Journal of Aquaculture & Livestock Production
Journal of Aquaculture & Livestock Production is an Open Access Peer review Journal from Scientific Research and Community Publishers publishes all Accepts articles from Research, Review, Case reports, Editorials, Opinions, Short communications, Mini review, Book review, Video Articles, and Power Point Presentations (PPTs), Analysis, case studies, Reports, Image Articles, Perspective, Commentary, Magazines etc.. Articles can be submitted through online from https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/submit-online or E-mail: aquaculture@onlinescientificresearch.info
Use of Natural Carotenoid Sources for an Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)
A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to determine how natural carotenoid sources influence the growth performance, carcass composition, carotenoid deposition, flesh color, and palatability of an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Four diets were formulated: a carotenoid-free control feed (CF) and three carotenoid-supplemented feeds containing 5% tomato (TEF), 5% carrot (CEF), and a combination of 2.5% tomato plus 2.5% carrot (TCEF). Fish were randomly distributed into four treatments with triplicate groups and fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Standard procedures and formulas were used to measure growth parameters, including mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival, along with proximate compositions, carotenoid content, coloration and palatability attributes (flavor, taste, and texture) of fish flesh. Fish fed the CEF diet exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher MWG, PWG, and SGR, and a lower FCR compared with other treatment groups. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found in proximate composition among the treatments. Carotenoid accumulation was greatest in CEF, followed by TCEF and TEF. Color measurements showed that fish receiving carotenoid-enriched diets, particularly CEF and TCEF, had significantly elevated lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), and chroma (C*) values (p<0.05). Palatability evaluation further confirmed a stronger preference for the fish fed with CEF, while the control fish scored the lowest. Overall, the results indicate that dietary inclusion of 5% carrot is highly effective in enhancing growth, pigmentation, and palatability in L. rohita.
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Impact of Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha) on the ProteinComposition of Specific Tissues in Channa Gachua
An attempt has been made to ascertain the impact of the homeopathic medication Withania somnifera on the level of tissue protein and weight gain in Channa gachua. A 30-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the impact of Withania somnifera, an herbal supplement, on the diet. The quantity of protein in the muscles, liver, and ovaries of the fish under treatment and the control group was measured. The amount of protein in the fish’s liver and muscle that received ashwagandha treatment did not significantly increase. On the other hand, the ovary displayed a noticeably higher protein content per gram of tissue. The amount of tissue protein in the ovary after it is fed an experimental diet causes the ovary to mature prematurely
Influence of Organic Substrates on Performance of Black Solder FlyLarvae (Hermetia Illucens) BSFL)
The bioconversion process of food waste using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) has been considered an effective way in degrading and adding value to organic waste. This process produces larvae as feed resource and solid residue as compost (frass). A total of 10 000 individual larvae at 3days old were used to conduct the trial, and were randomly allocated to four treatments diets. The plastic trays were used, each tray contains 500 larvae of average weight of 100mg and were fed with 600g of substrates from different sources, each treatment replicated five times. The study was conducted to determine the effects of Black solder fly larvae reared on market waste, restaurant waste, pig dropping and poultry dropping on larval survival rate, final weight, waste reduction percentage, waste reduction index (WRI), efficiency of converting digestible feed (ECD), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and (frass) production. The 3 day old larvae were fed for 12 days and the results indicated that larvae reared in market waste has highest larval weight 296±41mg per larvae, waste reduction percentage 48.55±1.3%, Waste reduction index 10.2±0.68%, and ECD, 63.2±6%, (P<0.05). Highest frass production was observed, to larvae reared in restaurant waste 332gDM frass and FCR 44.5 was significantly high (P<0.05) than other treatments. The survival rate was not (P>0,05) significantly influenced by treatments. These results provide valuable insights for utilizing organic waste in BSFL rearing, contributing to the development of more sustainable waste management, animal feed and organic fertiliser production methods.
Effects of Commercial Growth Promoter-Enriched Feed on theGrowth, Carcass Composition, and Palatability of Catla catla(Hamilton, 1822)
Since the use of various commercial growth promoters in aquafeed is increasing in Bangladesh, a feeding trial was conducted for 90 days to evaluate the effects of farm-made feeds enriched with a commercial growth promoter, Charger Gel on the growth, carcass composition, and palatability of Catla catla, a candidate aquaculture species of this country. In this trial, four feeds were utilized and treated as four distinct treatments, with a commercial grower feed used as the control feed (CGF0), and three test feeds were made using locally sourced ingredients, incorporating Charger Gel at 4, 6, and 8 g/kg of feed, designated as CGF1, CGF2, and CGF3, respectively. At the trial’s end, mean weight gain (MWG), percentage weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were estimated using standard methods and formulas. Additionally, carcass proximate composition and palatability of cooked fish’s flesh were evaluated using AOAC methods and organoleptic sensory techniques. The better MWG, PWG, SGR, and FCR were found in CGF1, while the poorer results were found in CGF0. Higher carcass protein and lipid content, along with a total organoleptic score were recorded in CGF1, whereas the lower values were found in CGF0. The study concludes that utilizing locally available feed ingredients combined with Charger Gel had no adverse effects, and a rate of 4 g/kg feed leads to superior growth and flesh palatability of C. catla.
