Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology
Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Civil Engineering Research & Technology. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You can submit articles online from https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/submit-online (or) can send through an e-mail with attachment for civilengineering@onlinescientificresearch.info
Building Bridges to the Blue: Ocean Science, Conservation,and Education for Empowered Coastal Communities
Innovative community based monitoring programs and citizen science projects have become transformative forces in the field of marine science and conservation, including local inhabitants as active participants in ongoing research activities. These programs enable people to actively engage in data gathering via thorough training and cooperative efforts, providing insightful information on the complex dynamics and health of marine ecosystems.Community participation in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is noteworthy because it introduces co-management practices and gives locals a crucial role in enforcing legislation and managing marine resources sustainably. In this complex strategy, education plays a key role as a foundation for awareness and transformation. Customized initiatives intentionally incorporate marine science into community workshops and school curriculum to provide a deep understanding of marine ecosystems. Using immersive field excursions and interactive workshops as well as other experiential learning strategies improves understanding and fosters a greater feeling of accountability for ocean conservation. Additionally, programs within this paradigm aggressively acknowledge and incorporate indigenous and cultural knowledge, which successfully closes the knowledge gap between traditional ecological wisdom and mainstream science.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology
The Impact of Thermal Power Plants on Environmental Pollution in Kosovo
This study analyzes the impact of coal-fired power plants on environmental pollution in Kosovo. Coal-fired power plants are significant sources of air, water, and soil pollution. Air pollution includes emissions of pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, while water pollution results from the discharge of contaminated water into rivers. Soil pollution occurs due to the deposition of air pollutants and industrial waste. To reduce environmental pollution, it is important to invest in alternative energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and hydropower. Measures should also be taken to treat contaminated water and establish safe methods for the removal and treatment of waste. Public awareness and education about environmental pollution and the importance of clean energy are also crucial in supporting the transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable environment. The study utilizes data and information from the Kosovo Environmental Protection Agency, monitoring by the INKOS Institute, reports from international organizations, as well as relevant scientific research and other reports. The results indicate that environmental pollution from power plants in Kosovo has significant negative consequences on air, water, and soil quality, impacting human health and the broader environment. Meanwhile, to improve the situation, urgent measures and investments in alternative and sustainable energy sources are necessary
Shpresa Thaqi Ndrecaj Shpresa Thaqi Ndrecaj
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology
Digital States: Digitalization in the Midst of Sea Level Rise
The Montevideo Convention provides that a state should possess a defined territory to be a person of international law. The United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea also provides that the sovereignty of a coastal state extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic state, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea. Baselines play a pivotal role in the Convention, as they are itself the basis of a state's maritime zones of jurisdiction. Territory is an area over which a state has effective control. Control over territory is of the essence of a state. Territory includes land, maritime areas, airspace, and outer space. In 2100, several cities and countries will be submerged due to sea level rise caused by climate change. This imperils the state's livelihoods, the well-being of its people, and undermines the full realization of a sustainable future for them. More importantly, these countries' status in international law remains unanswered. How will the existing treaties treat these submerged states are they still considered "states"? To what extent can these states exercise their maritime jurisdiction and sovereignty if the coast, where the baselines are drawn, disappears? These questions are relevant in determining whether the state loses its statehood due to the loss of physical territory and whether the state is still entitled to continue its control over the maritime areas. The physical disappearance of all the land territory of a state is unprecedented and the relevant gap in international law is evident. In this study, the proponent seeks to recognize digital territories under international law and how it mends the gap for the current black letter laws in force. First, states, by having their digital counterpart, will continue to enjoy their statehood in a sense of permanence by departing from the concept based on physicality. Digital states will continue to provide services to their nationals, wherever they are, through the Internet. Finally, digital territories will be used as bases for baselines under UNCLOS to continue exercising control over their maritime areas, giving them legal stability and protection.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology
An Environmentally Sustainable Healthcare Unit in Greece
For sustainable development, society needs sustainable health and medical care systems, which themselves must meet sustainability criteria in their operation.However, our health systems face urgent problems that call into question the sustainability of their services. On the one hand, the health care industry has a significant share of carbon dioxide emissions - depending on the source between 5 and 6 percent, produces large amounts of waste (sometimes hazardous) and has a very high-water consumption. Creating an environmentally sustainable healthcare unit in Greece, involves tailoring strategies to the specific environmental challenges and opportunities present in the Greek principles. Parameters that should be examined to achieve this challenge are energy efficiency, green building design, waste management,water conservation, sustainable transportation, community engagement procurement practices and health promotion. Healthcare units can install solar panels to generate electricity, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources. Additionally, optimizing HVAC systems and implementing energy-efficient lighting can further reduce energy consumption. Incorporating green building principles into hospital design and renovation projects, can enhance sustainability. This includes eco-friendly building materials, maximizing neutral ventilation and daylighting, and integrating green spaces such as gardens or green roofs. Effective waste management is crucial for environmental sustainability. Healthcare units can implement recycling programs for paper, plastic, glass, and other recyclable materials. Proper segregation and disposal of medical waste are also essential to prevent pollution and protect public health. About water conservation, healthcare units can implement water-saving measures such as installing low-flow fixtures, capturing rainwater for irrigation, and implementing greywater recycling systems. These practices help conserve water resources and reduce strain on local water supplies.
