Journal of Chemistry & its Applications is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Chemistry & its Applications. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of research, review, case reports, analysis, magazines, editorials, opinion, communications, mini-review, short communications, picturized, book review, video type and power point presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://www.onlinescientificsresearch.com/submit-online or can send through an e-mail with attachment for chemistry@onlinescientificresearch.info, chemistry@onlinescientificresearch.net
Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Saponin Contents, and GC-MS Profile of the Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Crossopteryx Febrifuga
The leaves of Crossopteryx febrifuga have been shown traditional to possess medicinal properties and are used for the treatment of malaria and inflammatory disorders. The objective of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the leaves of Crossopteryx febrifuga using gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique. The leaves were extracted with n-hexane and methanol separately and subjected to phytochemical screening and quantification techniques. The methanol extract was partitioned using three solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol). The n-butanol fraction was further partitioned using column chromatography and gave four sub-fractions which were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The quantification of three classes of phytochemicals identified gave total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents obtained were 44.40 ± 0.11 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g extract, 10.50 ±0.12 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract and 91.30 ±0.17 mg Ginsenoside Rb 1 equivalent/ g extract respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of the Sub-Fractions (SF) of n-butanol showed presence of 25, 32, 28 and 4 compounds in SF1, SF2, SF3 and SF4 respectively. Among the identified compounds the prominent ones were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester; diisooctyl phthalate; trans-13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester; 2,4-bis(1,2-dimethylethyl) phenol and [R-(Z)] 9-octadecenoic acid,12-hydroxymethyl ester. These compounds make up about 52% of the identified phytochemicals in the n-butanolic fraction. The presence of these phytochemicals could be responsible for its medicinal properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Chemistry & its Applications
Calculating Electron and Proton Properties Using the Ulianov StringTheory
Ulianov String Theory (UST) introduces a geometric and dynamical reinterpretation of the fundamental constituents of matter by treating electrons and protons not as point-like particles but as extended spherical membranes formed by the collapse of imaginary time in a five-dimensional wormholebased framework. Each particle is modeled as an Ulianov String, a chain of N_S Planck-scale wormhole copies that folds into stable three-dimensional configurations capable of reproducing known atomic properties while revealing new internal structures that organize protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus and electrons in the electrosphere. At the proton scale, UST predicts a structured spherical membrane arranged in onion-like layers, with electric charge distributed over all membranes and mass concentrated at a small point located at the pole of each layer, so that the proton mass may be viewed as a small cylinder. Alternatively, the proton can behave as a hemispherical shell of negative charges with the mass positioned along a circular ring, a configuration that arises when the spherical membrane is cut in half. These features naturally account for the observed variation of the proton radius, its magnetic moment, and the emergence of Strong Gravitational Contact Forces (SGCF), which provide a clearer explanation than the conventional strong nuclear force for the formation and stability of atomic nuclei. For electrons, UST proposes a rotating spherical shell with Planck-length thickness and a large radius (from micrometers down to 5 nanometers depending on context), with charge spread across the membrane and mass concentrated asymmetrically at a polar point. This geometry simultaneously explains quantum-wave behavior, spin orientation, orbital formation, and electron–electron interactions. Applying these structures to atomic hydrogen, we compute electron and proton geometries that match the Bohr radii, Rydberg energies, and ground-state stability with high precision. The same membrane kinematics predicts elastic electron–proton interactions, UWH clustering, shrinkage of the electron radius, and expansion of the proton radii inside atoms. We also derive the electrodynamic consequences of the UST particle geometry, showing how the extended electron shell naturally leads to Ulianov’s reformulation of Maxwell’s equations, in which the current density emerges from polarization and magnetization fields generated by shell dynamics. This provides a unified microscopic foundation for classical electrodynamics, superconductivity mechanisms, and electron transport in metals, insulators, liquids, and vacuum. Overall, this work shows that the UST membrane model of electrons and protons yields quantitatively accurate atomic predictions, including a method for computing the radius and mass of these particles, which no theory in modern physics has achieved. Furthermore, UST clarifies the physical meaning of the fine-structure constant α (with 1/α=137), relating it to the existence of 137 layers in the electron membrane, which reduces the effective electron charge (to 1/11.7 of its maximum theoretical value in UST) and causes the gravitational force between two Planck-mass bodies to be 137 times weaker than the electric force between two electrons at the same distance. The electron and proton configurations in UST reveal deeper geometric patterns from which nucleon behavior emerges naturally. The proton-neutron structures follow from the SGCF, and each proton configuration (hemisphere or sphere) determines the associated electron configuration (cap or spherical shell), providing a new way to understand and organize electrons in the electrosphere, in an analogy with Russian nesting dolls. Although this framework differs significantly from how modern physics interprets protons, electrons, neutrons, and the atomic structures they form, the UST model elucidates several longstanding physical mysteries and computes quantities that no current atomic model can reproduce. Even if the theory is not entirely correct, the convergence of so many independent results makes it unlikely that these findings arise by coincidence. Thus, UST almost certainly captures aspects of atomic reality that remain inaccessible to current theoretical models. At the very least, it can serve as a powerful source of inspiration and new ideas for rethinking modern physics and for addressing several open problems that remain major challenges in the field.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Chemistry & its Applications