Analysis of Small-Scale Ruminant Farmers’ Use of InformationCommunication Technology in FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
This study examined the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among small-scale ruminant farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 108 respondents across three area councils includes, Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC), Gwagwalada, and Abaji. Data were collected using semi structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, percentages, frequency counts) and inferential statistics (Chi-square analysis). Findings revealed that 50% of the farmers were aged 46-60 years, with a mean age of 46.2 years. The majority (82.4%) were male, and 89.8% were married. Education levels varied, with 38.9% having higher education (HND/BSc and above). Household size averaged 6.72 members with most households (42.6%) having between 6 and 10 members, and 42.6% had 6-10 years of farming experience. Income from ruminant farming was modest, averaging N76,111.11, with goat farmers earning N63,879.16. Radio was the most widely used ICT tool (83.3%), followed by mobile phones (mean score = 2.24). Chi-square results indicated that larger household sizes significantly influenced the use of radio (p = 0.003), television (p = 0.026), mobile phones (p = 0.059) and email (p = 0.015). The most significant challenge faced by farmers was poor network coverage, as reported by 66.7% of respondents. The study concludes that socio-economic factors like education, age, household size, income, and gender significantly influence ICT adoption among small ruminant farmers. With radios and mobile phones widely used, efforts should focus on enhancing access and content quality. The study recommends that the government and NGOs create more market opportunities for sheep and goat products, implement policies to enhance ICT accessibility and improve health-related content dissemination through ICT tools.
Indigenous Sandy Loaches in Focus: Pioneering Breeding Successof Acanthocobitis Botia in Bangladesh
Successful spawning induction occurs when males and females exhibit synchronized behavior. In a previous study, we successfully demonstrated the reproductive biology and induction of spawning in loaches by administering synthetic hormones through injections. Building upon this research, we have applied the same technique to sandy loaches, specifically Acanthocobitis Botia. We injected the GnRH analog synthetic hormone ovaprim into the fish’s body in this study. Within 6-8 hours of the injections, ovulation occurred, leading to the male and female engaging in spawning behavior. Our results showed that administering 1ml/kg of ovaprim in T3 yielded the most favorable outcomes in terms of the number of fish laying eggs (100%), total spawning eggs (290±42), fertilization rate (72±4.0), hatching rate (70±4.0), and survival of hatchlings (64±3.60) compared to the 0.75ml/kg in T2 and 0.5ml/kg in T1 treatments. No spawning activity was observed in the control group that did not receive injections. These findings have significant implications for the aquarium industry, as they can help promote the breeding of indigenous small fishes like loaches. Furthermore, this research contributes to the conservation efforts aimed at preserving the vibrant and diverse population of these colorful fishes in their natural habitats.
SATA: The Silicic Acid Technology for Aquaculture
Since 2017, research has been conducted into the effects of (mono-)silicic acid (product: AB SiliFish®) on fish and shrimp. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of stabilized silicic (sSA) on the growth, yield and survival of four fish species: Rohu, Catla, Tilapia and Pangasius in 0.5 ha freshwater ponds for 240 to 360 days. In addition, two forms of applications and two dosages were investigated: a. application of silicic acid to the pondwater and b. mixing the product with fish feed using two dosages. Water quality was monitored using physico-chemical analyses and the effects on other aquatic organisms, such as phytoplankton and zooplankton, were analysed. The results showed that growth, survival, feed utilisation and yield of all four fish species increased significantly with both application types, while mixing the product with fish feed at a dosage of 2 ml/kg was higher compared to application in pond water. Physicochemical parameters were also improved, while plankton abundance increased significantly. It is concluded that SATA (Silicic Acid Technology for Aquaculture) significantly increased yields of many fish species compared to controls, as well as water quality. SATA has no negative effects on fish or water quality and is an environmentally friendly technology that reduces the carbon footprint.
The Role of Tunnels in Predator-Prey Interactions and TheirSignificance in Mugger Crocodile Survival and Behavior
This study has recorded observations on maintenance behaviour pertaining to basking and use of tunnels by Mugger crocodiles Crocodylus palustris and also the role of tunnels in predator-prey interaction of Bhor-Saidan Crocodile Sanctuary, located in the Kurukshetra district of state Haryana. The Mugger crocodile moves between land and water, driven by its circadian rhythm, primarily to regulate its body temperature. It was observed using a mix of heat-seeking and heat-avoiding behaviors, which include immersing itself in water, basking, and retreating to tunnels. When emerging from the water to bask on land, the Mugger adopts intermediate postures such as pre-basking, surface basking, and shallow water basking, with the amount of time spent in each posture varying with the seasons. Additionally, the Mugger was seen digging separate tunnels along riverbanks for resting and nesting. The study also documents interactions between the Mugger and both conspecifics and other species sharing its habitat. The research highlights the importance of understanding crocodile behavior to gain insights into their species-specific natural history and inform conservation management efforts.
