Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You submit your article through online https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/submit-online & Email attachment materialsciences@onlinescientificresearch.info or jmsmr@onlinescientificresearch.net
Studies and Applications of EDS, AES and TOF-SIMS Analytical Techniques in Failure Analysis of Fluoride and ChlorineContamination
With the rapid development of semiconductor IC design, wafer fabrication and advanced packaging technologies, failure analysis plays a very important role. Past experience tells us that in failure analysis one must ensure the correctness of the analysis results, because wrong data are even worse than no data. As the wrong data, sometimes, may make misleading of the root cause identification. Therefore, in this paper we strongly suggest that we should follow a principle in failure analysis, that is: Yes, means yes; No, don’t say no. When analyzing an IC sample there is no detection of a certain contaminating element on the surface of the sample, it does not mean that the contaminating element does not exist! We should carefully make some considerations to review analysis methods used, parameters selected, analysis location, sample penetration and sensitivity etc. To ensure the correctness of the analysis results, in this paper, we will discuss in detail through several real failure analysis application cases, and demonstrate how to use EDS,AES and TOF-SIMSFA techniques correctly.
Failure Analysis, A FA Principle, EDS, AES, TOFSIMS
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Bioactive Compound Profiling and Antioxidative Capacity of PecanProcessing Co-Products
The contemporary food industry increasingly seeks sustainable solutions for valorizing agricultural byproducts. This paper meticulously characterized the phytochemical constituents and assessed the antioxidative efficacy of aqueous extracts obtained from pecan shell coproducts, generated during commercial nut processing. Leveraging advanced extraction techniques, coupled with comprehensive spectrophotometric and chromatographic analyses, we identified and quantified key phenolic compounds responsible for their biological activity. Experimental results consistently demonstrated that these extracts possess significant radical scavenging and reducing capabilities, highlighting their inherent potential as natural antioxidants. This research underscores the viability of transforming a common food processing byproduct into a valuable source of functional ingredients, opening new avenues for developing novel food formulations and enhancing product shelf-life through a circular economy approach in food science.
Pecan Shell Byproducts, Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, Subcritical Water Extraction, Ultrasound- Assisted Extraction, Microwave Assisted Extraction, Green Extraction Methods, Agro-Industrial Waste Valorization, Bioactive Phytochemicals, Sustainable Processing, Functional Food Ingredients, Total Phenolic Content, DPPH Assay, ABTS Assay, FRAP Assay, Circular Economy
Modernized Tool for Producing Regular Reliefs on Inner Cylindrical Surfaces with GR63x25 Motor (24 V DC) and Angular Gearbox
The article presents the design and development of an improved modernized specialized tool for forming regular reliefs on the internal cylindrical surfaces of test metal samples. The method is based on Surface Plastic Deformation (SPD), which contributes to improving the structure of the surface layer and increasing operational properties. The tool was modeled and assembled using Solid Works software.
Surface Plastic Deformation, Regular Reliefs, Diamond Tool
The Impact of Short and Long-Term Ageing in Glycol Water Mixtureon Mechanical Behaviour of Polyamide 6/Glass Fibers Materials andRecovery of Properties After Desorption Process
Polyamide materials (PA) and their composites have known a widespread use that has percolated in almost all the sectors especially in automobile industry owing to their ease of manufacturing, high mechanical strength, low density, and chemical resistance.
