Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews & Reports
Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews & Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Cardiology Research Reviews & Reports. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You can submit articles through online https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/submit-online or can send through an e-mail with attachment for: cardiologysciences@onlinescientificresearch.info
Hypertension, often known as high blood pressure, is a prevalent and serious global health problem. It is a chronic disorder characterized by chronically high blood pressure levels, which can lead to serious problems such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal failure. The purpose of this review article is to offer a full overview of hypertension, including epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, therapy, and preventative strategies. Furthermore, the study delves into the most recent advances in hypertension research, developing therapy options, and the significance of lifestyle changes in controlling this illness. A solid knowledge of hypertension is essential for healthcare practitioners and researchers in developing effective therapies to control and avoid its negative effects.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews & Reports
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in Panic Disorder
Spontaneous, recurring panic attacks are characteristic of Panic Disorder (PD) which are coupled by fear and multiple physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety. A panic attack (PA) is a sudden and intense fear reaction triggered by a perceived threat, which may involve external stimuli (such as predators), internal bodily signals (like a racing heart), painful stimuli (such as nociceptive events), or threats from others (like rivals) [1]. The pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD) is not clearly understood despite years of scientific research [2]. Numerous studies involving clinical, provocation, neuroimaging, and psychophysiological studies of PD have enabled biological, cognitive and behavioral theories to emerge that involve distinct neuroanatomical structures and areas [2-7]. Neuroimaging studies on patients with PD have shown that homeostatic pH disturbances play a key role in panic physiology[8]. The nervous system functions to adapt and produce flexible behavioral responses to a changing environment. The brain’s highly adaptive defensive system reacts to threatening stimuli (e.g., predator, aversive stimulus) by generating rapid autonomic and behavioral response [9]. These behaviors are essential to survival and include securing food, shelter, water, and most importantly, defending against immediate and perceived threats [9].
Lysine and Tryptophan have the Protection Basis against Lysosomal Dysfunction and both PKU and CVD including Mitochondrial Disorder Mediated by Activating Lysosomes and OPA1
The phenylketonuria “PKU” due to sever decreasing in lysine “AAG” and in Lys/ phosphorylation (which necessary for lysosomal digestive function), and associated with sever decreasing in Trp “TGG”, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal dysfunction, that followed by sever decreasing in phe /hydroxylase and in Tyr/ hydroxylase, and followed by decreasing in lysine acylation and in SFACs productiin which followed by decreasing in RA productive pathway and associated with increasing in both of TNFa and cholesterol accumulation which activate increasing in in both of TNFa and NLRP3 pathogenic pathway which reflect decreasing in estrogen synthesis and in dopamine production, that followed by increasing in the risk of ischemic damage pulmonary disease and diabetes. And we can conclude that both of Lys “AAG” and Trp “TGG” are so necessary for activating mitochondrial oxidative functions and necessary for promoting transport system where Mitochondria is so necessary to activate antioxidant function and promoting all of Phe hydroxylase, Tyr hydroxylase, and Lys acylation production which necessary for dopamine and RA synthesis respectively, where the PKU characterized by sever decreasing in antioxidant function, and sever decreasing in both Phe/ hydroxylase & Trp/ hydroxylase production, followed by decreasing in dopamine production and decreasing in retinoic acid production (which due to the reduction in SFACs synthesis).And I concluded that PKU characterized by sever decreasing in Phe /hydroxylase and Tyr /hydroxylase, followed by reduction in dopamine production, and reduction in alpha amylase, that associated with increasing in TNFa and in NLRP3 pathogenic pathway, and associated with increasing in the pulmonary disease and CVD risk.Retionic acid “RA” is regulated by lysine acylation and is regulated by lysine acylation mediated by short fatty acid synthesis, which regulate aminoacyl-tRNAs production regulated by mitochondrial enzymes and regulate mRNA production by E coli (regulated by phenylalanine) that necessary to run antioxidant functions and cellular biosynthesis.The antihypertensive pathway mechanism is: the Lysine →activate ATPase and both lysosomes and Mitochondrial oxidative functions which activate lysine acylation →activate short fatty acid synthesis →stimulate retinoic acid “RA” synthesis - →where both Lys and Trp activate GTPase which promote mitochondria repair and oxidative functions, which activate, Phe/ hydroxylase, and activate Tyr/ hydroxylase which activate dopamine, followed by activating NR4As pathway which responsible for activating GC-beta and both of Oxytocin and Nrf2, followed by Ang2-AT2 and VEGF-A productive functions and heme oxygenase production (notice dopamine regulate heme oxygenase mediated by dopamine beta-hydroxylase which regulated by Mitochondrial oxidative functions) followed by activating anti-inflammatory growth and processes. Lysine Methylation has important role to enhance and adopt hypertension through activating RA and pervious Antihypertensive pathway mediated by Phe/hydroxylase synthesis and Tyr /hydroxylase production followed by activating both of dopamine and NR4As pathway.