Terrestrial Projections of the Cosmic Environmental Connections
In order to prevent the global, regional or/and local ecological catastrophes, in the actual terrestrial evolutionary circumstances it’s worth extending the researches of the EEE Ecology/environment- cumeny/population-Economy/activity tri-interactional systems from the global to the macro- and micro-cosmic level, based on the Hermetic interactional axioms „as up so down and as down so up”, „as inside so outside and as outside so inside”, „as earlier so later and as later so earlier”, and „as in micro so in macro and as in macro so in micro”. In macro-direction, limiting successive „Our Cosmic Environment”/ ”Our Local Universe” from „Our Whole Universe” to „Our Galaxy Milky Way”, with „Our Photon-Belt” on the exterior end of its fifth/irregular „Orion-Arm”, along which Möbius-like toroidal belt is whirling solenoid-like the Sun – Twin-Sun – Moon system (the Helios – Eos/ Hemera – Selena second wave of Titans in Hesiod’s „Theogony”) , results a multicomplex motion of the Earth (Gaia in „Theogony”) as component of the Solar System. In micro-direction, in the Whole Periodic System, extended from the actually recognized 118 elements to 558, respectively with the Etheron-Gluon-Quark as primary elements, result similar multicomplex vibrations between the extreme limits of the Material World. The functional-formal-structural elements of this cosmic environment appear in form of projections on the terrestrial and other planetary surfaces, as an open book of the Nature, this surface including not only the global geoid-like geometrical multilayered envelope, but the inner fractal-like structured coating/strata of the Earth (and of the Earth-like planets).
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Chemistry & its Applications
Terrestrial Projection of The Photon-Belt
This short “synthesis of syntheses” attempts to reflect my original new conception about the really credible world-view and view of life, as result of my six decades scientific research, taking into consideration the known sources and new interpretations/conclusions referring to the cosmic structure, functioning and manifestations in terrestrial context, especially of the Photon-Belt. Some ideas, drawings or tables taken over from my earlier short syntheses appear every time in new context, maybe with modifications/completions, with new meaning. Started from the idea of the similitude between the “extended complete periodic systems” on every cosmic evolutionary level – with exemplification of the PHYSICAL and ASTRAL levels – result very surprising new ideas, e.g.: 1) - the synergetic pattern of the conic-toroidal structure, vorticial functioning and matricial aspect makes possible the most comprehensive modelling of the cosmic evolution, explaining the similitude of the bionic extended whole periodic systems of the chemical elements within the progressive fractal cosmic levels; 2) – this reciprocal similitude is based on the etheron-creation from the light and etheronic evolution of the elements each from another through a “pulling and pushing” mechanism; .3) – the etheron-creation and etheronic evolution exemplified on the Physical and Astral cosmic levels are based on the Iovitzu-Ionescu-Joo 3-elliptic model of the PHOTON-BELT; 4) – this model itself is based on the discovery and characteristics of the ETHERON, with its (bio)photonic, gravific, bimetric, bifocal connections and their cosmic implications; 5) – the projection of the Photon-Belt in the North-African territory permits the explanation of the terrestrial global and particular phenomena, like the divine and human social evolution, energetic and structural evolution of the Earth, localization of the former gravific focus of the Photon-Belt – the former constellation PHOENIX – and of the sank tectonic shield ADRIA, with determinant role in the former Atlantic and European Civilizations, respectively within a possible future evolution of the New Europe and New Africa, including the whole Sahara and Sahel-Belt, in correlation with the outlining of the Big Eurasian Continental Unity.
Conic-Toroidal-VorticialMatricial Evolutionary Models
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Chemistry & its Applications
Adopting the classical Vitruvian definition of the ARCHITECTURE as unity of the Form-Function-Structure trinity, on cosmic level results the extended definition of the COSMIC ARCHITECTURE as quaternionic resultant of the three-interactional systemic components Dynamic/Cyclic Form- Evolution Function-Dual Structure. Starting from the WHOLE PERIODIC SYSTEM with 558 chemical elements, Gluon and Quark preelements, and the start/transitional IOVITZU’S ETHERON, and extending it with the 9th BIONIC/ETHERONIC axis perpendicular to the well-known 8 axes/16 semiaxes, resulted a GENERALIZATION of this EXTENDED WHOLE PERIODIC SYSTEM within a fractal-like structured octavic system. The Dynamic Duality of the Evolution being present everywhere at all times, on micro- and macro-cosmic levels alike, in form of nucleonic and bionic structures based on the sphere-torus reciprocal dual relations, we can distinguish nucleonic and bionic atomic structures, respectively nucleonic structured/octavic/light and bionic stuctured/pentatonic/dark cosmic evolutionary phases, with meaningful consequences of this new world concept/view of life. The DUALITY implying the SPLITTING possibility, the ancient Greek „a-tom”=unsplittable is followed by its successive discovered components proton-neutron-quark-gluon-ETHERON-BION, and on higher cosmic levels the Lightness/Darkness (determined by the etheronic-bionic balance within the spheric-toroidal structures), Life, Chaos, Gravitation. Every dual system or cosmic formation is splittable, it is „only” an energetic barriers question! The other-quaternionic- structural principle leads us to the Menora-like gradual structural diversity of the GRAVITATION, in correlation with the above mentioned energetic barriers.