Dynamical Symmetry Breaking and Nonlinear Rectification inInversion Symmetric Weyl Metals: A Theoretical Model Based onAxion Electrodynamics
Weyl metals, such as Bi1-xSbx, exhibit unique topological properties, including Weyl points and chiral anomalies, which enable symmetry forbidden rectification a phenomenon of converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) in inversion-symmetric systems. Recent advancements in topological materials have highlighted their potential for high-frequency electronics and energy harvesting, yet optimizing rectification efficiency remains a challenge. This study aims to propose and evaluate strategies to enhance rectification efficiency in Weyl metals using a modified van der Pol differential equation, focusing on nonlinearity (μ), driving frequency (ω), driving amplitude (F0), and magnetic field (B). A numerical simulation was conducted over 200time units, analyzing steady state behavior (100–200 units) with ω0=1.0, β=0.2, and initial conditions x(0)=0.1, x ̇(0)=0.0. The van der Pol equation incorporated topological effects, with parameters varied to map DC component (xDC) via contour plots, line graphs, and time series using Python with NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib. Optimal rectification (xDC=0.210) was achieved at μ=1.0, ω=1.0, F0=0.25, and B=1.0, a 4.67-fold increase over the baseline (0.075). Resonance at μ=1.0 yielded 0.045, F0=0.25 peaked at 0.013, and B=1.0 enhanced to 0.200, with synergy driving the maximum xDC. The study confirms that tuning μ, ω, F0, and B significantly enhances rectification, leveraging topological properties for efficient DC generation in Weyl metals, with potential for advanced electronics. Future research should integrate tight-binding models with multiple Weyl points and validate findings experimentally under varying conditions. Nanostructuring and hybrid systems are suggested to further boost efficiency.
Weyl Metals, Rectification Efficiency, Topological Properties, Van Der Pol Equation, Chiral Anomaly
Structure-Property Relationships of Nanostructured Materials: from Synthesis to Characterization for Multiple Applications
Processing of Indigenous Food Materials for Food Preservation andSecurity: The Case of Avocado (Persea Americana) Fruit
Indigenous food materials encompass materials such as: plants, animals, insects, etc., that are native to a specific region and have been traditionally used for food by the indigenous people of that area. The foods are whole and unprocessed. The include: grain cereals, leafy vegetables, tropical fruits, legumes, starchy stems, wild yams, root tubers, edible insects, etc. These food substances are cultivated spontaneously, following the climatic seasons. The need for cultural preservation, nutritional security, food sovereignty, etc., makes the study of the processing of indigenous food substances remarkable. Ordinarily, they are underutilized and a lot of them are wasted.
Application of Biochar for the Removal of Cadmium from IndustrialWaste
The growing levels of cadmium (Cd) in environmental contexts substantially threaten public health and ecosystems. This research explores the effectiveness of biochar produced from agricultural waste as a sustainable material for capturing cadmium ions from industrial wastewater by employing batch adsorption experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The experimental factors considered were contact time, initial cadmium concentration, pH, and biochar dosage were meticulously analyzed. The findings revealed a swift adsorption process, achieving over 85% cadmium removal in just 65 minutes. The optimized pH for optimal cadmium adsorption was determined to be 7.0, which minimized competitive ion interactions. The adsorption equilibrium was described by both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, with Langmuir demonstrating a more accurate fit (R²= 0.9569), suggesting the presence of monolayer adsorption on a surface with a limited number of identical sites. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second order model, highlighting the significance of chemisorption due to the high equilibrium adsorption capacity values (qe) ranging from 3.709 to 7.880 for pseudo-second order compared to 6.720 for pseudo-first order. Conclusively, this shows that biochar is a viable and sustainable substrate that can be efficiently utilized for combating cadmium contamination in industrial waste streams. Thus, enhances environmental conservation and resource recovery initiatives.