Morphological Characterization, Pigments and BiochemicalComposition of Isolated Microalgae from South Eastern FreshwaterHabitat of Bangladesh
Identification and characterization of the microalgae is prerequisite before using them for any kind of commercial use. So, the study was designed to determine the growth, pigments and biochemical composition of four different freshwater microalgae (Nephrocytium sp., Nannochloropsis sp., Protococcus sp., and Pectinodesmus sp.). Growth performance was evaluated by collecting the data of cell density and optical density. Isolated microalgae were mass cultured in Bold Basal Media and harvested at their early stationary phase. Result showed that, Nephrocytium sp. showed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) highest chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and Protococcus sp. resulted highest carotenoid. Protein and lipids were significantly (p ˂ 0.05) highest in Nannochloropsis sp. Moreover, Protococcus sp. resulted higher amount of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Current results will aid to choose microalgal strains that possess fast growth, suitable pigments and biochemical composition to utilize them in several industrial applications.
The Use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal H. illucens for the PreGrowth of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Fingerlings Rearedin Floating Cages in Benin
To increase the value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in the diet of Tilapia reared on aquaculture farms in Benin, three diets RR, RT and R55 were tested in triplicate in floating cages for 35 days on Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings with a mean initial weight Pmi = 7±0.220 g. The stocking density was 70 fingerlings/m3. RR is an imported commercial feed while RT is a fishmeal diet. R55 is a diet based on Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) meal with an incorporation rate of 55%. Control fishing was carried out every 7 days and hematological constants were determined. The results show that the feed tested significantly affect zootechnical parameters (p ˂ 0.05). The Final Mean weight (FMW) of fingerlings fed the experimental diets ranged from 16.37±1.18 (RT) to 21.53±1.42 (R55). The best specific growth and economic conversion rates were obtained with R55 (3.21±0.064 %day-1 and 0.95±0.18%), which also had better Hb levels. An incorporation rate of 55% of BSFL meal in the feed of O. niloticus fingerlings therefore induced good zootechnical performance and better economic profitability
Minerals and vitamins Composition of Unprocessed and heatProcessed Maggots from different substrates
This study investigates the mineral and vitamin composition of maggots derived from Musca domestica, focusing on the influence of substrate type and heat processing duration. Maggots were cultured using three organic substrate: cow manure with cow blood (CMM), swine manure with cow blood (SMM), and poultry manure with cow blood (PMM). Larvae were harvested at day 4 and subjected to varying drying times (35, 45, and 55 minutes) at a constant temperature of 90°C. The mineral and vitamin content of both unprocessed and processed maggot samples were quantified using standard methods, including Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) for minerals and UV spectroscopy for vitamins. Statistical analysis was conducted using R software, employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to assess differences among groups, with Tukey’s Significant Difference (HSD) for mean separation. Results revealed significant differences in mineral concentrations across manure sources, with cow maggot meal exhibiting the highest levels of calcium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus. Processing duration positively influenced mineral content, particularly calcium and phosphorus, with p-values less than 2.0× 10-16 indicating highly significant differences. In terms of vitamins, substantial variations were observed, particularly in vitamin A and E levels, with poultry maggots displaying the highest vitamin A concentrations (445.32 ± 0.00 mg/100g), while overall vitamin E levels remained low. This research plays a critical role of substrate selection and processing methods in optimizing the nutritional profile of maggot. The findings highlight the potential of maggots as a sustainable protein source, providing valuable insights for enhancing animal feed formulations and promoting improved livestock health and productivity. Further investigations are warranted to explore the long-term effects of maggot meal incorporation into livestock diets and its implications for sustainable food systems.
Analysis of Bio-Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Cultured andWild Fish from Niger and Kaduna State in Nigeria
Accumulation of some heavy metals iron manganese copper lead and zinc in the muscle, gills, intestine were determine in some fishes (clarias garinepinus and oreochromis niloticus). They were bought from fishermen at the landing site of Shiroro dam and Tagwai dam. and also purchased from Danjeo farm and Federal University Of Technology farm minna (Water Resources and Aquaculture Department Farm).The Sample were collected once monthly for a period of six months Prior to digestion, samples were rinsed with flowing water and dissected with sterile dissection tools to get rid of the gills, muscle and intestine. Wet method of digestion was used to carry out the analysis. The weight of the two fish species was taken and 1 g of each sample was first weighted.1g of each sample was dissolved in 10ml nitric acid and was boiled to complete the dissolution using hotplate .After digestion samples were filtered using filter paper number 41 and obtained precipitate was make up to 20ml with distilled water and transferred into 25ml volumetric flask and then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The accumulation of the heavy metals in different organs showed significance difference(p<0.05) except lead accumulation. Zinc concentrations in the cultured fish species were in the range of 0.6 to 2.6 mg/L whereas in the wild species values varied between 0.8 and 2.1 mg/L. The greatest zinc concentration was found in the intestine of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromisniloticus from Danejo farm. Zinc concentration in the gill of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus from Danejo farm was statistically similar to those in the intestine of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus from FUT minna farm and Shiroro dam, as well as gill and intestine of Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus from Tagwai dam.