Lysine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Phe/Hydroxylase, Tyr/Hydroxylase, Lysine Acetylation, ATPase and GTPase, Dopamine, Mitochondrial Membranes, Nrf2, Oxytocin, VEGF-A, Angiotensin-2 (Ang2-AT2), Phenylketonuria Causes, Diabetic Tissues, LV Hypertrophy, Lysosomes, E Coli, Aminoacyl tRNAs, Cardiomyopathy-TNFa, NLRP3 Inflammasome, Retinoic acid and Short Fatty Acid, Dopamine and Hydroxylase, Theme Oxygenases
Keeping People in Rhythm Electronically – An Overview of CardiacRhythm Management Devices
In 1956, Dr. Leatham duplicated Dr. Zoll’s work and developed the concept of automatic onset and termination of stimulations to pace the heart. By1957, only transcutaneous pacemakers were available, but even those required steel surgical sutures. In 1958, transvenous pacemakers were introduced. The first patient had the electrode placed in the myocardium, but it exited the chest wall to be connected to the outside generator. There were case reports of rechargeable batteries pacemakers as well, however those did not last long at all. Following which, there are reports of a 12 V battery being used. The lead was implanted via a left thoracotomy and brought out the chest wall. The first bipolar electrode was implanted in 1959 and a first completely transvenous system was implanted in 1962. The initaldevices had limited or no programing capabilities. In 1957, external dials were used to set programming options.1963-63, the pacemakers had needle driven potentiometer. 1961-1973 is when magnetic switches were used. Finally, radiofrequencyenergy was introduced to set programming options for these devices since 1973
Two Arrhythmias, One Diagnosis, All from Surface ECGs
A 48-year-old male with known supraventricular tachycardia presented with wide complex tachycardia and he was cardioverted. The patient was initially diagnosed with both ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia. After reviewing electrocardiograms, a correct diagnosis of orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia with left-sided accessory pathway was made which was confirmed and successfully ablated in subsequent electrophysiological study. Not all wide complex tachycardias are ventricular tachycardia. If the rate of narrow complex supraventricular tachycardia becomes slower with the development of a bundle branch block, it is diagnostic for the presence and participation of the ipsilateral accessory pathway, which is called Coumel’s law
Tachycardia, AVRT, Accessory Pathway, Orthodromic Reciprocating Tachycardia, Left Bundle Branch Block, Supraventricular Tachycardia, Ventricular Tachycardia, Coumel’s Law
Effect of an Early Mobilization Program on Functional Capacityafter Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery a Systemic Review
Cardiac surgery has worldwide excellent results for improving of patients’ functions. Coronary artery bypass surgery is an effective treatment of ischemic heart disease. Approximately 90% ofpatients will have relief of symptoms of angina without requiring ongoing medications. The procedure itself is considered relatively safe with a mortality less than 1% if the patient has normal heart function. CABG is performed to improve the coronary artery blood flow and reduce the symptoms of myocardial ischemia, improve the ventricular function and to prevent the progression of the acute myocardial infarction and reduce the mortality [1,2]. In the CABG surgery, sections of saphenous vein, internal mammaryartery, radial artery, subscapular artery, and right gastroepigloticarteries are used. CABG surgeries were performed via a mediansternotomy.
The Cardio-Respiratory Mechanisms Involved in the Diving Response Adaptation and Breath-Hold Training Effects in Freedivers
This review aims to explore the cardiovascular and respiratory mechanisms involved in the training effects of the diving response adaptation and to determine the adaptive changes during apnoea and breath-hold training in breath-hold divers. A sounder theoretical knowledge of these critical aspects is necessary to be able to understand the oxygen-conserving mechanism of the diving response, and the apnoea-induced cardiorespiratory adjustments involved in enriching the science of respiratory physiology and the development of breath-hold training and ability. These insights may contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of respiratory abnormalities and dysfunctional breathing in humans. Furthermore, it may facilitate the development of efficacious interventions to increase breath-holding ability, and sports performance, as well as assist with the management and treatment of various physiological and psychological conditions. This review will be presented in four separate sections. Section one will describe the diving response and its physiology. Section two will explore the cardio-respiratory mechanisms of the diving response. Section three will discuss the adaptive changes associated with breath-hold training and/or apnoea training, as well as the associated cardio-respiratory adaptions. Section four will explore the clinical applications and implications of the diving response
Diving Response, Diving Reflex, Apnoea, Breath Holding, Training Effects, Freedivers
Cardiac Toxicities of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: MoreAwareness is Needed
Immune checkpoints inhibitors (ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab) are monoclonal antibodies that target cell membrane receptors (CTLA-4, PD-1, PDL-1) implicated in the immunosuppression. This results in activation of the lymphocytic immune response leading to CD8+ T cells proliferation in many organs including the heart. However, the management consists of stopping the immunotherapy and starting high-dose corticosteroids. The incidence of these toxicities as well as their pathophysiology, risk factors, onset and prognosis are not clearly established yet due to the lack of data and cohort studies. Despite the FDA approval of these drugs in the treatment of many refractory cancers, they shouldbe used with caution due to their devastating repercussions.