Optimizing Circular Economy Strategies for Sustainable MaritimeLogistics: A Case Study on VINCI Energies and Port Tampa Bay
As global maritime logistics contribute approximately 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, innovative strategies are needed to address the environmental impact of port and shipping operations. This study examines VINCI Energies, an international engineering firm specializing in energy infrastructure, and explores how it integrates circular economy principles into sustainable maritime logistics. The paper also investigates Port Tampa Bay’s current and potential initiatives related to circular economy practices, including the prospective adoption of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) systems. By focusing on solutions such as OPS systems, reverse logistics, digitalization, port symbiosis, modular design, and waste valorization, VINCI Energies offers a replicable model for reducing emissions and optimizing resource use. This study employs case analysis, comparative literature review, and feasible recommendations to connect global best practices with local opportunities. It concludes with a roadmap that Port Tampa Bay and similar ports can adopt to improve circularity, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
Sustainability, Circular Economy, Maritime Logistics, Onshore Power Supply, VINCI Energies
Biosorption Of 4,4-Ddt from Aqueous Solution Using MoringaOleifera Pods
The effectiveness of chemical and thermal pre-treatments on moringa oleifera pod was employed in this investigation as a potent bio-sorbent for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for removal from aqueous solution. The surface chemistry of the Moringa Oliefera pod was characterized using pH at point of zero charge, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption experiments were conducted in batch at 25, 30 and 45 0C, both kinetics and equilibrium adsorption tests were performed. Pesticide removal was pH-dependent and found to be maximum at pH 3.5. Adsorption kinetics confirmed that 4,4-DDT adsorption follows a pseudo second - order adsorption kinetic model. The thermodynamic study allows concluding the spontaneous and endothermic character of the adsorption process.
Adsorption Isotherms, Pesticides, Moringa Oleifera Pods, Kinetics, 4,4-DDT
Revolutionizing Urban Mining: Solvent Extraction for Sustainable Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste
Urban mining offers a transformative solution to the growing challenge of electronic waste (e-waste) by recovering valuable metals sustainably. E-waste is a rich reservoir of critical metals, including lead, indium, gallium, gold, silver, copper, and platinum, which can be effectively extracted using solvent extraction techniques. This method leverages specific solvents to selectively isolate metals, enabling industrial-scale operations with high efficiency. Advanced extractants like calix [4] arene and pseudo calix [3] arene have demonstrated exceptional capability in recovering metals such as lead, indium, and gallium from acidic media (e.g., 0.1 N HCl). Key factors influencing extraction success include solvent selection, solution concentration, and metal composition. Integrating solvent extraction into e-waste recycling minimizes landfill accumulation, reduces environmental impacts, and promotes resource sustainability. By adopting this approach, urban mining not only addresses the environmental burden of e-waste but also advances the circular economy by reclaiming precious metals for future use.
Calix [4] Arene, Acidic Medium, Recycling, Rare Metal, Electronic Waste
Crystalline Phase Change Due to High-Speed Impact on Steel
Standard alloy steels have many industrial applications because they are easily machined and welded. The alloy contains less than 0.3% carbon by weight and is considered a low-carbon alloy. Because of this low carbon content, the alloy is helpful as a general-purpose steel. It is extreme, tough, ductile, weldable, and malleable. It is used to build bridges, buildings, cars, heavy equipment, and the construction industry. A36 steel contains small elements, including manganese, sulfur, phosphorous, and silicon. so, these elements give the alloy steel the desired mechanical and chemical properties. The steel alloy A36 gets the number 36 on its name due to its yield strength. Steel has a minimum strength of 36,000 pounds per square inch. However, the effect of impact at high velocity on the crystalline structure and phase material is unspecified and the aim of this study. The physical properties and molecular structure of steel from the effect of high velocity on grain structure and unknown properties are being studied in this research. The primary measure of the impact changes in the interconnected mineral crystal structure at various locations around the impact crater. The effect of super-projectile velocity on the crystalline grain structure near the target effect in almost all formations. This strength shows high some sites at all post-impact stages. This study also found that the crystal structure of BCC remained the dominant phase after impact. This result is realistic with all test samples and all levels of shock loading. A36 steel has been studied and is predominantly a single- phase body-focused cubic (BCC) material. Impact speeds ranged between 3.54 and 6.70 km/s. Target subjects before and after impact were reviewed to determine if ductility in the material. The physical properties and molecular structure of A36 steel are also