Colonial Spatial Demarcations in British Indian Rangoon
Burma now Myanmar was part of British India for over 100 years. Burma’s colonial experiences position it closer to South Asian experiences than colonial experiences of other parts of Southeast Asia such as Malaya, Vietnam or Indonesia. The British annexed Burma gradually starting in 1826 with the Eastern and Southern parts of the present geographic entity of Burma. Rangoon (now Yangon) was occupied by the British in 1852, and the town was quickly planted with churches, mosques and pretentious grand Indo-Saracenic commercial and administrative buildings designed by British architects and engineers based in British India. Rangoon became thus another showpiece of the pompous colonial architecture of British India. In India, the British usually divided the colonized cities into White Town and Black Town, spatially differentiating the European population, administration and businesses in the White Town from the native Asian population in the Black Town. This paper discusses the extent into which colonial Rangoon as a British Indian construct was segregated along the lines of White Town/ Black Town. The paper furthermore explores the legacies of these colonial racial demarcations and power hierarchies in contemporary Rangoon.
Marja-Leena Heikkila-Horn Marja-Leena Heikkila-Horn
In many parts of the world, flood situations with extreme devastating consequences on people's lives, buildings, and the natural environment occurred in 2023. During the floods, water levels rose up to 5 meters above ground level. One cannot forget the flood in 2002 in Prague, during which 18 metro stations and 19.6 km of track tunnels were flooded. In Bratislava, in the immediate vicinity of the Danube, a four-story underground garage with an unburdened surface was built in front of the Carlton Hotel. There are several lighter objects with multiple basements near the Danube. During extreme floods, these structures can be seriously damaged or destroyed. This contribution provides an overview of the development of extreme flow rates in the Danube, failures and the measures aimed at protecting underground structures during floods.
Floating Platforms for Generating Emission Free Electric Energy
The article presents two concepts of constructing floating platforms at sea intended for emission-free production of electricity. In the first one,electricity is generated using photovoltaic panels placed along the edge of a large circular floating platform. In the second and most important concept each platform consists of two main parts stacked horizontally on top of each other, the lower of which is a floating platform. These two separate components of the platform are connected to each other using special support nodes. Each of these nodes has the general shape of a cone and is free to rotate around the vertical axis of the cone. The kinetic energy of sea waves is absorbed by the lower platform floating on the water, setting it in motion, which motion is transmitted to the upper platform via support nodes. The rotating support nodes are connected to electric current generators. The energy generated in this way can be sent directly to external recipients or temporarily stored in the platforms themselves. The paper includes drawings showing examples of appropriate design solutions.
Vision for the Future Hospital in Response to the Challenges of the Current Reality
Healthcare is confronted by enormous challenges such as financial and demographic changes, exponential technological progress, an increasing incidence of chronically ill patients with changing needs for care.
The Canadian Government: How to Cope with the Canadian Winter
The Canadian Federal Government has several responsibilities towards the cold season in this country. Several agencies, departments and other institutions are in charge for everything from stamps, money, passport, Environment Canada and Climate change, National Defence, Natural Resources, Fisheries and Oceans. This article analyzes the work done for each of them when it comes to winter, snow and cold in a modern perspective.