Immune Checkpoints Inhibitors, Cardiac Toxicity, Myocarditis, Pericarditis, Immunosuppresses
Decreasing in Lysine Reflect Lysosomal Dysfunction andAccumulated Phenylalanine which Connected to WMH andCVD and Both of Phenylketonuria and Calcifications whereN-Acetylcysteine Prevent Organs Failure
Phenylalanine function stabilized by lysine which found on lysosomal surface, that Phe necessary to regulate the synthesis or secretion of α-amylase, trypsin and lipase, wherethe Severe acute pancreatitis in a child with phenylketonuria.The phenylketonuria due to decreased lysine followed by lysosomal dysfunction that will be result of deficiency in phenylalanine function that will not form pancreatic enzymes and stomach enzyme and will be accumulated.The Lysosomal dysfunction will be result of accumulation of undigested polymer including inflammation which play important roles in pathophysiology, that reflect reductionin lysine acylation followed by reduction in aminoacyl tRNAs which promote Phe and E coli functions for activating protein and mRNAs synthesis, that will be followed by increasing in TNf-a synthesis (and reduction in VEGF-As ) which activate NK (not beings related to human immune proper function ) which regulated by the undigested polymers in random pathways stimulated by TNf-a functional pathway (activated by NLRP3 inflammasome.Retinoic acid is necessary to promote lysine acylation which regulate aminoacyl-tRNAs production regulated by mitochondrial enzymes, which regulate mRNA production by E coli (regulated by phenylalanine) that necessary to run antioxidant functions and cellular biosynthesis. Lysine acetylation so important to regulates the activity of Escherichia coli Sadenosylmethionine synthase. RNA (produced by E coli) is 2′-O-methylated demonstrated higher stability that can improve immune by promoting anti-inflammatory processes and improve myocardial functions, and adopt heart constriction by activating NR4As pathway.The antihypertensive pathway mechanism is: the Lysine ¬¬>activate ATPase (stimulate retinoic acid “RA” ) ¬¬>Lysine acetylation ¬¬> promote Phe/ hydroxylase ¬¬> followed by ¬>activate Tyr/ hydroxylase ¬>activate dopamine ¬> activate NR4As pathway ¬>GC-beta ¬>activate both of Oxytocin and Nrf2 ¬> Ang2-AT2 and VEGF-A productive functions ¬>heme oxygenase ¬>anti-inflammatory growth and processes. Lysine Methylation has important role in adopt hypertension through activating pervious Antihypertensive pathway mediated by Phe hydroxylase synthesis and Tyr hydroxylase production followed by activating both of dopamine and NR4As pathway. The oxidation of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase positively regulates translational quality control, and regulates the initiation of digestive enzyme mRNA translation, where consecutive AAA-lysines is paused for encoding Phe followed by ribosome sliding on homopolymeric A sequence. That lysine activates mitochondria function followed by promoting Phenylalanine and phenylalanine-tRNAs productions by translations within E coli, followed by Phe/ hydroxylase activate Tyr hydroxylase production which activate dopamine synthesis.
Lysine Phenylalanine, Lysine Acetylation, ATPase and GTPase, Phe /Hydroxylase, Tyr /Hydroxylase, Dopamine, Mitochondrial Membranes, Nrf2 Oxytocin, Angiotensin-2 (Ang2-
Can The Medications We Are Prescribing Cause Myocardial Infarction?
Introduction: Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death in United States and it is characterized when there is a decrease or complete cessation of blood supply to myocardium. In this article, the author will show that the use of any kind of highly concentrated medication can reduce or cause Blood stagnation in any part of the body and can cause myocardial infarction when the blood stagnates in myocardial tissue leading to myocardial infarction in this new type of population that we are attending nowadays. This is caused by alteration in the energy part of the five internal massive organs energy (Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lungs and Kidney) of the five elements theory of traditional Chinese medicine, caused by the modernization of telecommunication leading to a state of immunodeficiency. The use of any kind of highly concentrated medication in the treatment of variety of disease can evolve to blood stagnation and cause thrombosis in any part of the body and can lead to myocardial infarction or even death.
