A Comparative Study of mmWave vs. Sub-6 GHz 5G Networks for Urban Environments

Abstract

The performance of the millimeter-wave (mmWave) and Sub-6 GHz frequency bands for 5G networks are compared in this work, particularly for urban scenarios. Considering that the 5G technology is evolving, these two bands have their features providing specific opportunities and issues for populous regions. It assesses the utilization of KPIs such as data rate, coverage, latency, and penetration capacity that is significant in meeting smart city connectivity needs; mmWave bands have high data rate and low latency suitable for near real-time applications like self-driving cars and telesurgery, but its restrictive coverage and sensitivity to physical obstacles limit it when used in large areas. On the other hand, Sub-6 GHz frequencies offer wider coverage and better penetration through barriers for lower data rates. They are more suitable for general broadband internet and many other applications with acceptable delay. This paper explains using band-wise mmWave’s and Sub-6 GHz’s pros and cons in detailed graphical analysis and case studies while presenting a novel mixed model for mmWave and Sub-6 GHz bands to uncover their best attributes. These bands, when integrated, will help 5G networks meet multifaceted
needs of connectivity in cities, providing high-speed connections in dense areas and sustaining steady links across vast distances. This has implications for future urban network planning; it brings into focus issues of intelligent network management and energy-efficient sustainable formations of infrastructure. The findings from this study offer meaningful recommendations for enhancing the utilization of 5G in urban settings to support smart city projects and future smart economy development.