Water is a pure substance that carries a huge load during its natural cycle on the earth, in the bio systems, in washing and cleaning, as well as in agricultural and industrial processes. Water gets rid of the load by evaporation caused by solar heat, and leaves it in the ponds, lakes and seas. In spite of modern waste water treatment these dumps of the water cycle become worse, and energy and chemicals consumption of the treatment has increased steadily. The waters and eco systems suffer increasing amount of drug and pharmaceutical residues, nutrients, various poisons, many other chemicals and micro plastics. Further, the natural water cycle functions as a major climate cooling element together with the photosynthesis. A lot of evaporation cool has lost by extension of civilization, open area building and construction, and underground sewerage systems. A new integrated water clarification method and device named OxTube for various water matrices and recycling is presented here. The clarification is hermetic and consists of four seamless phases; (1) separation of dissolved ingredients, (2) molecular activation, (3) clarification reactions, and (4) replacement dissolving. It separates dissolved gases like radon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbon, and dissolved solids like iron,manganese, calcium, fluorine and phosphorus. The molecules are activated and clarification reactions happen immediately by suction or feed of clean air, oxygen or ozone. The clarified water is aerated or oxygenated right after the clarification. All this happens within a second or few seconds depending on water volumes to be clarified. The integrated clarification is based on the fact that water itself is pure, it just picks up and transfers’ easily heavy load. The treated water can be recycled and discharged in to nature with full nature respect. The treated water can be led to the natural water cycle by spraying it on ground and plants for solar vaporization which means climate cooling, and load of the oceans can be reduced significantly. Health and wellness impacts of clean air can be dissolved in to the water such a way that exchange of slag and air gas between bio systems and the water initiates immediately in wet contact. Comparable iron gets rusted right away in this treated water but it could take years in dry air.
Co-digestion of Sewage Sludge and Biowaste for Biogas Production, GHG Avoided Emissions, and Profitable Carbon Credit Development
In Estonia, where biowaste comprises a significant portion of municipal waste, efficient waste management strategies are essential. Co-digestion presents a promising avenue to enhance biogas yield and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the potential of co-digesting sewage sludge and biowaste for biogas production, emphasizing carbon credit calculation and offset project development. Sewage sludge was effectively utilized as a co-feedstock for the co-digestion process, contributing to increased biogas production. In Narva City, 20,401.08037 m3/year of biogas was produced in 2012, facilitating the generation of electricity from renewable sources and thus reducing GHG emissions, which facilitates the calculation of carbon credits. We developed a robust carbon offset project based on the biogas volume, meeting additionality criteria and demonstrating long-term benefits. The revenue potential from carbon credits ranged from 118 EUR to 41300 EUR, depending on market prices and project attributes. Moreover, the offset project and calculated carbon credits offer tangible benefits to sustainable waste management and the implementation of the circular economy. By valorizing sewage sludge and biowaste through anaerobic digestion, the project contributes to waste diversion from landfills, reduces methane emissions, and promotes renewable energy generation. This integrated approach aligns with principles of sustainable waste management and supports the transition towards a circular economy model. Our findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders interested in leveraging anaerobic digestion for renewable energy production and carbon mitigation.
Ergonomic Wheelchair for Paraplegic Dogs with Resting Mechanism
After the development of specific wheelchairs for dogs, the quality of life of these animals with locomotor disabilities has improved considerably. However, even with the many benefits provided to dogs, canine wheelchairs can present some inconveniences to the animals that use them. An example of this is conventional wheelchairs, which do not have a resting mechanism, causing the animal to spend a long time without resting, which veterinarians consider to be very harmful to the health of the disabled animal. In light of the described problem, this project consists of the study of canine wheelchairs and the development of a wheelchair prototype with a resting mechanism so that the animal can rest without being removed from the chair, aiming to provide greater comfort to the animal and practicality to the owner. Additionally, the report presents the choice of ideal materials to be used in wheelchairs for dogs, in order to provide better ergonomics and experience for the animal during the use of the product. Finally, the use of rapid prototyping in the production of some parts made in 3D printers is also detailed in the report, along with presenting the assembly processes of the wheelchair prototype.
Barriers Affecting the Implementation of Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) in Oman
Traditional construction practices have always faced issues such as cost overruns, construction delays, and construction waste. Oman is no exception to these challenges because it primarily relies on traditional construction methods. To overcome these challenges and increase project efficiency, adopting Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) in Oman is crucial. However, the successful implementation of MMC is hindered by various barriers, which need to be addressed. This research project aims to identify the barriers that impede the implementation of MMC in Oman. Data was collected through surveys and indepth interviews with MMC stakeholders in Oman. The survey questionnaire presented 18 potential barriers, and respondents were encouraged to distribute the survey to their contactors who are familiar with MMC. About 400 surveys were distributed to a selected sample of civil engineers, architects, academic institutions, clients, consultants, contractors, and other relevant professionals. Additionally, four MMC experts in Oman were interviewed for their insights. The findings reveal that the most significant barriers to MMC implementation in Oman are high initial costs, supply chain disruptions, an emerging MMC market, inadequate government support, and transportation challenges. These barriers hinder the adoption of MMC and impede the realization of its potential benefits.