Myocardial Infarction, Energy, Medication, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hippocrates
Cardiac Amyloidosis: The Forgotten Disease
Cardiac amyloidosis leads to signs and symptoms of heart failure. A clinical condition when one of more than 30 different precursor proteins with unstable tertiary structure, misfolds and aggregates as insoluble amyloid fibrils which deposit in the extracellular space of organs and soft tissue. Among the many types of amyloidosis, nearly all cases of clinical cardiac amyloidosis (95 percent) are due to transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) or light chain amyloidosis. Studies suggest that wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRw) is an underdiagnosed cause of heart failure, with a prevalence of 13 percent in a cohort of patients presenting with clinical manifestations of HF with preserved ejection fraction
Heart Failure, Cardiac Amyloidosis, Nuclear Medicine
Heart and Lung Dysfunction Prevention Through Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy Education: A Comprehensive Overview
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Physical therapists (PTs) have a unique opportunity to prevent and manage these conditions by providing patient education on cardiopulmonary health. This white paper discusses the essential role of patient education in reducing the risk and impact of heart and lung dysfunction and highlights the toolkit that PTs possess to deliver effective and evidence-based education. It also provides practical strategies and examples for PTs to educate individuals on topics such as exercise, smoking cessation, health and quality of life.nutrition, stress managemen
Patient Education, Cardiopulmonary Health, Prevention and Management, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases
Carney Complex: “The Complex of Cardiac Myxoma
The Carney complex (CNC) is a rare dominantly inheritedsyndrome characterized by spotty skin pigmentation, endocrine overactivity and myxomas. About 500 patients have been registered by the NIH-Mayo Clinic (USA) and the Cochin center (France)[1]. Cumulative reports from these centers, plus information fromthe Cornell center in New York, indicate that there are about 160index cases of CNC presently known since the disorder was firstdescribed in the medical literature in 1985 [2]. It affects males and females in equal numbers and can present at any age with the mean age at diagnosis being 20. Cardiac myxomascan develop in any cardiac chamber and may be multiple. Theycomprise main feature of Carney Complex in 30-60% of casesand may be responsible for the high rate (16%) of sudden deathhistorically reported in CNC families [2].Carney Complex is characterized by spotty skin pigmentation,cardiac (heart) myxomas (tumors composed of mucous connectivetissue), skin myxomas, endocrine tumors or over-activity, andschwannomas.
Cardiac Mass, Carney Complex, Left Atrial Mass, Myxoma, Carney Complex Triad
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews & Reports
Bifurcation Lesion of a Y-shaped Saphenous Vein Graft Treated Via Mini-Crush Technique
A 77-year-old female patient presented in ER with progressing ischemic chest pain for last 3 days. Electrocardiogram (ECG) was sinus rhythm with minimal ST-depression in leads D1, aVL, V5 and V6. Patient had diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery bypass graft surgery that performed 10 years ago. Her first cardiac troponin level was 68 ng/L at admission later (cut-off 0.01-0.04). D-dimer and creatinine levels were normal. Saturation was 94% in room air at pulse oximetry and blood pressure was 140/80 mmHg. Bedside echocardiography revealed an ejection fraction of 45-50% with septal and lateral wall hypokinesia, and 1-2 mitral valve regurgitation. Patient admitted in coronary intensive care unit with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with non-ST elevation. After treatment with 5000 IU intravenous unfractionated heparin and 300 mgr acetylsalicylic acid, the patient was transferred to the catheterization laboratory. Coronary angiography was performed via the right femoral artery and revealed a total occlusion of the native left anterior descending, right coronary artery and Optus margin1 (OM1). Additionally, patent LIMA to LAD bypass and critical bifurcation stenosis in the Y-graft to the diagonal-1 and OM1 arteries was observed (Figure 1). The decision was made to treat the lesion of the venous graft as treat in the native coronary arteries. Given the degree of atherosclerosis involving both branches of the Y-shaped venous graft, a stenting technique fully covering the bifurcation segment of the graft was considered, the “mini-crush” technique with the use of paclitaxel-eluting stents, was selected. Before beginning the procedure, intracoronary clonitap (10 mgr) and ticagrelor 180 mgr. p.o was applied and the lesions was wired with a floppy (workhorse) guidewire (Asahi Intecc Medical); and the venous graft branch supplying the D1 was considered as the main branch. Following the steps of the “mini-crush” technique as described before, a 3.0 × 20 mm paclitaxel-eluting stent was used for the side branch while a 3.5 × 24 mm stent was used for the main branch (Figure 2). After the final POT the procedure was completed with a TIMI 3 flow pattern in both branches (Figure 3). Generally, the use of embolic protection devices were suggested for interventions performed in SVG; however, this option was not available in our catheterization laboratory when the procedure was performed.