Study of Inter Molecular Interaction in Some Binary Liquid Mixtures Through Ultrasonic Measurements at 298.15K
Experimental determined density, viscosity and sound velocity for binary mixtures of 1,3-dioxolane + 1-alkanols at T= 298.15 K, are conducted at atmospheric pressure. From these experimental values, various thermodynamic and excess thermodynamic properties were calculated. The adiabatic compressibility (βad), excess adiabatic compressibility (βadE), inter molecular free length (Lf), excess inter molecular free length (LfE), enthalpy (H), excess enthalpy (HE), free volume (Vf), excess free volume (VfE), internal pressure (Pi), excess internal pressure (piE) have been investigated from density (ρ), viscosity (η) and sound velocity (u) measurements of six binary liquid mixtures of 1,3-Dioxolane with pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol and decanol over the entire composition range of mole fractions at 298.15K. An excess value of adiabatic compressibility (βadE), inter molecular free length (LfE), excess enthalpy (HE), excess free volume (VfE) and excess internal pressure (piE) were plotted against the mole fraction of 1,3-dioxolane over the whole composition range. The values of (βadE), (LfE), (HE), (VfE) and (piE) for six binary liquid mixtures have been found to be negative which suggest the presence of weak molecular interaction in all the six binary mixtures. These mixtures exhibit very strong cross association through hydrogen bonding.
Green Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Investigation of Cr (II), Cu (II), and Fe (III) Complexes with Schiff Base Ligand Derived from Substituted Salicylaldehyde
A new pyrimidine derivative Schiff base ligand has been synthesized by the condensation of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine and 3-bromo-5-chlorosalicylaldehyde. Metal complexes of the Schiff base were prepared by the reaction of the Schiff base and Iron nitrate in ethanol solution. The complexes isolated, washed and dried. The Schiff base is pale yellow, while Cr(II), Cu(II), And Fe(III) complexes is light yellow. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and UV-Vis techniques for the ligands and FT-IR, UV-Vis, all reactions monitored by TLC, molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements for the corresponding complexes.The complexes is paramagnetic. The results of the molar conductivity measurements indicated that all complexes are non-electrolytes in (DMSO). An octahedral geometry for all the complexes of. The ligands are bidentate, (L) through phenolic (OH) and azomethine nitrogen. The ligand and its complexes were screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activity against Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium Moniliform, Aspergllus Flavus and Escherichia Coli, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus Aureus, B. subtilis. The result indicated that the complexes exhibited good antifungal and antibacterial activities.
Magnetorheological Polishing Technology Application for High Precision Optical Elements
The technology of magnetorheological polishing is widely utilized in the processing of high-precision optical elements. One of the critical factors in magnetorheological polishing technology is the nature and quality of the nanocrystalline abrasives present in the magnetorheological suspension. This study presents a method for the magnetorheological polishing of water-soluble Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals, which are employed in the fabrication of nonlinear optical elements in laser technology. The magnetorheological suspension is enhanced with a nanocrystalline abrasive composed of amorphous silicon dioxide, synthesized through the sol-gel process. The incorporation of nanocrystalline abrasives contributes significantly to the uniformity and surface quality of optical elements processed with the magnetorheological suspension. The introduction of SiO2 nanocrystalline abrasive into the magnetorheological suspension has enabled the achievement of high processing quality and surface purity, facilitating the final polishing of KDP single-crystals to a roughness value not exceeding 6 Å.
The Study of Chemical and Biological Behaviour of Novel 2-Ammino-5-(Substituted)-1,3,4-Thiadiazole
Due to biological and pharmacological properties, heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives have attracted strong interest in medicinal chemistry. The series of 2amino-5-(substituted phenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole was prepared in the laboratory via POCl3 -promoted cyclization reaction, and it is characterized by UV, FT-IR, and 1HNMR. Thiadiazoles have a heterocyclic nucleus that contains a five-member ring and nitrogen & sulfur. Thiadiazoleheterocyclic nucleus is an important class for new biologically active drug development. Thiadiazoles have unique chemical properties and biological characteristics. Thiadiazole & its derivatives have shown several pharmacological activities as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activity, antitubercular activity, antidiabetic activity, diuretic, antidepressant, and cytotoxic activity. Thiadiazole shows high energy against E. coli, gram-negative bacteria. It shows good antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Candida. However, the wide range of therapeutic values of 1,3,4-thiadiazole has encouraged us to do advanced research on it. This article is a review of the series of 2-amino-5-(substituted phenyl)-1,3,4thiadiazole.