On the Fatigue of Ship-Structures under Wave Loads
Background: Fatigue damage is one of the main failure modes in ship structures. This type of damage usually starts from weak point of the structure as welded joints, sites of stress concentrations and cracks, whose propagation can lead to the failure of the ship structures. Cyclic loadings that ships encounter during their service life are one of the main causes that can produce fatigue damage, especially loads due to wave, mainly analyzed in this work. Once the crack is started, also lower stress cycles, which would have negligible effects on intact components, can propagate the crack. Objective: This paper wants to resume the most used fatigue strength assessment approaches, in order to analyze drawbacks and advantages and to provide the necessary background knowledge for the development of a future and reliable theoretical/numerical models for predicting the fatigue life of ship structures subjected to collision events and different sea states. Methods: This scientific work will thus consider the main theoretical approaches in time and frequency domain by using energy spectral methods. Collision rules are also assessed to check the hull girder ultimate bending capacity in the damaged state. Results: Cyclic stresses determination in specific structural details of the hull girder and welded joints is discussed, in order to evaluate the relevant maximum stress range useful for the subsequent fatigue studies, performed by finite element analysis. In a collision scenario, also in minor damages, fatigue cracks may appear and propagate, reducing structural strength and structures fatigue life. Conclusion: Structural loads determination can be categorized in different methods, but the frequency-domain method is the most extensively used methods in fatigue analysis procedure, because it requires significantly less computational efforts than the time-domain method. Once determined the stress distribution, in most cases fatigue damage is calculated using the Palmgren–Miner cumulative damage rule in combination with the S–N curves of materials, structural details and welded joints. In a scenario where a damaged ship encounters large wave amplitudes, the damage accumulation could lead to low-cycle fatigue.
Analysis the Strength of Concrete Using Steel Fibre Reinforced
This study investigates the effects of addition of binding wires on the compressive strength of concrete. Different quantities of binding wires are added to the concrete to find out the optimum quantities of binding wires in which the FRC with binding wires is more effective in terms of strength and crack resistance capacity. Steel fibre reinforcement concrete (SFRC) is a composite material made of hydraulic cements, water, fine and coarse aggregate and dispersion of discontinues small fibre (steel fibre). It is one of the superior crack resisting building materials due to its ability to modify micro and macro cracking by intercepting cracks at their origin and inhibit crack growth. The study found that addition of steel fibre increased compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 days test. SFRC is a superior crack resisting building material due to its ability to modify micro and macro cracking by intercepting cracks at their origin and inhibit crack growth. The results of the study show that the addition of binding wires as fibre can significantly increase the compressive along with the crack arresting capacity. The results also give a detail idea of optimum quantity of steel fibre that can be used in concrete production to get better strength and at the same time it will be more economical.
Seismic Assessment of Precast Concrete Hospital Structures Integrated with Building Information Modeling (BIM) in Indonesia
In earthquake-prone regions, it's crucial for hospitals to be well-prepared to ensure that medical care continues without interruption for the victims. The utilization of precast structural systems in construction, particularly in earthquake-prone areas like Indonesia, offers numerous advantages including enhanced construction efficiency and resilience against seismic loads. However, ensuring effective connections between precast components is crucial for structural integrity, especially in the event of earthquakes. Traditional methods of construction project planning often lead to interdisciplinary discrepancies and delays. Building Information Modeling (BIM) presents a solution to streamline construction practices and minimize clashes between disciplines. Despite its potential benefits, the adoption of BIM in Indonesia's construction industry has been slow due to various barriers. This research aims to evaluate the integration of BIM in the structural analysis and design of a Hospital Building in Indonesia. By conducting a comparative evaluation of structural analysis with and without BIM integration using ETABS and Revit-RSA software, this study seeks to enrich the understanding of BIM's role in enhancing the design of precast structural buildings, particularly for critical infrastructure such as hospitals. Quantitative and qualitative assessments will be conducted to evaluate various parameters including story mass, natural period, internal forces, and clash detection, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge regarding BIM utilization in Indonesia's construction sector.
Hydrogen: Revolutionizing Plumbing in Australia- Replacing Natural Gas with a Sustainable Future
As the global community intensifies efforts to combat climate change, industries worldwide are undergoing transformative shifts toward sustainability. The plumbing sector in Australia stands at a pivotal juncture, poised to revolutionize its practices, and embrace a greener future. This paper explores the potential of hydrogen as a replacement for natural gas in plumbing systems across Australia. With abundant renewable energy resources and a steadfast commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Australia is uniquely positioned to adopt hydrogen as a clean energy source. The paper delves into the properties and benefits of hydrogen, emphasizing its zero-emission nature and compatibility with existing plumbing infrastructure. By replacing natural gas with hydrogen, significant reductions in carbon emissions associated with heating, cooking, and hot water systems can be achieved. This shift presents exciting possibilities for a sustainable future in the plumbing sector, offering cleaner and more efficient solutions for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Additionally, the paper addresses the challenges and considerations in integrating hydrogen into plumbing systems, including safety measures, infrastructure requirements, and regulatory frameworks. Through collaborative efforts and innovative solutions, the plumbing industry in Australia can harness the transformative potential of hydrogen, contributing to the nation's sustainability goals and paving the way for a cleaner, more environmentally friendly future.