Y-shaped Saphenous Vein Graft Treated Via Mini-Crush Technique
Left Ventricular Assessment in the Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 eras at the Jos University Teaching Hospital
The covid19 pandemic in the developing world had a far less catastrophic effect compared to that seen in the developed world. Taking a look at pre-covid19 era considering some echocardiographic parameters, left ventricular configuration was assessed. Method and Materials: The study was a retrospective echocardiographic assessment of regular patients assessing echocardiographic evaluation without necessarily diagnosed of covid19. Kobotoolbox data collector was used for data upload and data from 2015 to 2019 were considered pre-covid19 data while those from 2020 to 2023 were considered covid19 era data and analyzed as such. Results: Out of a total of 1,619, an average of 64% were analyzed by the collector. The two groups of population were similar considering demographic characteristic. Clinical indications pre-test had a similar distribution except in cases of dilated cardiomyopathy (p- <0.001) and stroke (p- 0.044) were the proportion were higher in pre-covd19 while chronic arrhythmias (p- 0.032) were higher during the covid19 era. The data showed a significant reduction in linear and 2D echocardiographic measurements, except for wall thickness in systole in pre-covi19 era. Discussion: The high frequency of hypertensive heart disease during the pre-covid19 era appear to be responsible for the significant variation in the 2D and linear echocardiographic measurement. Conclusions: This study showed that the indication for echocardiography was more diverse in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Cardiology Research Reviews & Reports
Digital Stethoscope within the Field of Cardiology: Current State, Evidence and Future Directions
The stethoscope, a symbol of clinical medicine for two centuries, is undergoing a technological transformation. Modern digital stethoscopes convert acoustic signals to high resolution digital waveforms and, when combined with signal processing and machine learning (ML)/artificial intelligence (AI), promise to improve the objectivity, reproducibility and diagnostic yield of auscultation. Accumulating evidence shows AI–assisted auscultation can detect heart murmurs, valvular disease, atrial fibrillation and selected pulmonary pathologies with performance that, in many settings, exceeds unaided clinicians. Large multicenter studies and regulatory clearances have begun to validate commercial algorithms and integrated platforms, and AI–enabled stethoscopes are now being evaluated in primary care and low–resource settings to improve screening and triage. Despite enthusiasm, important challenges remain heterogeneous recording conditions, variable datasets and labels, algorithm generalizability, clinical integration, liability/regulatory frameworks, privacy, and the risk of over reliance on algorithms. This review summarizes the technological foundations of digital stethoscopes, the state of AI methods applied to heart and lung sounds, evidence from clinical studies and trials, datasets and evaluation practices, regulatory and ethical considerations, and a pragmatic roadmap for deployment and future research priorities.
Why Patients Do Not Respond to Anti-Hypertensive Medications When their Systemic Pressure is High?
Hypertension is a chronic persistent elevation of systemic arterial pressure. In this article, I am showing that patients with hypertension have energy deficiency inside the five internal massive organs of the five elements theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the use of anti-hypertensive medications can harm even more this internal energy and can worse the energy \deficiency condition, causing non improvement of hypertension.
Cardiac Manifestations in People Living with HIV: A Cross Sectional Echocardiographic and ECG-Based Study from a Sudanese Tropical Teaching Hospital
Background: People living with HIV (PLHIV) are more likely to have cardiovascular problems since they live longer due to antiretroviral therapy (ART). The goal of this study was to look at ECG and echocardiographic abnormalities in HIV-positive patients in Omdurman Tropical Disease Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 93 PLHIV was conducted between November 2020 and April 2021. Each patient underwent an ECG and an echocardiogram, and their clinical data, including WHO stage at diagnosis, ART regimen, and disease duration, were recorded. This comprehensive data collection enabled us to thoroughly investigate the relationship between QT prolongation or diastolic dysfunction and various clinical factors. Results: The predominant gender was female, including 46 out of 93 individuals. The average age was 38.9 ± 9.1 years. Among the total patients, 21.5% demonstrated diastolic dysfunction, 10.8% presented with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), 8.6% revealed tricuspid regurgitation, and 4.3% experienced moderate pulmonary artery hypertension (SPAP >35 mmHg). QT prolongation occurred in 26.9% of instances. ECG abnormalities were observed in 60.2% of individuals. Among these, longer QT intervals (26.9%) and ST-T alterations (12.9%) were the most prevalent observations. Gender exhibited a statistically significant correlation with QT prolongation (P = 0.006), while age showed a significant association with diastolic dysfunction (P = 0.036). Conclusion: Diastolic dysfunction and QT prolongation are common cardiac issues among HIV-infected patients. Routine heart check-ups should be part of HIV care, especially in older populations. Gender and age play key roles in specific heart problems in PLHIV. Additional studies are required to elucidate progression patterns and provide targeted therapies.