Exploring a Dicationic Benzochromene with Dual photochromic and Electrochromic Response
This study reports the synthesis and characterization of the first dicationic 3,3diaryl-3H-benzo[f]chromene, substituted with pyridinium moieties at the C-8 position and the para-position of one of the C-3 aryl groups. The dicationic benzochromene and its precursors exhibit good photochromism with strong photocolourability in MeCN solutions. The neutral bispyridyl-substituted precursor transitions from colourless to orange (δPSS 452 nm) in solution upon UV irradiation, with a half-life (t1/2) of 812 s. Upon UV irradiation, the paleyellow dicationic benzochromene develops a deep orange hue in solution, accompanied by the formation of a broad absorption band with a shoulder around 460 nm, tailing to ca. 550 nm. The resulting photomerocyanine exhibits a shorter half-life (t1/2 = 522 s) compared to its neutral precursor. Spectroelectrochemical studies show that both the chromene form and the derived photomerocyanine of the dicationic benzochromene are electrochemically active, with reduction processes occurring at the pyridinium moieties. Upon applying a negative potential (−1.15 V to −1.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl) to the chromene form, a distinct strong absorption band at 520 nm emerges, indicative of the formation of a delocalized δ-radical species. The combined photochromic and electrochromic properties of the dicationic benzochromene highlight its distinct dual-functional behaviour, with different responses to both light and electrochemical stimuli.
The Ulianov Atomic Model (UAM) presents a revolutionary approach to understanding atomic structures and interactions, diverging significantly from traditional models reliant on W and Z bosons and strong and weak nuclear forces. This paper explores the UAM, which replaces these forces with the Strong Gravitational Contact Force (SGCF) and utilizes the true shapes of proton and electron membranes to provide a more profound understanding of atomic behavior. In the Ulianov Atomic Model, atomic nucleons are modeled by Kepler Ulianov Proton Trees (KUPT), and electrons follow a Ulianov Electron Distribution (UED). By examining the UAM, we gain insights into the formation of hydrogen and helium atoms, the stability of nucleons, and the potential applications of this model in nuclear reactors and the creation of room-temperature superconductors.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Antimicrobial Study of Transition Metal Complexes of 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxybenzaldehyde and 2-Hydroxy 5-Nitrobenzaldehyde Semicarbazone
Semicarbazones are compounds which are synthesized by condensation of semicarbazide hydrochloride and aldehydes or ketones. The literature survey revealed that semicarbazones had been emerged as a compound with broad range of activities including anticonvulsant, antitubercular, anticancer and antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study is to synthesis and characterization of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde seimcarbazone Schiff base and its Nickel (II), Cobalt (II) complexes and 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde seimcarbazone Schiff base and its Nickel (II) complex. The results of FT-IR and UV-Vis spectra of the Schiff bases and metal complexes confirm the formation of azomethine group (C=N) accompanied with the absence of carbonyl group and the formation of new (M-N) and (M-O) bonds with all metal ions. The results assign that 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde seimcarbazone is neutral and bidentate species witch coordinated via azomethine N and O with both metal ions and 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde seimcarbazone is neutral tridentate species witch coordinated via azomethine N, O and OH group. The antimicrobial activity of Schiff bases and their metal complexes was carried out against four types of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and one fungus (Candida ablicans) by using disc diffusion method. The results showed that the two Schiff bases were active against four tested organisms. The Nickel (II) complex of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde seimcarbazone was active against one type of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and partially active against three type of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and one fungus (Candida albicans) and Cobalt (II) complex of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde seimcarbazone was partially active against one type of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and one fungus (Candida albicans) and inactive against three type of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginos and Bacillus subtilis). And Nickel (II) complex of 2-Hydroxy5- itrobenzaldehyde seimcarbazone was partially active against two type of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginos) and one fungus (Candida albicans) and inactive against two types of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis).
Recent Progress in Phenothiazine Derivatives and its Biological Significance: A Review
Phenothiazines are class of organic compounds that have become exceedingly important due to their ‎varied biological and significant chemical properties. Phenothiazine and its derivatives have prominent place in pharmacology and biomedicine. In last couple of decades’ significant attention has been paid on synthesis of phenothiazine derivatives and their subsequent screening towards widespread ‎pharmacological activities.
Chemical and Bio-Based Demulsifiers for Crude Oil-Water Emulsions: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Performance and Sustainable Solutions
Crude oil-water emulsions pose significant challenges in the petroleum industry due to their stability, which is enhanced by natural surfactants like asphaltenes, resins, and waxes. Effective demulsification is essential to mitigate operational inefficiencies, corrosion, and increased viscosity. This review compares chemical and natural-based demulsifiers, evaluating their performance under laboratory and industrial conditions. Chemical demulsifiers, such as surfactants and polymers, are widely used for their efficiency and adaptability but raise environmental concerns. Natural demulsifiers derived from plant extracts, waste oils, and biopolymers offer sustainable alternatives, though their effectiveness varies with conditions. The study highlights the mechanisms of emulsion formation and stabilization, demulsification techniques (mechanical, chemical, thermal, and electrical), and factors influencing the process, such as temperature, droplet size, and interfacial films. While chemical demulsifiers remain dominant in industrial applications, natural alternatives show promise, particularly in eco-sensitive contexts. Future research should focus on optimizing natural demulsifiers and validating their scalability under industrial conditions.