known. Portions were cut from approximately 90 x 90 square microns of test samples, in line with standards required for surface finish. These surfaces were examined and analyzed after impact. The surface portions were selected from a range of areas, including areas directly below the impact crater, to sites that were not physically affected by the impact. Three different effect speeds were applied, and the prepared samples were examined. An EBSD (Electron Backscatter Deflection) imaging microscope is used to examine the crystal structure of the test specimen after impact. Most minerals crystallize into one of three predominant structures: body-centered cubic (BCC), hexagonal closely packed cubic (HCP), or face- centered cubic (FCC). Since these crystal structures are the most predicted lattice configurations, postimpact samples are examined for changes in molecular structure assignment. The results were then tabulated according to the relative impact pit in the region. Previous research shows that post-impact inspection of HCP phase change, in iron specifically, can be entirely and rapidly reversed during impact. However, in this study, traces of HCP were found at impact conditions led to a change in the A36 phase. The methods of electron microscopy, surveying electron back diffraction and X-ray of distortions, lattice defects, twinning, and phase shift were investigated. A limited number of targets were affected. 304L and HY100 were also examined. These alloy steels contain a BCC crystal phase and face-centered (FCC) hexagonal closed beam (HCP) structures. The grain size is close as well. The impact is compressed close to the impact site. Also, the twinning was located closer to the impact zone and gradually dissipated away from the impact zone. In contrast, the increase of the effect’s momentum increased the percentage of HCP.
Sustainable Zero-Portland Cement Limecrete Produced from BinaryGround Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Natural Hydraulic Limeas an Alternative to Standardised Concrete
Concrete, a ubiquitous material in modern construction, faces several fundamental issues, including the cement industry’s 8-10% anthropogenic CO2 emissions (CO2e), that can compromise its sustainability. Therefore, this paper explores novel material combinations of lower carbon binders. Performance issues considered were: volumetric stability; durability; characteristic strengths; environmental impacts; workability; and placement. To address these issues, innovative material combinations of Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) and Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) are suggested as promising alternatives to traditional cements. Recent changes to BS8500 have allowed for further ternary systems that use GGBS and calcium carbonate thereby giving increased importance to both as ingredients. Combining NHL5 and GGBS can enhance the sustainability of concrete by reducing CO2e, improving resistance to chemical attacks, and maintain overall structural integrity, whilst preserving desirable workability and aesthetic qualities. This research shows the peak mass replacement range of NHL and GGBS in the binary cementitious system at conventional concrete mix ratios, building upon and filling some of the empirical and data gaps. GGBS was used because of its low CO2e, direct cementitious qualities, and to reduce industrial waste. The NHL5 content in concrete was replaced at 10% and 20% increments up to 100% GGBS in concrete to assess the physical properties and mechanical performance. Analysis of compressive and flexural strengths at varying curing ages of 7,14, 28, 91 and 180 days, were conducted for the standard mix ratios of 1:1:2, 1:1:3, 2:1(1:2) and 2:1(2:1). Two curing conditions were examined at 91 days of curing, being submerged in water and in ambient conditions. Increased mechanical performance was produced using a 1:1:3 mix ratio, with the optimum replacement values occurring between 40-60% replacement for all ratios, with the optimal replacement value at 48% and carbon intensity point at 32%, representing the peak mass replacement range and points thus providing evidence and supporting the assertions made from thermodynamic models. The highest compressive and flexural strengths achieved at 31MPa and 2.0MPa by 1:1:3, water cured 40/60, and air cured 60/40, NHL/GGBS samples respectively, being significant gains in strength when compared to either the pure NHL or GGBS binder control concrete samples.
Hydraulic Lime, Concrete, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Natural Hydraulic Lime, Compressive Strength
Evaluation of Microbial Performance for Oil Recovery in Oil and Gas Production Waters in Badila-Chad
37 samples from EPPG and swamps of produced waters were collected, analyzed, cultured and isolated to produce biosurfactants capable of reducing surface and interfacial tensions measured in oil production waters in the Petrochad (Mangara) Limited field in Badila. Only 10 isolates selected and codified, showed good biosurfactant production capacities. All these 10 isolates were subjected to screening tests (drop collapse, oil dispersion, emulsion stability and surface tension measurement). Three best isolates showed very good biosurfactant production capacities and consequently better reduction of surface tension (RPG14 = 23.7mN / m, RPG18 = 22.45mN / m, RPG20 = 22.75mN / m) and interfacial tension (RPG14 = 14.35 ±0.5 mN/m, RPG18= 15.35 ±0.5mN/m, RPG20= 15.45 ±0.5 mN/m) compared to those measured in the field between 2014 and 2023.