Associations of Wall Shear Stress on Vascular Morphology, Hemodynamics, and Many Clinical Variables
Hemodynamics is generally considered as one of the most important factors in aneurysm rupture. Abnormal wall shear stress, greater pressure and flow impingement are all responsible for aneurysm rupture. The role of wall shear stress on intracranial aneurysms can be identified from its associations with other hemodynamics and related clinical variables, which is very little studied. The report aims to establish the relationship of wall shear stress with other hemodynamics and related clinical variables based on a real data set of 98 aneurysm subjects. It is derived herein that mean wall shear stress (WSS) is marginally positively associated with the subject’s diabetes history (DBH) (P<0.001), family history (FMH) (P<0.001), ELAPSS (P<0.001), and it is negatively associated with heart rate (HTR) (P<0.001) & PHASE (P<0.001). Mean WSS is negatively associated with the joint interaction effect (JIE) of age and mean velocity (VEL) i.e., AGE*VEL (P<0.001), JIE of maximum WSS (MXWS) and subject’s hypertension history (HPH) i.e., MXWS*HPH (P<0.001), JIE of MXWS and subject’s anatomical aneurysm’s location (LOC) i.e., MXWS*LOC (P<0.001), JIE of oscillatory shear index (OSI) and maximum pressure (MXPR) i.e. OSI*MXPR (P<0.001), mean WSS gradient (WSG) and mean velocity (VEL) i.e., WSG*VEL (P<0.001), while it is positively associated with the JIEs of mean wall pressure gradient (WPG) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) i.e., WPG*SBP (P<0.001), WPG and subject’s smoking history (SMH) i.e., WPG*SMH (P<0.001), OSI*SMH (P<0.001), MXPR*HYP (P<0.001), minimum WSS (MIWS) and subject’s alcohol consumption history (ACH) i.e., MIWS*ACH (P<0.001), and many more. These derived associations of WSS with other hemodynamics and related variables may be helpful for the aneurysm rupture treatment process.
Mortality from Diseases of the Circulatory System in Europe and the Mediterranean Connected with Space Energetic Alpha Particles?
In the present work, a dangerous phenomenon for mankind is described, increasing the mortality from the most deadly diseases on the planet – circulatory system diseases, in particular, the deadly ones of ischemic heart diseases. In the joint analysis of data from satellites in orbit around the Earth and from the health statistics sources EUROSTAT, it became clear that, by some mechanism, streams of positively charged solar particles with high energy entering the Earth's orbit increase mortality from circulatory system diseases. The annual increase is by an average of 5% to 15% in a zone of maximum risk in the Northern Hemisphere, parallel to the equator and bounded by the parallels of 30° and 50° north latitude. The dates are given when the risk of a vascular accident is maximum depending on the latitude of the place in the Europe andMediterranean area. During the day, the risk of a vascular accident is maximum around local noon. In this regard, it is perhaps not a coincidence that in the Mediterranean region, a midday break is practiced indoors ("siesta").
Significance of Left Ventricular Strain in Traditional Cardiac Risk Factor Population
Background 4-Dimensional XStrain speckle tracking echocardiography (4DXStrainSTE) is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that synthesizes speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) data obtained from the apical three-chamber (3CH), fourchamber (4CH), and two-chamber (2CH) views, thereby enabling a comprehensive evaluation of multiple left ventricular strain parameters (MLVSP) within a three-dimensional framework. Methods This study aimed to evaluate the impact of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) on MLVSP using 4DXStrainSTE. Nine strain parameters were analyzed: global circumferential strain (GCS), global circumferential strain rate (GCSR), global radial strain (GRS), and global radial strain rate (GRSR) at the mitral valve (mv) and papillary muscle (pap) levels, along with global longitudinal strain (GLS). A total of 500 Indian adults (aged 18–60 years; both sexes) were enrolled. Participants were categorized into four CVRF Risk Categories (1, 2, 3, and 4) according to the cumulative number of risk factors. The inclusion criterion was a 4-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction (4D-LVEF) > 50%. Results The effect of CVRF on strain parameters was determined using trend and linearity analyses. Trend analysis across CVRF categories revealed a significant decline in GLS, GCS at the pap level, and GCSR at the mv level. Pearson’s correlation demonstrated mild-to-moderate linear associations across MLVSP, and multivariate regression analysis identified significant associations of GLS and GCSR at the mv level with GLS across the risk categories. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the impact of CVRFs on MLVSP in individuals with preserved ejection fraction.