Evaluation of Alternative Break Crops in Rotation with Bread Wheat(triticum aestivum l.) in South-Eastern Ethiopia
Crop rotation could be a possible intervention to resolve multifaceted problems of monoculture. In recent years, there is a concern about soil depletion caused by intensive farming. In crop rotation legume crops, which capture atmospheric nitrogen and “fix” it into forms available to plants will increase soil fertility. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), oat (Avena sativum L.) and vicia (Vicia dasycarpa Ten.) forage mixture were considered as a break/precursor crops. The result showed that most profitable cropping sequence was faba bean grown in a 3 year cycle with 2 crops of wheat (Amanuelet al., 1994). Thus, searching for promising and alternative break crops for wheat based rotation could increase productivity and maximize profit. Adaptaion trial around Bekoji showed that sweet lupine seems an option in tolerating acidity where faba bean is found susceptible. Thus, the objectives of this study was to evaluate alternative break crops on yield and yield components of the succeeding wheat and soil fertility maintenance in the rotation scheme. Thus, this study was executed for three consecutive years from 2017- 2019 main cropping seasons at Kulumsa, Bekoji and Asasa Arsi zone, South-Eastern Ethiopia to evaluate advantage of alternative break crops on yield and yield components of the succeeding wheat and its effect on soil fertility maintenance in the rotation scheme. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five replications. The treatment include: wheat-sweet lupine-wheat-wheatwheat in year one (2017), sweet lupine-wheat-wheat faba bean-Ethiopian mustard in year two (2018) and wheat-wheat-wheat-wheat-wheat in the third year (2019). These leguminous crops have improved physico-chemical properties of soil. Plant nutrients of soil on which legumes were grown were increased. This improvement of soil properties by leguminous crops has resulted in higher yield of wheat than plots on which wheat was grown after wheat. Although non-significant, the third year Bekoji and Asasa combined analysis of variance revealed that the highest wheat grain yield (4197kg/ha) was obtained at sweet lupine-wheat-wheat followed by wheat-faba bean-wheat (4003kg/ha). However, plant height was significantly (P<0.05) affected by rotational crops effect. The tallest plant height of wheat (105.0cm) was recoded from wheat-Ethioian mustard-wheat treatment. From this study, sweet lupine-wheat-wheat followed by wheat-faba bean-wheat with proper agronomic packages could be forwarded as a temporary recommendation in Asasa, Bokoji and Kulumsa areas and in areas with similar agro ecologies.
On-Farm Evaluation of the Replacement Value of Sugarcane Topsin the Basal Diets of Fattening Local Cattle Bulls in Adama Area
A study was conducted in the Adama district of East Shawa Zone in the Oromia Region to evaluate the replacement value of sugarcane tops in the basal diets of fattening local cattle bulls. The primary objective was to assess the effects of feeding sugarcane tops, as opposed to teff straw, on the growth performance of local cattle bulls and to determine the economic benefits. Six farmers, capable of purchasing bulls, were purposefully selected for study.Twelve local cattle bulls, with similar body conditions and ages, were bought from the Adama cattle market. The participating farmers received training on feed preparation, cattle fattening management, and data recording. The bulls were randomly assigned to two groups: six bulls were fed sugarcane tops (T1), and the others six were fed teff straw (T2) as their basal diets. The results showed no significant differences in growth performances between the bulls fed teff straw and those fed sugarcane tops. The overall final body weight, daily body weight gain, and total body weight gain were 322.08 kg, 0.79 kg and 55.58 kg, respectively. However, partial budget analysis indicated that feeding sugarcane tops was more profitable than feeding teff straw. The study concluded that sugarcane tops could effectively replace teff straw as a basal diet for local cattle. Therefore, where available, sugarcane tops can be used solely as a basal diet for fattening local cattle bulls.