Comparative Thermodynamic Analysis of Inorganic Refrigerants in Cascade LNG Liquefaction Systems: A Performance Metrics
The increasing demand for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly liquefied natural gas (LNG) production has led to the exploration of alternative refrigerants in cascade liquefaction systems. This study presents a comparative thermodynamic analysis of inorganic refrigerants in cascade liquefied natural gas (LNG) liquefaction systems, focusing on performance metrics. The research aims to evaluate the exergy losses, coefficient of performance (COP), energy requirements, and overall thermodynamic efficiency of various refrigerants, including Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Nitrogen, and the conventional C3MR (Propane Mixed Refrigerant). Results reveal significant variations in refrigerant performance. C3MR demonstrates the highest COP (4.25) but exhibits moderate exergy efficiency (63%) and high energy losses in compressors. Noble gases show contrasting trends: argon achieves exceptional exergy efficiency (83%) but poor COP (1.38), while xenon has low exergy efficiency (36%) but a competitive COP (2.99). Nitrogen incurs catastrophic exergy losses during depressurization (345,439 kJ/hr), highlighting operational challenges. The study underscores the need for component-specific refrigerant optimization and suggests hybrid systems combining C3MR’s heat transfer advantages with argon’s exergy efficiency. These findings advance LNG liquefaction technology by providing a nuanced framework for balancing thermodynamic performance, environmental impact, and operational feasibility
Review of Research Topics for Scaling-up of Sonochemical Reactors (Sono-Reactors)
This study is aimed to review the topics of chemical engineering to take in consideration for the scaling-up of reactors, in order to perform processes based on the application of the sonochemistry at industrial level. Sonochemistry is an emergent technology, defined as chemistry made with ultrasound. The characteristic ultrasound frequencies are in the range of 1-10MHz, and in particular for sonochemistry in the sub-range 16-100 KHz. Chemical effects of ultrasound exist when there are changes in the path- ays of reactions, yields and/or selectivities of the products due to the ultrasonic activation. At laboratory level, the sonochemistry has shown fantastic results, because it is based on the phenomenon of acoustic cavitation in liquids, thus, producing very high temperatures (some thousands of Kelvin degrees) and high pressures (some hundreds of atmospheres) during very short times (from tenths to hundreds of microseconds). Cavitation is the phenomenon with the most important effect for intensification of physical and chemical processing. Under these conditions, the yields of sonochemical reactions increase drastically, and their selectivities are improved, thus generating new mechanisms of reaction involving inorganic and organic syntheses. It is not easy to reproduce experimental results of quantification of sonochemical intensity, which is significant for the efficient scaling-up of sonochemical reactors (sono-reactors) for the progress of industrial applications of sonochemistry. This technology has application at industrial level for the treatment of waste-water and black-water. Sonochemistry can be considered as Green Chemistry, presenting the following advantages: low waste, low consumption of materials and energy with optimized use of non-renewable resources and use of renewable energies. Designs of large-scale use sono-reactors are based on intuition mainly, and their yields are impossible to predict. Few studies were aimed about optimum design and scaling-up of sonochemical reactors. The implementation of sonochemistry at the industrial level will be feasible when the use of cavitational energy can be adequately controlled. There is a need for standardized sonochemical reactors in order to be able to compare the results of yield and selectivity of sonochemical reactions. For sonochemical reactors a pilot and industrial scale the required volumes are 100 dm3 and 1 m3 approximately. Polymerization reactions, must be developed in a discontinuous or semi-continuous regime (Batch or semi-batch sono-reactors respectively), considering the kinetic and thermodynamic topics of the reactor, as also the effects of viscosity on transport properties. Organo-metals reactions, they have to be developed in a semi-continuous or continuous regime. In order to improve the sonochemical processes, we must take in consideration the optimizations of production and economic, including the ultrasonic energy in the energy balances, as well as in the conditions of operation. Among limitations found are the modeling and simulation of 2-D and 3-D of ultrasound waves in liquid medium for the study of pressure fields behaviors in sonochemical reactors, considering the quantification of cavitation intensities and fluid circulation. Due to the high temperatures inside of sono-reactor (although be for a period of µs) and the associated safety hazards, application of thermal and electrical superconductors respectively, would be an important topic to investigate. The study of materials resistant to the stress by ultrasonic cavitation is also a new topic research open by sonochemistry.
A Comprehensive Review on Adsorption Techniques for Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment
The presence of emergent pollutants in the aquatic environment has raised concerns all over the world because of their adverse effects on the environment and human health. Their elimination becomes a necessity. This article provides a review of the up-to-date research on the treatment of emergent pollutants by adsorption. In this study, we have focused mainly on the elimination of pharmaceutical pollutants from aqueous solutions by deferent adsorbents and comparing their adsorption capacity. Previous studies showed the advantages of using biomaterials and eco-friendly adsorbents to remove these pollutants from wastewater. Most of the adsorbents have shown effective removal of pharmaceutical pollutants. Several parameters influences the adsorption phenomenon such-as pH of the solution, temperature, concentration and nature of pollutant and the dose of the adsorbent.