Are the Antilipidemic Drugs, Prescribed to Reduce the Chance of Having Myocardial Infarction, Increasing the Possibility of Having Myocardial Infarction Nowadays?
Antilipidemic drugs are used to reduce cholesterol and the main reason behind this is to reduce the chance of having a myocardial infarction. In this article, I will demonstrate that these drugs, when used by patients, can increase their chance of having myocardial infarction even without arterial obstruction. This new mechanism of developing myocardial infarction has not been studied by normal medical faculties because it is related to alterations in the individual’s energy level, an area extensively studied by Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has been in existence for more than 5000 years. In this study, I will show two case reports, the first was a 64-year-old, female, whose cholesterol levels were 256 mg/dl. She was prescribed atorvastatin but did not use this medication as she consulted another doctor who studied Traditional Chinese Medicine, and this doctor oriented her to not use the medication because this patient was presenting no energy in her five internal massive organs. These organs are the Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lungs and Kidneys, and energy loss in them corresponds to an alteration characterizing what is called the New Global Immunodeficiency. The second case report was a 75-year-old male patient with no complaints. He had a cholesterol level of 129 mg/dl and his doctor prescribed simvastatin but he did not use this medication as he also asked for another opinion from a doctor who followed Traditional Chinese Medicine’s reasoning, and this professional told him not use this kind of medication to prevent myocardial infarction. These five organs are important for many different functions inside the body and one of them is to produce the energy to allow the normal flow of Blood inside the blood vessels through the normal production of Yin, Yang (by the energy of the Kidney), Qi (by the energy of Lungs and Liver) and Blood (by the energy of the Spleen). All this flow of energy inside the human body is coordinated by the energy of the Heart. According to the Arndt-Schultz Law, created in 1888 by two German researchers, any kind of highly concentrated medication can reduce even more our internal energy and can lead to the death of the patient. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the use of medication to reduce cholesterol nowadays can induce myocardial infarction among this new type of population that we are treating nowadays, considered to be immunodeficient, and can lead to the death of the patient, even without evidence of myocardial artery obstruction.
Scope of Robotics in Cath Lab Operations
The advent of robotics in Catheterization Laboratory (Cath Lab) operations marks a significant leap forward in the field of interventional cardiology. This paper investigates the transformative potential of robotic systems in enhancing procedural precision, improving patient outcomes, and optimizing workflow efficiency. Through a detailed analysis of current applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions, this study highlights how robotics could redefine cardiovascular care. With a focus on evidence-based insights, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the scope and implications of this technology as of March 08, 2025.
Application of the Diving Response in Treating Anxiety Disorders and Depression
The diving response (DR) is an innate adaption that we share with aquatic and land mammals as well as birds and reptiles. According to the aquatic ape theory we once spent a considerable amount of time in the water, hence this adaptation has evolved over time to enhance our survival chances by conserving oxygen when submerged in water [1]. The DR is activated when our face encounters cold water or moisture, and it is usually exaggerated when simultaneously holding our breath (apnea).
Ostial Left Anterior Descending Artery Chronic Total Occlusion - Left Main Coronary Artery Intramu
Chronic total occlusion intervention of ostial left anterior descending artery lesion without clear cap poses challenges for wiring. Intravascular ultrasound guided antegrade cap puncture and guide extension assisted reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking away from ostium would minimize inflow injuries. This case report explores inflow injury and its detection by imaging in ostial LAD CTO PCI.
Ambiguous Cap Puncture, Reverse Cart, Intramural Hematoma, Flap Closure
A Review on Estrous Detection and Associated Challenges inFarm Animals
Estrous detection is the process of identifying when a female animal is in estrus, which is the period of sexual receptivity during the estrous cycle. Accurate and timely detection of estrus is critical for reproductive management in farm animals. This article review focuses on the challenges associated with estrous detection in farm animals and aims to evaluate the various methods of estrous detection, assess the factors affecting estrous detection accuracy, and identify and improve the challenges associated with estrous detection. The review examines the different techniques and technologies available for estrous detection, including visual observation, automated monitoring systems, hormonal assays, and ultrasonography. It also assesses the factors that affect estrous detection accuracy, such as timing, labor requirements, and the use of technology. The review identifies the challenges associated with estrous detection, including accuracy, timing, and labor requirements, and proposes potential solutions. Besides the Researchers and farmers seeking to optimize breeding programsand increase herd productivity can gain valuable insight from this review on estrous detection in farm animals.