Review of Innovative Approaches of Wastewater Treatment and Management: A Case Study of Benin, Kenya and Zambia in Pursuit of Sustainable Solutions in the Context of the Green Deal
One in three people in the African region suffers from water scarcity, this situation is getting worse as a result of population growth. Poor wastewater treatment exacerbates the problem, as only 10% of wastewater in Africa is estimated to be treated before being released into the environment. The major wastewater sources in Africa are agricultural, mining, domestic, and industrial effluents, which include BOD, COD, TSS, NH 4-N, and T-P, heavy metals (like Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+), organic compounds, and fecal coliforms. Notably, the most widely used treatment method in Kenya is the application of single or combined constructed wetlands and conventional wastewater treatment systems. Whereas, wastewater in Zambia is mostly treated by the use of aerated stabilization ponds. In the case of Benin, the lagoon systems are applied in organic wastewater treatment, while simple and macrophyte lagoon systems are used to treat and recycle domestic wastewater. The results show that the treated wastewater is low quality, containing significant levels of BOD, COD, TSS, phosphorus, lead, and nitrate. It also exceeded the established regulatory discharge standards, affirming that the treatment methods were not fully effective. The nutrients are not entirely removed by the treatment procedures currently in use. In conclusion, the paper review more cost-effective, sustainable, and innovative technologies to improve wastewater management in Africa, such as the application of iron oxides, zeolites, biochar filters, or membranes. Such an approach will result in lowering environmental pressures in urbanized and rural areas.
Comparing Color Strength Results through Analysis of Rinse Water between Wool Dyed with Onion Skins and Mordants and Synthetic Dye
The textile industry is one of the biggest global polluters releasing chemicals into the air, land, and water. The majority of these emissions are due to the chemicals that enter the water stream from the textile dyeing process. While synthetic dye effluents are very hard to remove from the wastewater, natural dyes have a very minimal effect on the environment due to their biodegradability. One major issue that prevents the textile industry from using natural dyes is the differences in colorfastness between the synthetic dyes and natural dyes. Because of this, this study will evaluate if the use of a mordant before fiber dyeing could increase the colorfastness of a natural dye so that the use of natural dyes can be increased in the textile industry. Harvesting a dye from yellow onion skins has proved to be an attractive dye product not only due to its color performance but since it is a natural waste product, not interfering in the food supply chain. Dye from onion skins was compared to a synthetic dye counterpart, Rit brand dye. One wool sample was dyed with Rit, and three others with the onion dye without a mordant, and with lemon juice or iron ferrous sulfate as mordants. These samples were then washed until the rinse water became clear. The rinse water was then evaluated with a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The KubelkaMunk theory was used to solve for color strength of the rinse water or how much dye bled from the wool during washing. In conclusion the Rit dye and the onion dye with the lemon mordant performed better than the onion dyes without a mordant and with an iron mordant.