Reactive Extraction of Carboxylic Acids (Lactic, Propionic and Succinic Acids) using Tri-n-Butyl Amine Dissolved in Various Diluents
The current study intends to look into the extraction of lactic acid, propionic acid and succinic acids from aqueous solutions of these substances utilizing various solvent-extractant combinations to ascertain the most effective composition for the reactive extraction. The commercial value of succinic, propionic, and lactic acids in industrial processes led to their selection as the carboxylic acids. The process of recovering carboxylic acids from their aqueous solutions is accomplished by the Process Intensification method of reactive Tri-n-Butyl Amine was employed in the experiments because it has better stability, a lower water solubility, and is more eco-friendly than other extractants of the amine type. The extractants were dissolved in various diluents with various chemical structures, including 1-octanol, chloroform, and dimethylene chloride. Each experiment was conducted at 298.15 K. The distribution coefficient (KD), loading factor (Z), and extraction yield (%E) were used to compare the results in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 N acid concentration at various concentrations of Tri-n-Butyl Amine (10% to 40%). It was observed that at 0.1N and 40% amine concentration succinic acid attains a maximum distribution coefficient KD is 8.01 and equilibrium complexion KE1 is 7.5 for Tri-n-Butyl Amine, followed by propionic acid and lactic acid and a (1:1) type of acid amine complex was observed. The kinetic studies that were carried out using stirred cells to figure out the kinetic parameters such as order of the reaction with respect to acid and amine, mass transfer coefficient, and rate constant are also reported. The reaction with the highest Hatta number, MH=14, occurs in an instantaneous regime in 1-octanol when succinic acid and Tri-n-Butyl Amine interact.
Process Intensification in Distillation using HiGee Rotating Packed Bed
For decades, improving the gas-side mass transfer coefficient in rotating packed beds has been a formidable challenge. Distillation, often limited by gas-phase resistance, requires substantial innovation to enhance these coefficients. Rotating packed beds offer a distinct advantage over conventional columns, primarily due to the intense micro-mixing within fluid channels. This micro-mixing significantly boosts mass transfer between phases and facilitates rapid attainment of steady-state conditions, making them a superior choice for processes where gas-side resistance is the bottleneck. The current study emphasis on the mass transfer performance of rotating packed for acetone water system with two different packing materials viz., wire mesh and ceramic beads. Working principle of HiGee, typical flow pattern, modeling equations have been discussed in this paper. The effects of rotational speed, gas flow rates and radial thickness of the packing on mass transfer performance were also investigated. The mass transfer coefficients of the rotating packed bed HiGee were increased with increasing the rotational speed. The Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plates (HETP) of the rotating packed bed used in this study was 5-6 times less than the conventional packed columns. This study contributes to significantly advancing the industrial applications of rotating packed beds.
Understanding Global Climatic Shifts- A Comprehensive Review
Climate change, spanning from tropical regions to polar zones, represents a significant and persistent alteration in weather patterns, posing a grave threat to all sectors of the global economy. This review seeks to shed light on the variability that is comprehensively eroding the sustainability of various sectors. The uniqueness of this review lies in its thorough synthesis of the most recent research and insights into global climatic changes, offering a holistic perspective that covers the causes, manifestations, impacts, and potential remedies to tackle this intricate issue. While numerous studies have delved into different facets of climate change independently, this review integrates diverse viewpoints from climate science, ecology, economics, and social sciences to provide a nuanced comprehension of the multifaceted challenges of climatic shifts. Furthermore, a discussion on the intricate relationship between climate change and other global crises, such as food security, water scarcity, and social inequality, underscores the interconnected nature of these challenges and the significance of integrated solutions. Additionally, the review has furnished valuable insights into potential adaptation and mitigation strategies to confront the challenges of climate change. Recent events like the coronavirus outbreak indicate that climate change exacerbates the issue of antimicrobial resistance, posing a new threat to human health through the proliferation of resistant microorganisms. Moreover, the global tourism faces significant setbacks when climate change renders previously popular destinations less attractive. This review offers a detailed assessment of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures tailored to specific sectors mentioned above while considering the associated economic implications. Prioritizing efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change is imperative, necessitating a global endeavor to address its catastrophic effects and safeguard global sustainability.
Assembly and Electrostatic Steering of α-lactalbumin/ Lysozyme Heterodimers: Kirkwood Correlation
The interaction of LYS with native α-LA (holo α-LA) and its calcium-depleted form (apo α- LA) is investigated using Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy (DRS) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Here, the interaction between LYS and α-LA change the diffusion coefficient of substrate and newly formed oligomer exhibit its characteristic Brownian motion, as followed by DLS. We report on our efforts towards the understanding of the interaction occurring between these two proteins. To describe the possible, assemble in more detail, protein-protein docking simulations was provided. In a docking simulation, several putative structural models of heterodimers are selected by scoring functions from an ensemble of many heterodimer models. The low docking score of these models was used to obtain theoretical values of the dipole moment and hydrodynamic radius using PHEMTO Server and HYDROPRO program, respectively.