Produced Water, Isolation, Screening, Surface Tension, Interfacial Tension, Badila, Chad
Studies on Multifunctional Nanostructured Materials
Multifunctional materials are of today’s quest. Miniaturization, i.e. development of these materials in the form of nanomaterials is of primary need considering their application in devices. Moreover, if these are obtained in nanostructured form, they can bring wonders. We have adopted a method for developing multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) with simultaneous antiferromagnetic, ferroelectric & ferroelastic behaviour in form of nanostructures like nanorods, nanowire etc. by employing Anodised Alumina (AAO) template with various pore sizes from 20nm with solution route followed by controlled vacuum filtration and sintering. Diameters of nanorods are in the range of 20-100 nm as observed by FESEM. Capacitance assayed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge discharge processes reveals a very high value of specific capacitance of 450F/gm. Capacitance has been estimated by extrapolating the charge collected at the electrode to that at scanning rate of infinity which is relevant for the charge collected at the nanorods protruding out of the template. Charging and discharging times are quite constant over a large number of cycles. This large value of specific capacitance can be attributed to the nanostructure form of BFO nanorod. The high value of specific capacitance of BFO nanorods brings forth its use as electrode in storage energy devices. Also, a high value of polarization as well as a significant magnetic susceptibility are observed in multiferroic Bismuth Ferrite (BFO) in the form of nanorods protruding out. The high values of polarization and magnetic susceptibility are attributed to the structured form of BFO nanorods giving rise to the directionality. There is no leakage current in P-E loop examined at various fields and frequencies. Magnetocapacitance measurements reflect a significant enhancement in magnetoelectric coupling also.
Increasing the Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Alloy Parts UsingComposite Coatings for Aerospace Engineering
Aluminum alloys are widely used in many arears of engineering including aerospace engineering. Unfortunately, fatigue properties of aluminium alloys are not sufficient and their increase is very important scientific and practical task. The article is devoted to the studies of the Al2O3 composite coatings’ effect on bending fatigue tests of aluminium specimens. Initially, the coatings were formed by converting the surface of aluminum alloy specimens by anodiccathodic microarc treatment to a depth of 90-110 microns. Then the resulting coating was cladded with a “Cr-CrC” surface layer of 9-14 microns’ thickness from the vapor phase. The clad layer filled the pores and cracks of the Al2O3 coating that formed after the microarc treatment. Based on the analysis of bending fatigue tests results, it is shown that the formed composite layer can be used as a reinforcing coating in aerospace engineering. The effectiveness of the developed coating depends on the part’s section thickness and the level of its loading. In the case under consideration, with cyclic bending stresses of less than 95 MPa, the increase in fatigue strength was 1.75-1.8 times.
Ceramics, Composite Coatings, Aerospace, Resource, Fatigue Strength
Opportunities of Air- and Water-to-PCM Batteries in Buildings
For a transparent meeting centre at the Green Village of TU Delft, the Co Creation Centre, a large air-to-air PCM battery was integrated in an air handling unit. Based on the experiences with this battery, a new battery was applied in an office building, the Office Lab. Both buildings were used as research facilities. The PCM uses of outdoor and indoor temperatures such as a flexible thermal mass with a high thermal capacity, flattening high and low indoor temperature peaks. In case of very warm of very cold outdoor night temperatures the battery can additionally be loaded with a heat pump. In this way the thermal and electrical capacity of the heat pump can be reduced significantly as well. The battery can be an economic and energetic favourable alternative. Additionally, there is a water-to-PCM battery in the crawl space with the same kind of panels. In the heating season heating energy from the heat pump with a higher temperature can be stored, making use of low, zero or negative electricity prices via solar panels or the grid. A thermal battery can reduce grid congestion as well. The performance of the PCM-batteries is evaluated with a CFD-program (Phoenics), a building simulation program (Design Builder), and additional calculations and measurements as far as possible.