Assessment of Community Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)About Rabies in Mizan Aman Town, SNNPRS, Ethiopia, 2024
Introduction: Africa is, together with Asia, the continent that suffers from most human deaths related to rabies. In Ethiopia, rabies is an important disease that has been recognized for many centuries. According to Mizan Teppi University Teaching Hospital annual report showed that rabies had been well established and become endemic in and around Mizan Aman town and majority of rabies cases were suspected dog bites. This study was conducted in Mizan Aman during January, 25 to April, 18 2024 to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the communities on rabies. Methods: A community based cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out with a face to face interview method and involved 392 participants by systematic random sampling technique. The data was entered in to a Microsoft excel 2007 spread sheet computer program. Data analysis was made by using pivot table. Result: In this study dog bite (70.9%) was the principal source of human rabies exposure while wildlife was the next (26.5%). According to the study participant Bite, contact with saliva and scratch with teeth 63.5%, 13.3%, 13% respectively are the main mode of rabies transmission. Of the 392 respondents 35(8.9%) had dogs. The findings of this study indicate that the incidence/human exposures of dog bit were 13.5%. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the incidence/human exposures of dog bit were high. In this study dog bite was the principal source of human rabies exposure while wildlife was the next. We recommended the town administrative needs Inter-sectoral collaboration among Veterinary services, Public Health and Wild life
Assessment of Reproductive Health Disorders in Dairy Cattle andIts Associated Risk Factors in Melka Belo Woreda of East HarargheZone, Oromia, Ethiopia
One of the key elements affecting the profitability of the cow-calf business is reproductive disorders. From March to August of 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted in Melka Belo Woreda East Hararghe Zone with the aim of identifying reproductive health issues in dairy cattle and the risk factors associated with them. According to the current study, of the 50 respondents, 37 (74%) were men and 13 (26%) were women, with respect to various occupational and educational backgrounds. Of the 50 respondents, 2 (4%) worked in Artificial Insemination, 17 (34%) in animal health, and 31 (62%) as animal owners. All of these respondents were representative of the study population in the study area. Out of the 397 cows that were analyzed, 126 (31.74%) had at least one reproductive issue that was found through both routine follow-up (n = 13) and retrospective analysis (n = 384). The study found that dystocia (8.85%), retained fetal membrane (7.3%), repeat breeder (5.2%), prolapse of the uterus and vagina (4.43%), anestrous (3.13%), and abortion (2.34%) were the main reproductive issues. Breeds and parity had no statistically significant (p>0.05) impact on the incidence of reproductive difficulties in dairy cattle, while the prevalence of assessed reproductive disorders showed a significant difference (p<0.05) with respect to age and body condition. In general, the current findings showed that reproductive health issues are prevalent in the study region, as indicated by their percentage and categories, which occasionally vary. This study demonstrated the strong correlation between reproductive problems and dairy cows’ ability to reproduce. Therefore, consistent control of reproductive health and appropriate husbandry techniques may offer ways to mitigate issues that arise in various production systems. The primary reproductive health conditions in the research region should be the subject of more thorough investigations.
Isochrysis galbana, a brown algae, was trialed to grow at the CFK aquaculture lab but failed until we tried comparing different tank salts to create a wellbalanced base. Our objective was to demonstrate and compare the different saltwater mixes that can be used in cultivating brown algae. Isochrysis galbana and other green algae that are grown at the CFK lab play a very important part in the aquaculture system. Algae is used as a good source of food and nutrients for many primary producers. Algae are one of the most important animals on earth. They create most of the oxygen that we breathe, and they filter every part of the water around the world. Brown algae is known around Florida because of certain species, like sargassum. We are currently having an issue with sargassum, so learning about different brown algae species can benefit everyone around the world. If Isochrysis sp. is kept at a stable salinity of 35ppt then it will easily and successfully grow. The samples were grown according to the standard measures but with different salt bases one was raw salt water, live aquaria and REEF salt. The raw seawater sample grew over a 1–2-day period with salinity that usually stayed around 40. The samples mixed into each artificial reef salt took about a week or more to grow color and cultivate the algae.
The Response of Coffee (Coffea Arabica L) Seedling Growth andPerformance to Different Ratio of Organic Matter Combinationsat Bako, Western Oromia, Ethiopia
This study was carried out to explore the effect of different growing media on seed germination and seedling growth of Coffee (Coffea arabica L). The research was conducted at Bako Agriculture research center coffee nursery site during three successive seasons from November to November, 2021-July 2021, November, 2022-July 2022and November, 2023-July 2023. This research was arranged in a complete randomized design with thirteen treatment combinations and three replications. The treatments were combination between types of media shoat, dairy manure, compost, vermicompost and sandy soil. The result describes different ratio of organic matter combinations affect all the growth parameters of coffee seedlings. In interaction of year by treatments highly significant difference was recorded for days to emergence, root length, Internode length and girth. Based on cost of organic maters the highest cost was incurred for combination of 20% top soil+40% sand+ 40% vermin compost (10950ETB) while the lowest cost was incurred for treatment 40% top soil + 20% sand +40% dairy manure (5400ETB). In general, a growth media combination of 40% top soil plus 20% sand plus 40% vermin compost (2:1:2) works better than treatments. We recommend 40% top soil + 20% sand + 40% dairy manure (2:1:2) for coffee growers and private sectors located in Bako areas and areas with similar agroecology, taking into consideration the financial issue, health and performance of the seedlings.