Development of Environment Sustainability by Conjugated Ligands in Bio Orthogonal Chemistry
Bioorthogonal chemistry represents a class of high-yielding chemical reactions that proceed rapidly and selectively in biological environments without side reactions towards endogenous functional groups.Bioorthogonal chemistry represents a class of high-yielding chemical reactions that proceed rapidly and selectively in biological environments without side reactions towards endogenous functional groups. Bioorthogonal chemistry allows organic synthesis ordinarily performed in a laboratory to be performed in living organisms and cells. Thus it helps in increasing the sustainability of the environment. Bioorthogonal chemistry is a set of methods using the chemistry of non-native functional groups to explore and understand biology in living organisms. Bioorthogonal processes involve two steps. First, a bioorthogonal handle (such as an azide group) is incorporated into biomolecules using methods such as metabolic labelling. Next, a probe bearing a functional group (such as an alkyne moiety) which reacts fleetly and widely with the bioorthogonal handle introduced exogenously, attaching the inquiry to a biomolecule. Bioorthogonal trailing compares positively to conventional metabolic trailing, where direct objectification of biomolecules bearing large examinations can be slow if not insolvable. Taking examinations with long hearthstone times may intrude with other natural processes. To be considered bioorthogonal, the response must meet the ensuing conditions The response must do at the temperatures and pH of physiological surroundings. The response must give products widely and by high yields and mustn't be affected by water or endogenous nucleophiles, electrophiles, reductants, or oxidants set up in complex natural surroundings. The response must be presto, indeed at low attention, and must form stable response products. The response should involve functional groups not naturally present in natural systems. The use of covalent chemistry to track biomolecules in their native terrain- a focus of biorthogonal chemistry-- has entered considerable interest lately among chemical biologists and organic druggists alike. To grease wider relinquishment of bioorthogonal chemistry in biomedical exploration, a central trouble in the last many times has been concentrated on the optimization of a many known bioorthogonal responses, particularly with separate to response kinetics enhancement, new inheritable garbling systems, and fluorogenic responses for bioimaging. During these optimizations, three strategies have surfaced, including the use of ring strain for substrate activation in the cycloaddition responses, the discovery of new ligands and privileged substrates for accelerated essence-catalysed responses, and the design of substrates with pre-fluorophore structures for rapid-fire "turn-on” luminescence after picky bioorthogonal responses. In addition, new bioorthogonal responses grounded on either modified or fully unknown reactant dryads have been reported. Eventually, attention has been directed toward the development of mutually exclusive bioorthogonal responses and their operations in multiple labelling of a biomolecule in cell culture. In this point composition, we wish to present the recent progress in bioorthogonal responses through the named exemplifications that punctuate the below-mentioned strategies. Considering adding complication in bioorthogonal chemistry development, we strive to project several instigative openings where bioorthogonal chemistry can make a unique donation to biology in near future. Biomolecule labelling using chemical examinations with specific natural conditioning has played important roles for the explanation of complicated natural processes. Picky bioconjugation strategies are largely-demanded in the construction of colourful small-patch examinations to explore complex natural systems. Bioorthogonal responses that suffer fast and picky ligation under bio-compatible conditions have set up different operations in the development of new bioconjugation strategies. The development of new bioorthogonal responses in the once decade has been epitomised with commentary on their capabilities as a bioconjugation system in the construction of colourful natural examinations for probing their target biomolecules. For the operations of bioorthogonal responses in the point-picky biomolecule conjugation, examples have been presented on the bioconjugation of protein, glycan, nucleic acids and lipids.
Curcumin-Based Polyurethane Coatings: A Novel Bioactive Solution
This paper reports the preparation of polyurethane (PU) coatings using aromatic diisocyanates (methylene diisocyanate (MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and MDI/TDI mixture) with natural diols like curcumin, employing an organotin catalyst (DBTDL). The PU mixtures were applied using a brush on steel, aluminum panels, and various polymers, and their coating characteristics were evaluated, including gloss, scratch resistance, impact resistance, pencil hardness, and chemical resistance. Increasing the molar ratio of natural diols enhanced coating flexibility but reduced hardness. Additionally, the PU coatings were analysed for thermal stability using thermo gravimetric analysis, demonstrating the successful production of eco-friendly, bio based PUs through an economically viable process
Application of Bio Additive for Flow Assurance of Indian Waxy Crude Oil
Wax deposition in pipelines during production, storage, and transportation is a very serious issue in the upstream petroleum industry. Lots of money and time need to be invested by the petroleum industries to restart the flow. The present study deals with the application of alkyd resin as bio-additive for flow assurance of waxy crude oil. Epoxidized Jatropha oil was co-polymerized with phthalic anhydride to prepare alkyd resin. FTIR and NMR spectrum analysis were performed to characterize the bio-additive JOAR. After dosing with alkyd resin, the pour point of Indian crude oil was decreased from 33°C to 24°C, and it also improves the flowability of crude oil by reducing its rheological properties including viscosity, thixotropic properties, etc. A significant reduction of pour point and viscosity was observed after the addition of 400 ppm bio-additive. Moreover, this bio-additive is biodegradable, eco-friendly, non-toxic, and cost-effective compared to commercial flow improver.