Studies of XPS Technique and Application in Thickness Measurementof Ultra-Thin Film
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis technique has been widely applied in semiconductor manufacturing and failure analysis. We used it for defects analysis and thin film characterization in wafer fabrication and for XPS valence state analysis of copper materials. XPS technique is also applied jointly with TOF-SIMS technique. In wafer fab, semiconductor & LED manufacturing, it is very challenging to measure the thickness of an ultra-thin film at nano meter range. In general, TEM is widely used for ultra-thin film physical measurement but usually its lateral dimension is limited. In this paper we will study X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis technique which employ a new analysis method by using angle resolved analysis technique. Furthermore, we have applied the new method in analysis of SiON film. It is achieved to measure an ultra-thin film at about 1.4nm. This method can be used for SiO2 thickness measurement, self-assembled thiol monolayer on Au and thickness of HfO2 on silicon substrate.
Failure Analysis, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Angle Resolved Analysis, Si ON, Ultra-Thin Film Analysis
Thin-Film Deposition Systems for Obtaining Conductive Textiles
Smart textiles are fabrics with technological components that perform different wearer functions. Functions can vary, but examples of use are garments that can heat cool or change colour. The idea of our project was to create a device that would stop blood flow without the injured person’s intervention. The detection of the wound is realised using a conductive textile structure made of a thin metal film on its surface. When a circuit break occurs, it will generate an electrical signal interpreted by a control unit to operate an air pumping system that activates a pneumatic tourniquet that stops the flow of blood. To accomplish conductive textile structures the EB-PVD method and the Sputtering method were applied and different metals were used, such as Cu, Ag etc. The amount of metal deposition was 4,0-7,00μg/cm2. Samples were studied on the surface and in sections by scanning electron microscopy in Low Vacuum mode, using the backscattered secondary electron (ABS) detector and the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) detector. The electrical resistivity (Ω) was determined and conductivity (S/m) was calculated for initially treated textile structures and after washing and abrasion tests.
Woven, Washing, Rubbing, Sputtering, Eb-Pvd, Resistivity
New Advances in the Analysis of Ceramic Materials
This new advance in the theory of constitution in its elaboration of ceramic materials and specifically ceramic bricks is reinforced by this new investigation with SEM, DRX and EDX electron microscopy for brick samples made with materials from two different regions in Paraguay, the Western Region and the Eastern Region. It is intended to simplify the knowledge of the process and therefore help to develop new materials with these techniques using simple raw materials such as clay, sand and silt, and may be some other and new materials that help in the production process of ceramic materials. Analysis of characterization of raw materials, processed and finished materials, physical, chemical and mechanical tests such as compression resistance, bending of small-sized specimens manufactured in the laboratory and in real sizes in the factory were carried out. This continues with the series of investigations in ceramics and showed the stages of the process that involves obtaining the raw material, the elaboration of the ceramic process, storage, drying, wetting, kneading, sintering, and the physical and mechanical testing of the pieces made. The electron microscopy of the samples made at different temperatures in the laboratory compared to each other, lead us to analyze them from the nanoscopic point of view so that it approaches the theoretical knowledge of their formation in their processing and that influence their physical and mechanical properties. analyzed in this study.