Nutritional Analysis of Three Commercially Important Dried Fish(Otolithoides Pama, Trichiurus Haumela, Harpodon Nehereus) of ThreeDifferent Countries
The study aimed to compare the nutritional and fatty acid composition of three dried fish species, Otolithoides pama, Trichiurus haumela, and Harpodon nehereus, of Bangladesh and imported sample of India and Myanmar. Proximate compositions were analyzed using the AOAC method with modifications,and fatty acid analyses were conducted via Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Overall, the quality of fish samples from all three countries was deemed excellent. The dried Harpodon nehereus from Myanmar stood out with the highest protein content (62.81±2.83%) among the species, while also exhibiting the highest lipid content (11.03±0.39%). Indian Harpodon nehereus had the highest ash content (10.18±0.72%), and Bangladesh’s dried Harpodon nehereus had higher moisture and fiber content. For Trichiurus haumela, the Bangladeshi sample had the highest protein and lipid content, whereas Myanmar’s sample had the highest ash concentration. Moisture and fiber content were higher in Myanmar and Bangladesh. Otolithoides pama displayed variations in protein, ash, moisture, and fiber content across countries, with India having the highest moisture content. The major fatty acids identified included Methyl Palmitate, Methyl Palmitpleate, Methyl Laurate, Methyl Arachidonate, and Methyl Stearate, with notable levels of Methyl Linoleate in all three species, particularly in Bangladeshi Trichiurus haumela. In summary, the study revealed significant compositional variations in dried fish from different countries.
Prevalence of Cystircercus Cellulose Infection Among Pigs Slaughteredin Arapai Market- Soroti District
This study was designed to establish the prevalence of Cysticercus cellulosae infection by postmortem examination of pigs slaughtered at Arapai market from May to June 2018. Cysticercus cellulose is a zoonotic infection maintained by a pig-human cycle. Examination involved visual, palpation and incision. Out of 111 pigs examined, 9 were positive for Cysticercus cellulosae, representing a prevalence of 8.1%. A 95% confidence level and P-value < 0.05 was considered significant in all analysis. Odds ratio was used to evaluate association between variables (sex, breed and affected organs). Less males (n=48) than females (n=63) were examined but more males (5) than females (4) were infected with a prevalence of 4.5 %( n=48) and3.6 %( n=63) respectively. According to breed, the local breeds had the highest prevalence of 6.3% (n=80) whereas the crosses had a prevalence of 1.8% (n=31). The tongue and thigh muscles both had a prevalence of 6% and 2.7% respectively. In conclusion the prevalence of 8.1% reveal that the human population in Arapai is at a risk of getting infected and proved an economic threat, therefore I recommend, proper human waste disposal by use of pit latrines, proper management systems, confinement of free-ranging pigs and massive treatment with albendazole and oxfendazole.
The Effect of Free Choice Whole Grain Wheat on Turkey Performance,Caecal Health and Foot Pad Dermatitis
This study was conducted to determine the effect of inclusion of whole grain wheat by a free choice method in the diet of turkey poults on bird performance, caecal health and foot pad dermatitis. A total of 192, four week old, as hatched, commercial line turkeys. Birds were blocked by live weight and then randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments or whole grain wheat with starter pellet control (CON) treatment. Turkeys were offered their respective treatments for the duration of the study. Feed offered and refused and body weights were determined weekly. Turkeys were fed whole grain wheat (WGW) as free choice, it was observed that intake of WGW was much more variable in birds offered free choice WGW, although mean intake of WGW was greater. Bird performance was better if WGW was not fed. The weight of the (crop, gizzard, liver, pancreas and caecum) were not effect by treatment. Digesta pH was affected by treatment (P=0.045) gizzard digesta pH being lower when birds were offered WGW at 28-48 d old. Cecal content pH, cecal visual appearance scores, cecal content visual appearance scores, foot pad dermatitis were not affected by the WGW to the diet.
Growth and Lipid Production of Marine Microalgae TetraselmisChuii Cultured in Different Phosphorus Concentrations
Lipid produced in the marine microalgae, Tetraselmis chuii has the potential to be processed into biofuels which can replace the use of fossil fuels that contributes to the global warming on earth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of phosphorus on lipid production in Tetraselmis chuii. Therefore, Tetraselmis chuii was cultured under normal concentration of phosphorus in the Conway medium. The cell was harvested on the fourth day and then transferred and cultured under different concentrations of phosphorus (10g, 15g, 20g, 25g and 30g of NaH2 PO4.2H2O in 1 L Conway medium). The cell density and optical density analysis of the culture were analyzed daily whereas the biomass (dry weight) analysis and lipid extractions were carried out on every alternate day. Result of the study showed that the highest lipid production in Tetraselmis chuii was achieved on day 4 in the phosphorus sufficient culture medium (25 g/L of NaH2PO4.2H2O). Under the deficiency of phosphorus in the culture medium especially when the growth reached the stationary phase, more lipids accumulated in all the treatments. Therefore, our findings illustrated that phosphorus was important in regulating the growth of Tetraselmis chuii and the lipid accumulation was higher when the growth of Tetraselmis chuii was limited by the depleted phosphorus. In addition, total lipid yields also increased with the presence of excess phosphorus in the culture medium.