Synthesis of Nano-Cellulose from Argo Wastes and Making a Fibre Film as an Alternative of Plastic Film and its Characterization
With the rapid increase in the consumption of plastic films for different purposes it becomes crucial to develop films that are made from agro-waste materials like rice husk and wheat straw so that it can be helpful for sustainable development. As cellulose is the most abundant polymer, we can easily extract it from different resources like rice husk. So, firstly we extract cellulose naturally, and then using different mechanical and chemical treatment methods we will obtain film. The research has been focused on isolating Nano cellulose from rice husk. For characterization of film, we will use FTIR, SEM, and XRD techniques. These techniques are used to determine surface morphology, size, and characteristics of Nano cellulose. The main objective of the following research is focused on obtaining valuable products from agro waste and one such product is Nano cellulose.
Quantitative Analysis of Cyclosieversioside F from Astragalus Pterocephalus
Astragalus pterocephalus Bunge growing in Uzbekistan are a source of triterpene glycosides. The main triterpene glycoside, is a cycloartane type - cyclosieversioside F (astragaloside IV). To obtain a biologically active compound cyclosieversioside F with 95% purity, a proposed method involves extraction with ethanol. The optimal conditions for the isolation and separation of the amount of extract have been tried to obtain cyclosieversioside F. Quantitative analysis of the glycoside was carried out by high-pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC-ELSD.
Ode to Science: With Eternal Thanks to Rudyard Kipling
If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you. If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you But make allowance for their doubting too. If you can wait but not be tired by waiting And yet don't look too good nor talk too wise.
The accumulation of plastic waste has risen tremendously in the last few decades and is posing a significant threat to the environment. To reduce its negative impact various methods of developing biodegradable plastics are underway but there have not been many conclusive steps for the existing problem. The conversion of plastic waste into valuable fuels offers a compelling solution that simultaneously tackles the pressing issues of plastic waste accumulation and the scarcity of traditional fuel sources. The process described here is Pyrolysis. Plastic Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of plastic waste at different temperatures (300 – 900 °C), in the absence of oxygen. The valuable products obtained from this technique are fuel oil, syn gas, and a solid residue of carbon black. As the calorific value of the fuel oil produced is similar to that of conventional fuels, it can be used as a great alternative. The fuel oil produced needs to be refined before it can be used as a fuel for domestic purposes, vehicles and industries. Plastic pyrolysis is a promising technology for the conversion of plastic waste into needed fuels but further research is required in this field to optimize the process and increase its efficiency.
Hydrogen Storage and Generation Through Nanoparticlised Metal Hydrides
Hydrogen, as a clean and efficient energy carrier, has garnered significant attention in the quest for sustainable energy solutions. This abstract explores the promising avenue of hydrogen storage and generation through nanoparticlised metal hydrides, a cutting-edge approach aimed at addressing the limitations of conventional storage methods. Basic well-known hydrogen storage methods, such as physisorption and liquid hydrogen storage, have proven inadequate in terms of efficiency, safety, and practicality. Furthermore, the high-pressure hydrogen storage technique is often impractical due to safety concerns and the energy-intensive compression requirements. In contrast, the utilization of nanoparticlised metal hydrides offers a unique opportunity for safe, compact, and reversible hydrogen storage. In addition, this abstract delves into the novel concept of hydrogen generation from magnesium hydride through the use of organic acids, a groundbreaking innovation that further enhances the practicality and sustainability of the metal hydride approach. Such advancements hold great promise for unlocking the full potential of hydrogen as a clean energy source, facilitating its integration into diverse applications and contributing to a greener, more sustainable future.
The Potential Impact of Entrepreneurial Skills on Chemistry Education Students' Achievement in the Sciences in Federal University, Oye Ekiti
The research investigated how entrepreneurial skills influence the academic achievements of chemistry education students in the field of chemical production at the Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study involved eighty (80) 300Level and 400Level Chemistry Education students, in which thirty (30) were males and fifty (50) were females. A quasi-experimental research design was utilized for this investigation. Entrepreneurship Chemistry Achievement Test (ECAT) was employed as the primary assessment tool. The examination items were formulated based on the concepts within chemical production, a sub-topic under polymer chemistry. Data obtained were analyzed using measures of central tendency such as mean and standard deviation. Hypotheses were tested through the application of t-test statistical analysis. Findings from the study revealed that students who participated in hands-on exercises related to chemical production exhibited superior performance compared to those who did not engage in practical activities, based on this finding, it was recommended that equipping chemistry education graduates with technical skills, wider and deeper knowledge of chemical analysis tools in addition to professional skills should be an integral part of the school curriculum not just for improved academic performance but also wealth creation, poverty reduction and youths’ self–employment.