Adhesion, Compressive Strength, XRD, Electron Microscopy
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Improving Heat Exchanger Functionality with Nanobubble Technology to Achieve Net Zero Goals
Climate change is a critical environmental issue for this and future generations. Natural and human-induced activities have already warmed the global average surface temperature by 1.1°C. There is international agreement that climate change requires an immediate response before the planet reaches a point after which it cannot recover. As the primary driver being a change in the earth’s atmosphere, it is vital that companies, countries, and individuals do whatever is possible to reduce this condition. Greenhouse gases (GHG) are emissions including carbon monoxide, methane, sulfur dioxide, fluorinated gases, nitrous oxide, and others which are released into the atmosphere through both natural and industrial processes [1]. They are linked to environmental pollution and atmospheric temperature rise. Along with nitrogen, oxygen, helium, and other gases, they envelop the Earth as a blanket. GHG provides protection and predictable weather patterns by allowing ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths to warm the earth’s surface and then mediating its escape back into space. Human activities, primarily through the combustion of fossil fuels, have upset the balance of the natural system allowing for an increase in atmospheric GHG. Due to an abundance of these gases the atmosphere can hold more heat, thus increasing the global temperature.
AI and ML Applications in Supplemental Health Plans: ReducingOut-of-Pocket Costs through Predictive Insights
Many service, support, and cost variables within a Supplemental Health Plan directly influence both customer outcomes and enterprise financials. It is important to model these variables and uncover those that are most predictive of certain customer behaviors. This research study applies machine learning techniques to model how different customer parts of a Supplemental Plan can reduce their out-of-pocket costs and which of a set of plan-service-utilization specific variables are most predictive. These predictive models, in turn, enable the Plan Administrator to improve service for a small but critical customer segment: different parts of the insurance policyholders who have ‘under-insured’ products and have more out-of-pocket compared to the rest of the insurance policyholders. By identifying these predictive variables, the Supplemental Plan Administrator can now select the top variables that will influence costs. The result of deploying these models is an out-of-pocket reduction for the different customer segments while retaining acceptable enterprise financials.
Supplemental Health Plan, Customer Outcomes, Enterprise Financials, Machine Learning, Predictive Modeling, Customer Behavior, Out-of-Pocket Costs, Service Utilization, Plan-Service Utilization, Predictive Variables, Plan Administrator, Under-Insured Products, Insurance Policyholders, Customer Segmentation, Cost Reduction, Critical Customer Segments, Insurance Products, Healthcare Cost Management, Financial Optimization, Service Improvement
Bead-Free PSF/PVP Blend Membrane as Potential Material forWater Desalination
We herein report successful fabrication of bead-free PSF/PVP blend membrane using electrospinning technique. The membrane has been fully characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Hydrophobicity of PSF was reduced by systematic addition of PVP to PSF, and confirmation of hydrophilicity of the PSF/PVP blend membrane was confirmed by contact angle and membrane water content measurements. Morphological images of the PSF/PVP fibers demonstrated that there is a critical, optimum PSF/PVP blending ratio, beyond which very large fibers start to form. Heat treatment of the membrane improved its mechanical strength and compactness. The membrane is a promising material for removing salt from saline water.
Electrospinning, Fabrication, Membrane, Hydrophilicity, Saline Water
The Hardness Change Due to High-Speed Impact on A36 Steel on Penetration Testing of School Barrier Systems
Impact Doors and Windows are increasingly on demand for safety and security. They already existed, standardized in in continual improvement. Several tough materials have been in use, in Schools, Government buildings, Banks and else. Here, we are interested in a specific steel alloy that is readily available, globally used in both in military and commercial use in numerous applications. Namely A36 steel alloy. We became specifically familiar with its properties, characteristics and behavior under impacts to molecular and crystalline structure level. ln addition to its toughness, it’s weldability and machinability makes it an appealing candidate to consider testing its suitability to withstand and resist shock loading impacts to meet the standards to use in high security entry doors. Although, for the level of security demand, a Ballistic, or bullet-proof material that is totally penetration preventer or forbidder does not yet exist. However, our own experience with A36 steel in previous studies has motivated us to consider this steel alloy for the purpose of designing doors with the characteristics of reasonable impact resistance feature expecting to meet or exceed the existing toughness standards with the advantage of commercial availability and wide spread.