Accuracy, Estrous, Estrous Detection, Farm Animals
Anesthesia Management for Asymptomatic Aortic Narrowing
Calcified aortic stenosis (AOR) is the most common valve disease indeveloped countries and its prevalence is constantly increasingreaching 2.8% of patients over 75 years old which represents a realpublic health problem due to the aging of the population [1]. Theclassic symptoms of severe RAo (angina, dyspnea and syncope)occur at an advanced stage of the disease [2].In these elderly patients, the diagnosis and care are sometimes delayed. The symptomatology is difficult to assess in patients who are oftenphysically limited, by age and the presence of associated comorbidfactors. This population, so-called asymptomatic, is composed,in half of the cases, of patients “False asymptomatic”; it must be unmasked by a stress test if this is possible and by the dosage of biomarkers, in order not to not ignore a low noise RAC which couldhave benefited from treatment surgical [3-6]. These little-knownpatients will progress slowly towards the cardiac decompensation.
Safety of Resistance Band Training in Patients with Heart Diseases
The incidence of cardiovascular events and the rehabilitation of afflicted people are ways to reduce cardiovascular diseases, which is why cardiac rehabilitation programmes are crucial. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Anaerobic training, which we can develop our muscular strength through various methods, is a significant sort of exercise in these programmes. The purpose of our study is to show that resistance band strength training is safe for individuals undergoing cardiac rehabilitation.of ischemia, heart failure, and arrhythmias.Our results showed improvement in muscle strength and improvement in quality of life, with no evidence of significant hemodynamic changes, nor evidence The aforementioned information leads us to the conclusion that resistance band strength training in cardiac patients participating in a cardiac rehabilitation programme is effective and secure.
Manuel Alfonso Baños- González MD Baños- González MD
Alex Augusto Flores-Galaviz Flores-Galaviz
Cuauhtémoc Vasquez-Jimenez Vasquez-Jimenez
Monitoring Blood Pressure and Heartbeat Remotely Using Body Area Networks
Background: In the literatures, there is still argument regarding whether female gender is correlated with worse outcome following percutaneous coronaryintervention (PCI). In recent years, using of PCI has steadily increased in Yemen. However, the impact of gender on the clinical outcome following PCIwith 2nd generation drug-eluting stents is still unknown in Yemeni patients. Aims: To compare in-hospital outcome according to gender in Yemeni patients with coronary artery disease who underwent elective PCI at Militaryhospital, Sana’a City, Yemen. Methods and results: We analyzed data from 316 consecutive patients who underwent elective PCI procedures from January 2021 to December 2021 at the Military hospital in Sana’a City, Yemen. Data were collected retrospectively through medical records, and computerized database of the hospital. An overall of 145 (45.9%) were women. Men were nearly 3 years younger than women (56.7±11 vs. 60 ±9.3 years respectively; p-value, 0.005). The prevalenceof smoking and previous IHD was more common in men than women (p-value, < 0.005) and in men more stents were implanted. By contrast, womenwere more frequently had obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (p-value, < 0.005). Likewise, incidence of coronary artery dissection,bleeding, and renal insufficiency following PCI was more common in women than men (p-value, < 0.005). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis,we found that female gender (adjusted odd ratio (AOR), 2.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-5.43; p-value, 0.032) and dyslipidemia (AOR, 2.22; 95%CI, 1.05-4.66; p-value = 0.036) were independent predictors of in-hospital bleeding. Conclusion: Our study sheds additional light on the gender advantage enjoyed by males in PCI compared to females. Women were more likely to moreexperience in-hospital bleeding, coronary artery dissection and renal insufficiency complications following PCI. Female gender and dyslipidemia wereindependent predictors of in-hospital bleeding. It is important to evaluate each patient's individual risk factors for bleeding before undergoing PCI, includingdyslipidemia, and to take appropriate measures to minimize bleeding complications, especially in women.
Coronary Artery Diseases, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Gender Diversities, Sex Differences, Yemen
A Case of Chronic Aortic Dissection in Malagasy Patient Suspected of Turner Syndrome
The association between aortic dissection and Turner syndrome has been described in the literature as rare. We report a case of a Stanford type-A chronic aortic dissection in a woman suspected of Turner syndrom. Our goal is to recall the association between these two diseases for early detection and follow-up.
Holy Mihanta Sabrina Ranaivoson Ranaivoson
Solofonirina Rakotoarimanana Rakotoarimanana