satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled after ethical committee approval and after obtaining written informed consent from their parents over a period of 1 year from December 2015 to November 2016. Results: MUAC of <11.3 cm has sensitivity of 87.29%, specificity of 80.75%, Youden index of 0.68 and area under ROC curve as 0.840 with 95% confidence interval as 0.803-0.877. MUAC of <11.3cm (or <= 11.2cm) can thus be used as cut off at community level to diagnose SAM in infants between 1-6 months of age. Conclusion: This study thus establishes the reliability of MUAC for detection of severe acute malnutrition in infants between 1-<6months of age.
Primary Cutaneous Mucinous Carcinoma of the Eyelid: A Case Report
Primary mucinous carcinoma of the skin is a rare cutaneous carcinoma arising from the eccrine differentiated sweat glands. The most frequent location is the eyelid, followed by the scalp and face. We reported a case in a 31-year-old male with a left eyelid mass. In this case, we widely discuss Primary cutaneous carcinoma’s clinical and histopathological features and literature review.
Sanitation Facilities, Services and Education in North-Eastern Nigeria
A sanitation facility, Services and Education greatly influences the sanitary situation of every society. They are the most important instruments for combating bad sanitary situation in every society. Educated people are very much aware of the health implication of a bad sanitary environment as such they will keep themselves and their environments very clean using available sanitation facilities and services Around the world now people have much higher education than ever before. In the space of almost two decades, global literacy has risen from 73 to 83 percent with school enrolment increasing faster. In Northeastern Nigeria, it is the same scenario, but a lot need to be done, because of the level of education of the people that leave in the rural areas where culture and tradition still play a great role in their lives and sanitation facilities and services are limited. While some beliefs are important, some beliefs can be damaging in terms of sanitation.
Analytical Optimization of X-ray Mammography for Increased Benefits and Safety; using: Data Analytics, Electronics Engineering and Artificial Intelligence
Objective: To analyse, understand and investigate common X-ray Mammography techniques, terminologies and properties; and how the X-ray Mammography systems can be optimized for a safer, more effective, more efficient, more energy efficient procedure for breast cancer diagnosis; using Deep Learning (DL)/ Artificial Intelligence (AI), Analytical, Electronic Engineering, tools and Methodologies. Methods: Using data and breast cancer image datasets from validated open source data stores; investigative and comparative analyses were carried out on common X-ray Mammography techniques in relation to breast cancer diagnosis and treatments for Women; as well as optimization analyses using Electronic engineering principles and Artificial Intelligence principles on the quality, intensity, radiation photon energy, HVL(Half Value Layer), Tube current-time product, Metal filters properties (e.g. K-edge energy cut off), and classification validation accuracy of the X-ray Mammography properties, procedure, processes and systems. The methodical and data-driven analyses were carried out using the following Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Electronic Engineering, methodologies and algorithms: Data Analytics, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in Machine Learning (ML) Engineering, and X-ray-Impedance Circuit Composite System Analysis. Results: The modern CESM (Contrast-Enhanced Spectral Mammography) technique, confirms to be the most efficient especially for a dense breast, but other techniques (including CESM) can also improve in efficiency when set up with the appropriate metal filter combination(s). Furthermore, the electronic impedance circuit shows good promise in the intelligent reduction of X-ray radiation intensity and further variations in energy; which is needed for a safer and quality X-ray Mammography procedure. Additionally, an interesting estimation of the number of pooling layers needed to achieve a quality metric for breast cancer image classification was investigated and proposed. Conclusions: Data, AI and Technological processes, techniques and systems are shown to be a promising contributor to medical science; and will no doubt create huge collaborative and multidisciplinary solutions needed for more efficient, effective and safer diagnoses and treatments of breast cancer for Women and also potentially other forms of cancer.
Predictive Patient Readmission Risk Using Salesforce Health Cloud
The following article delves into the implementation of the Salesforce Health Cloud as a technology to support the predictive system of the readmission of patients. It highlights the significance of predictive analytics in identifying patients with high risks to support improvement of the readmission rate and strengthening the post-discharge care system. The article is comprehensive to support the entire process of implementation as it has taken a critical approach to deal with the topic by highlighting benefits as well as challenges associated with the process.
Forecast of Number of Malaria Cases in Ligula Referral Hospital in Mtwara, Tanzania
Based on SMA model, the forecast of number of Malaria cases in Ligula Referral Hospital in Mtwara have been analyzed. The study employed data of LRRH Statistics office from 2013 to 2021. The findings revealed that 3 – years SMA model (with error of 10%) was better than 5 – years SMA model (with error of 14%) in forecasting the number of malaria cases at LRRH. Furthermore, the result showed a slight decrease in number of malaria cases at LRRH for the next two years, that is 2022 and 2023. The number of malaria cases may decrease by 12% and 5% in 2022 and 2023 respectively. This being the case, the government and other stakeholders should put much effort in ensuring there is significant decrease in number of malaria cases.
Optimizing Physician Lifecycle Management: Streamlining Processeswith BPM Tools in Healthcare
his article explores the integration of physician contracting, onboarding, and termination processes with Business Process Management (BPM) tools in the healthcare industry. Physician lifecycle management, from contracting to termination, involves intricate workflows, numerous stakeholders, and stringent regulatory compliance. BPM tools provide a comprehensive solution for automating and optimizing these processes, ensuring efficiency, transparency, and compliance throughout the physician’s tenure. By integrating physician lifecycle management with BPM tools, healthcare organizations can streamline operations, reduce administrative burdens, and enhance the overall experience for physicians and staff. This article provides detailed insights into the benefits, challenges, best practices, and real-world applications of integrating physician contracting, onboarding, and termination with BPM tools, highlighting their transformative impact on healthcare delivery and organizational performance.
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