3D Printing of Flow Profiles for Inspection Chambers and Manholes
For years the way of producing a flow profile for Inspection Chambers and Manholes could be divided into 3 methods: Injection moulding, Roto moulding and Hand assembling. For the standard orientations, for example straight through and cross, the IM profile integrated with a base is by far the best option. But for nonstandard configurations; different orientations, inlet heights and inlet sizes, the only option is to hand weld them together from injection moulded parts, pipes and plates. This is a time- consuming way of producing with high production cost and often aesthetic-wise of a challenging level. This is not necessary anymore after the introduction of 3D printing as a new production method for flow profiles in chambers and manholes. 3D printing is in many industries an accepted production method which can produce parts of high quality and high accuracy. The printing systems have faced a huge development in the last 10 years and prints are often close to perfection. The only disadvantage of these printing systems is the maximum size of the print. But since the introduction of 3D robot printing, products with a diameter of 1 meter can be printed without any problem. 3D robot printers were up to recently, used for prototypes, one- off products and art objects. Now a production area is created on which multiple products can be produced in a row without human interference. The most common materials used for 3D printing are ABS and PLA. These materials have good adhesion, almost no shrinkage and a good appearance. Unfortunately, these materials are not common in our industry. We need PP, PE or PVC. While our manholes and inspection chambers are from PP, we also need PP flow profiles. The advantage of using a 3D robot printer is that it uses granulates instead of filaments or special powder. This makes the material cost part almost equal to injection moulding. Another advantage is also that recycled material can be used. Own scrap can be used but also waste from other markets. The main reason that flows profiles are ideal for 3D printing is that nonstandard flow profiles are very labour-intensive. So, 3D printing really helps out here. Besides that, there is a lot of freedom in design. This helps to design in such a way, that the final profile is hydraulically optimal. This prevents the overflowing of manholes during heavy rain showers. Of course, these products should fulfil all requirements of the EN13598-2. Even though major development steps have been made in 3D printing during the last 5 years, 3D robot printing is still in the exploring phase and we find many hurdles on our way. This paper will show how our industry can use 3D printing and what are the pros and cons. Short Summary: A new production method has been introduced for producing flow profiles for Inspection chambers and Manholes, namely 3D printing. 3D printing is available in several forms but for products of this size, robot printing is the method to use. 3D printing will reduce manpower cost and manpower shortage and even more importantly allows us to make an optimized product without limitations to make 3D printing an accepted new way of producing it should be automized and the quality of the products should fulfil the requirements of the EN13598-2. Therefore, a lot of tests have been performed to come to a qualified product method.
Legal Perspectives of the Concept of Nature-Based Solutions in Costal Areas
The Littoral is not defined in French law. The 1986 French law on the coastline refers this work of definition to geography. Article L. 321-1 of the Environmental Code defines it as a geographical entity that calls for a specific policy of development and protection.
A Review of Adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) for the Nigerian Building and Construction Industry
Building information modelling (BIM), which is a technological advancement that is crucial for modernizing construction work and enhances value for stakeholder groups, has had a big impact on the construction industry from the implementation stage to the decommissioning phase of the project cycle. It has been widely used in various stages of construction projects, including the design process, production, cooperation, cost savings, and operation. In recent years, the determinants and mechanisms of increasing the use of BIM have attracted increasing attention from the academic community, government agencies, and the media in the developed world. However, BIM technology still faces numerous obstacles, leading to its low adoption in the Nigerian construction industry, which is beset by numerous problems such as conflicts, project abandonment, cost overruns, and time overruns. This paper explores articles and conference papers dwelling on the barriers and benefits associated with adopting BIM as a digital information tool in the construction industry. Its further periscopes comprehensive and qualitative impact and the level of usage of BIM in different climes. The paper concludes that BIM utilization in Nigeria has the potential to facilitate better decision-making ability and savings in operating costs, amongst others, if the benefits are more emphasized amongst the stakeholders in the construction industry.
Sandbox Testing for Structural Assessment of Plastic Manhole
Structural behavior of flexible plastic manholes is very different from rigid concrete products. Although this is state-of-the-art knowledge, no international or EN standard exists on structural design of these products. Therefore, traditional soil models and soil pressure coefficients are usually applied if calculations for design checks are required. These models are based on rigid wall structures and pipe design methods and do not adequately account for the flexibility and soil interaction of the manholes in the subsurface 3D-space. Recently a working group was established in Germany to develop a design standard for concrete and plastic manholes. In order to calibrate the design equations for the flexible manholes on experimental data and field experience, an extensive in-situ testing of a PP manhole (DN 1000) in a sandbox was conducted. The comparison of deflection readings and calculation result reveals a great difference. Evidently, the assumption of horizontal soil pressure on plastic manholes is wrong. Only soil pressure coefficients of less than 0.1 give realistic results. This is significantly less than the coefficient for active soil pressure, which is widely used today. Short Summary: The paper presents results from sandbox testing of plastic manholes. It focuses on horizontal deflections resulting from wheel loads at the surface. Explanation is given on why most part of vertical point loads adjacent to flexible manholes is not acting on these products. Theoretical background for this specific behaviour is the load distribution of vertical soil pressure in the subsurface 3D-space. Based on these findings, a range for realistic soil pressure coefficients for actions on plastic manholes is presented.
Molecor´s Application for Digitalizing and Geolocating Water Infrastructure Networks
MOLECOR continuing with its line of leading water infrastructure sector with its technological products, has recently developed a software that can be used through a mobile application or web browser with which users can digitalize and geolocate the different pieces that form a water infrastructure network. Short Summary: Water infrastructure management has been a challenge due to its complexity, dynamism, and the multiple stakeholders involved. The emergence of new technologies such as Apps, AI, IoT, and sensors opened up new opportunities for water network management. The digitalization and geolocation of the network is the steppingstone for further developments, providing significant advantages such as reducing costs, improving traceability and accountability, and increasing environmental friendliness.