Adoption of Some Novel Techniques in Aquaculture Practises bySome Fish Farmers in Ikwerre Local Government Area of RiversState, Nigeria
In Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria, this study assessed farmers’ knowledge of and use of fish farming technology. In order to gather pertinent study data, a total of 120 structured questionnaires were given out; 80 of those were eventually retrieved. Using descriptive statistics, the study’s data were examined. The study’s findings showed that 95.0% of farmers were fully aware of some advancements in fish farming technology under consideration, 3.75 % were slightly knowledgeable, and 1.2 % were not. Through trainings and meetings with farmers associations, the majority of farmers became aware of this technical knowledge. The main barriers to the adoption of fish farming technology in these regions, on the other hand, were a lack of sufficient money, the high cost of fish feed, and weak extension linkages. It was suggested that government and non-governmental organizations establish intervention programs to guarantee that farmers adopt new technology through subsidies of aquaculture inputs, particularly feed.
Review on Poultry Production System, Trends and DevelopmentStrategies in Ethiopia
Ethiopia has considerable livestock resource and poultry population is second ranked preceded by cattle. Besides their important and numbers, little is known about their production systems, population growth, egg utilization trends and development strategies in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian poultry population is almost entirely composed of indigenous chicken and recent estimates showed that poultry 81.7%, 10.9%, and 7.4% are indigenous, hybrids and exotic, respectively. The distribution of poultry population in Ethiopia is diverging from region to region. Oromia region has the largest number of poultry population followed by Amhara, South Nation and Nationality People of Ethiopia (SNNP). Poultry production system in Ethiopia is indigenous and an integral part of farming system. Based on the objective, breed, flock size, housing, feeding, health, biosecurity level and technology used, the poultry production system in Ethiopia can be classified into extensive or scavenging, semi-intensive, small-scale intensive and large scale commercial poultry production system. The extensive scavenging and small-extensive scavenging systems are the dominant forms of poultry production in Ethiopia. The poultry population growth over the year almost stagnant because of high poultry mortality due to lack of adaptation of introduced exotic poultry, diseases, predators prevalent in the scavenging production systems and limited expansion of commercial poultry production both in terms of number of operators and volume of operation.The poultry sector did not have a clear roadmap guiding its development until the recent production of the LMP. The future study should be attention on to expansion of large-scale commercial poultry production system, constraints of poultry population growth, adaption of introduced exotic poultry breeds and the reason for eggs sale and household consumption fluctuated.
The Right Time to Add A Commercial Feed for Rabbitfish (SiganusGuttatus) from 10 to 25 Days of Age
A study on the timing of the start of supplied commercial feed for rabbitfish fry (Siganus guttatus) to determine the optimal survival rate and growth in terms of length and weight at 30 days. Four trials, 3 replicates each, and 4 batches in 2020 – 2022 differed when supplied commercial feed to fish fry at 10, 15, 20, and 25 days old before provided commercial feed, all larvae fed by zooplankton and phytoplankton. The results showed that the rabbitfish fry supplemented with commercial feed at 20 days old (NT3 (20)) showed the fastest growth in length, an average of 18.53 mm at 30 days old, average daily increase of the size of 0.65 mm/day and growth rate of size of 5.95% and 36.98 to 38.01g/head of trial 3 (TN3) (20) in 4 feeding batches, and the highest survival rate of 71.85% and weight at the final feeding stage at 30 days of age. There were significant differences in weight growth for the fish fry from at last feeding, and during the fry stages, fish tends to grow in length continuously, then increase in weight later. There was a significant impact by stomach volume at 30 days of the age of NT3 was much higher than in other trials. The other three timing trails of commercial feeding did not have any differences and showed less effectiveness than the treatment of fish at 10, 20, and 30 days old in terms of growth in length, weight, and survival rate. The stomach volume of Fries was stimulated by feedstuffs and early supplied feed to fries when they could eat; trial 3 (NT20) was the biggest stomach size, with a circumference of 11,76 mm2.