Design of Unplasticized Polyamide 12 Oilfield Line Pipe Based on Published Regression Curves and ASTM F3524
The long-term strength of unplasticized polyamide 12 (PA-U12) has been characterized using standard methods for plastic pressure pipe during the qualification process for use in buried piping systems for natural gas delivery operating at low ambient temperatures, usually less than 20 to 30°C at pressures previously served only by steel pipe. The high strength characteristics of the material also made it interesting as a steel substitute for buried and above-ground industrial pressure pipe applications. So far, typical geometries are diameters up to 6 inch (162 mm) with wall thicknesses up to DR9. Assuming a design factor of 0.63 applied to the PPI TR-4 listed HDB, DR9 PA-U12 pipes have a maximum pressure at 23°C of 496 psig (3.4 MPa), although design pressures will typically be lower. These industrial systems can operate at much higher temperatures, up to ~ 50°C for above-ground installations in pipe supports or up to ~ 65°C for surface-laid oilfield pipes. Design engineers need the temperature dependent strength curves to properly design a thermoplastic pressure piping system. Therefore, the regression curves have been extended by LTHS tests up to 120°C. Corresponding test durations enabled to define the location of knees with determination of second branches. These branches are caused by hydrolytic degradation of the polymer resulting in brittleness of the polyamide after long times at elevated temperature in sufficiently wet environments or services. The first appearance of a knee is at 60° C and approximately 44 years. This paper describes various standards to which PA-U line pipe and materials must conform, and the development of standardized, temperature dependent, long-term strength reference curves for PA-U12 pressure pipe, including the transition from ductile to brittle behavior at long times and high temperatures. These curves have been standardized first in DVS and followed by ISO based on the combined LTHS data of pipes made from two different PA-U12 180 compounds and one PA-U11 180 compound. An example of a typical PA-U12 180 pipe design is presented, applying chemical resistance derating factors for oil and gas applications in the design process. Short Summary: Oilfield pipeline design engineers need temperature dependent strength curves to properly design a thermoplastic pressure piping system for use at temperatures often far above the typical range for natural gas distribution. Therefore, LTHS regression curves have been experimentally developed at temperatures up to 120°C to define the location of knees and characterization of second branches. In this paper we describe various standards to which PA-U line pipe and materials must conform, and the development of standardized, temperature dependent, long-term strength reference curves for PA-U12 pressure pipe, including the transition from ductile to brittle behavior at long times and high temperatures. These curves have been standardized in ISO and DVS and apply to both PA-U12 and PA-U11 [1,2]. For PA-U12 line pipe we also present an example for a typical pipe design, where chemical resistance derating factors are applied for oil and gas applications in the design process.
Analysis of Risk Level Mapping of Flash Flood in the Air Betung Sub-Watershed, Pagar Alam City, Indonesia
This research aimed to obtain a map of flood and inundation distribution in the Air Betung Sub-watershed of Pagar Alam City at an altitude of 2001500 meters above sea level. Moreover, the city consists of mountainous and hilly areas, wavy and steep relief, forest areas, and plantations, including settlements and sub-watershed (DAS), characterized by an average annual rainfall of 234.50 mm, with air temperature between 140C-350C. Based on Indonesian Disaster Information Data (DIBI) from National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) from 2014 to 2019, the Air Betung Sub-watershed has experienced 5 flash flood disasters. These incidents resulted in damage to 1 house unit, irrigation channels ± 50 m, retaining walls ± 25 m, and ± 30 hectares of agricultural land damaged. The method used in this research included Risk Index Mapping to determine the level of flash flood risk by analyzing hazard, vulnerability, and capacity indices. The hazard index was analyzed using Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) method, while the vulnerability and capacity indices were evaluated through equations in accordance with Perka BNPP No. 2 of 2012, as processed in the Arc-GIS version 10.4 program. Generally, risk index map research was classified into three classes, namely low, moderate, and high. The results showed that the Pagar Alam Selatan Sub-district had a high index value compared to others in the Air Betung Sub-watershed, Pagar Alam City.