Hormonal (sGRnH) Doses Optimization with the Ages of BroodFish in Induced Breeding of Mystus tengara (Hamilton, 1822)
The age of brood fish is an inevitable factor in induced breeding technology worldwide. This study aimed to determine the optimal age for M. tengara for induced breeding and identify the most suitable age based on hormonal doses. Three age groups (1, 1.5, and 2-year-old) of brood fishes were used as three different treatments (T1, T2, and T3), with 0.8 ml kg-1, 1 ml.kg-1, and 1.2 ml kg-1 body doses of Ovasis (sGRnH) as the replications (R1, R2, and R3) of each treatment. Results showed that the highest mean fertilization rate (77.5 ± 1.73 %) was achieved in T1R2 for 1-year-old fish, while 1 ml kg-1 dose was ideal for them. For 1.5-year-old M. tengara, the highest mean fertilization rate was observed in T2R1 (79.25 ± 2.99 %) with 0.8 ml kg-1 dose being the most suitable. Two-year-old fish had the highest mean fertilization rate in T3R1 and T3R2 (76.25 ± 5.5 %) in June. Based on the fertilization rate and hatching rate, 1 ml kg-1 dose was identified as ideal for 1-year-old, and 0.8 ml kg-1 was suitable for 1.5-year-old M. tengara. Among all the treatments, T2R1 (1.5year age, 0.8 ml kg-1) showed the highest hatching rate (78.25 ± 2.36 %) and most successful breeding performance over the study period, and June was identified as the best time for induced breeding. This scientific evidence provides valuable insight into the optimal age and hormonal doses for M. tengara in induced breeding technology
Determining the Effect of Different Ecological Conditions on theMaturation of Rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus)
A study aimed at the rabbitfish Siganus guttatus (Bloch, 1787), the reproductive ability of one economically important marine and brackish fish in Giang lagoon systems and marine Asia. The future expectations of mariculture development were decided in Vietnam. The region had enough fingerlings for intensive culture and polyculture to contribute to environmental conservation and sustainability. There were 3 experiments in 3 different ecosystems for fish culture and maturity by feeding a commercial feed and finding suitable areas for the maturing period. The results showed that the growing fish kept in cages on the lagoon had the best growth and rate maturity, much higher than fish in cages of shrimp ponds and plastic bottom ponds, as showed a much bigger size of body, 610 g/head for females and 542 g/head for males, while other culture more 500/head, especially after 3 months of feeding, more than 20% matured for females, they reached more 50% at 6 months feeding. The length at first sexual maturity was 28.87 to 31.20 cm and 27.47 to 29.20 cm for females and males, respectively. The potential ova diameter is from 405 to 483 µm, P < 0.05; the benefit for spawning, gonads maturity stages, with GSI (gonadal-somatic index), 3.03 to 4.53 were opportunities for the spawning season, ova diameter and fecundity and the gonadal-somatic index were differed significantly (P < 0.05) males and females. This result showed the maximum (peak), and all fish can mature and get to spawning. In conclusion, different ecosystems impacted maturity and spawning during the moon season.
The Roles of Women in Aquaculture in Selected Riverine Communitiesof Anambra State
This study analysed the roles of women in aquaculture in three selected riverine communities in Anambra State. Data were analyzed using simple percentages,tables, and frequency and showed that women participate extensively and actively in all aquaculture productions in Atani, Otuocha and Ebenebe riverine communities in Anambra State. From the results, it was discovered that most women (21.05%) engaged in marketing, 15.79% were involved in processing, broodstock management and feeding of fish,10.53% were involved in pond management, harvesting and hatchery management , leaving only 5.26% in farm management and feed production. This implied that women are predominantly involved in actual production than managerial roles. Results from this study also revealed some challenges encountered by the respondents in the three riverine fishing communities which were identified as limited access to credit and loan, high cost of feed, lack of quality ingredient for feed formulation, inadequate extension services, fish mortality, lack of proper storage devices, diseases, amongst others. It could be concluded that the women’s participation and roles in aquaculture activities are marked by enormous challenges. Therefore, proper measures must be taken into account to address the obstacles inhibiting women from fully developing their potentials in their different roles in aquaculture management.
Hydrodynamic Model Test and Simulation for the Design of Offshore Aquaculture System for Macro Algae Farming
Marine algae biomass energy source is increasing getting approval from policy maker and community. Beside production of seaweed for biomass energy,seaweed plantation has benefit for food, cosmetic, gelatin and pharmaceutical products. Large production of biomass will require deployment of very large multibody floating structure offshore. To ensure that the system is reliable, design needs to be built, a mooring component for the mooring system, need to be properly sized to provide reliable strength for position keeping. This paper present, result of hydrodynamic test carried in UTM lab to determine coefficient required for the design and simulation of mooring system for very large floating structure for offshore aquaculture structure for ocean plantation, the paper also present safety and efficiency of the mooring system. Hydrodynamic test is traditionally used to secure coefficient require for design for environment for ship structure and offshore platform hydrodynamic interaction. The case of seaweed biomass is unique because the seaweed interacts directly and moves with the environment. The obtained the coefficient is used to model the static moorings system that assess the tension, tilt, safe mass and motion of the mooring components. Interpolated time dependent currents from the towing tank are used to estimate dynamic response of the mooring as well as the draft of the mooring components, the overall analysis is use to select required mooring components of the system. The outcome of the test presented in this paper will help for future development of offshore aquaculture system and multibody system deployment and analysis.
Respiratory Health in Horses and Effects of Forest Fires, with SpecialAttention to Man A Review
Respiratory health in sporting horses is primordial for optimal general health and their performance. The respiratory health is influenced by many intrinsic factors as well as environmental factors. Heat stress conditions and poor barn-related factors are examples of situations where-in the horse shows signs of impaired respiratory health. Forest fires are another example of an aggravation of an impaired respiratory health. Major risk factors of forest fires are the heat of the fire itself, the smoke, and the fine particles in the smoke. Fine particles may enter deeply into the lungs and cause pneumonia and cell destruction. In this paper are addressed the basic respiratory health of a horse, the risk factors affecting this health, the signs and evolution of respiratory distress, the latter especially affected by forest fires. Finally, a comparison is made between respiratory health problems in man and horse, caused by effects of forest fires.