Research on the Impact of Ningbo Meishan Port Terminal Project on the Surrounding Submarine Topography
The changes in the surrounding seabed topography during ocean engineering construction are a key technical issue in the development and construction of coastal engineering, which is beneficial for the protection of the nearshore marine environment and the development and utilization of resources. This study analyzes the changes in the surrounding seabed topography before construction (2011), during construction period (2016, 2017), and after construction (2022) based on the measured seabed topography data of four voyages of the Ningbo Meishan Port Terminal Project from 2011 to 2022. Research has found that the actual survey area of the Meishan Port Terminal Project has a total of approximately 1.638 million cubic meters of sedimentation and 1.963 million cubic meters of erosion. After the erosion and sedimentation offset, the overall net erosion in the actual survey area is about 325000 cubic meters. Overall, when conducting artificial engineering in the surrounding sea area of the Ningbo Meishan Port Terminal Project, efforts should be made to avoid significantly changing the hydrodynamic conditions, which may affect the surrounding seabed topography and thus have adverse effects on the surrounding marine environment.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Civil Engineering Research & Technology
Prioritizing Port`s Development Directions By Analytic Hierarchy Process Method
Ports are no longer the simple maritime services providers of the past. They are multimodal transport and logistics centres and hubs for sustainable industry and clean energy. The transition to sustainable ports, digital nodes, and energy hubs requires the radical system-led changes in the ports based on new knowledge and innovation. After a theoretical analysis of port development trends and management models used in the port development process, in this paper is proposed an approach for selecting port development priorities for the future ten years period, based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Three potential development scenarios are analyzed and evaluated based on following three selection criteria: level of revenue/profit, level of productivity, contribution to safety/security/ environmental protection in the port. AHP Hierarchy framework used was a three level model: “level 0” – goal; “level 1” – criterion; “level 2” – choice. Results of research shown that the optimal development senario is “Scenario 1”, which includes: optimizing utilization rate of existing capacity; optimizing port safety and security; optimizing environmental protection in the port; investing in keeping existing capacity unchanged, with priority investments in building new objects of port superstructure and improvements in cargo handling technologies, in accordance with concrete customer demands; introducing elements of circular economy; Results of the research can be used for prioritizing port development actions and can be taken as a realiable bases of the author`s further reaserches in this domain. Object of the research is the Port of Bar (Montenegro).
Landslides Rainfall One of the Main Triggering Factors in the Mountainous Regions of Puebla, Mexico
The rains are one of the main triggers of landslide phenomena in the mountainous region of Puebla, which values reach up 4500 mm/year in some places in this area. Rainfalls combined with other factors such as morphology (mountainous topographic relief with strong inclinations), strongly folded sedimentary rocks (conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and limestones), rock discontinuities (fissures, cracks, joints, stratigraphic planes, etc.) and human activity (cuts, excavations, overloads, mining, water discharge, deforestation, land use change, etc.), offer a scenario prone to landslide phenomena that cause human casualties, economic and environmental losses. The landslides disasters have affected many social sectors from these communities (housing, education, health, hydraulic infrastructure, electricity, communication, transportation, public services, agriculture, forestry, etc.), observing that in these sites there are communities of ethnic groups Nahuatls, Totonacs, Otomies and Tepehuas who build their houses out of sheet metal, cardboard, plastic and wood where any natural phenomenon represents a true disaster. This article presents the relationship between hurricanes and torrential rains with the disasters caused in communities in the mountainous region of Puebla. From the analysis of the data obtained from the different meteorological stations installed in the region of interest during a period of 20 years (1999 – 2019), an empirical rainfall threshold of 100 mm/day was determined as a trigger for landslides in the region of study. The aforementioned value is very important data for Civil Protection Government Authorities in order to establish actions and strategies for mitigation and risk management due to landslides. From this rain threshold, evacuation actions are put into operation to reduce the vulnerability of exposed and fragile communities which are immediately transferred to protection shelters.
A Comparative Analysis of The Effectiveness of Plantain Peels and Papaya Seeds for Wastewater Treatment
This study investigated the effectiveness of plantain peels and papaya seeds used as natural coagulants on the physicochemical properties of wastewater obtained from the oxidation pond at Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife. Water quality parameters; Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity, alkalinity, total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS) and pH were determined for raw wastewater. Prepared coagulants of 25 ml concentration (1%, 2% and 3%) of plantain peels and papaya seeds were added to 500 ml of wastewater and the mixture stirred rapidly for 60 seconds and then slowly for two minutes. The treated wastewater samples were then allowed to settle for 24 hours before rechecking the wastewater parameters. Comparing the results and taking the concentration of 5000 mg/L as the most effective for both coagulants, all the results are within the WHO standard except for BOD result which can be said to require higher concentration or dosage of coagulant for significant removal. Papaya seed coagulants was observed to be more effective in the reduction of TSS (95.7%), turbidity (77.8%), BOD (33.3%), alkalinity (25%) and COD (62.3%) while plantain peel coagulant proved to be more effective in the reduction of TS (76%), turbidity (77.8%) and pH (40.4%). Based on these results, papaya seeds observed to be more effective in the treatment of wastewater.