American Society for Testing and Materials
Bead-Free PSF/PVP Blend Membrane as Potential Material for Water Desalination
TEM Analysis and Failure Mechanism Studies of Bromine-Induced Defects in Wafer Fabrication
In wafer fabrication, the contamination of halogen is commonly encountered, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine. These contaminants can seriously impact product’s quality and yield. In the previous works, we have studied F and Cl-induced metal corrosion and failure mechanisms. In this paper, we will apply TEM analysis technique to study Br-indued corrosion and failure mechanism. Moreover, we will introduce a model of “Br-chain chemical reaction” to explain why even a little bit of Br contamination, it can cause very bad corrosion results, and the formation of the worm-like defects at the side of Al metal lines in wafer fabrication.
Stepper Motor Controlled by Pic 16F84 Microcontroller
Background: Most times in engineering and other fields, engines need to be transformed from one form to another, in circuits and most components we are familiar with, electrical engines, impulses, digital information and etc needs to be changed from one level to another, this is done by a motor, be it in any kind, pending on the desired function. This literature review examines various research that has been done using the PIC 16F84 microcontroller for the control of stepper motors. The PIC 16F84 is a popular choice for stepper motor control applications due to its simplicity, low cost, and ease of programmability. This review highlights several key control techniques that have been implemented using the PIC 16F84, including full-step mode, half-step mode, closedloop control with position feedback, and speed control. The peripheral interfacing aspects are also discussed, covering the integration of stepper motor driver circuits, rotary encoders, and user interface components. The firmware development approaches for the PIC 16F84 are explored, demonstrating how researchers have programmed the microcontroller’s digital I/O, timers, and interrupts to precisely control the stepper motor windings and respond to feedback signals. While the PIC 16F84 has proven to be a capable platform for stepper motor control, the review also identifies some limitations, such as the microcontroller’s restricted resources and potential scalability challenges as the complexity of the control system increases. Suggestions for future research include exploring more advanced microcontrollers, integrating the PIC 16F84 with additional hardware, and developing more sophisticated control algorithms to enhance the performance and robustness of the stepper motor control systems. Conclusion: The CMOS circuit stands as drive circuit between the PIC IC and the stepper motor which provides the precision in advance control methods of designs and production.
Influence of Ac-Signal Amplitude on the Dielectric Properties of Al-Tiw-Ptsi/N-Si Schottky Diodes
Influence of ac-signal amplitude on the dielectric properties of Al-TiW-PtSi/n-Si Schottky diode has been investigated at the room temperature and bias voltage in the range of -2V÷4V, when the amplitude of test signal (500 kHz) changed from 5mV to 1V. By the using impedance method have been obtained real ( εꞌ ) and imaginary (εꞌ) parts of dielectric constants and electric modul ( Mꞌ and Mꞌꞌ ) , loss tangent ( tanδ ), ac electrical conductivity ( σac ), the series resistance ( Rs ), On all dependences on voltage and amplitude of ac-signal , there is a jump in the value of the parameter in the range of voltage values 1-2V and 200mV It can be concluded that, at certain values, the amplitude of the ac-signal can significantly affect the interfacial polarization even at high frequencies.
Implantable Triboelectric Nanogenerators in the Biomedical Field
Implantable Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) have revolutionized the biomedical field by providing innovative power solutions for medical devices and enhancing diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Internally implanted TENG transforms kinetic energy from the body into electrical power, providing a constant energy supply for Implantable Medical Devices (IMD). Their ability to generate high voltage and low current makes them particularly effective for applications in biosensing, patient monitoring, and therapeutic interventions. Therapeutically, TENGs power cardiac pacemakers, promote wound healing, enhance bone regeneration, and support muscle and nerve stimulation. They also enable controlled drug release, particularly in targeted cancer treatments. This paper reviews the working principle, operation mode and the importance of material selection of implantable TENG for biomedical applications, emphasizing biocompatibility, stability and flexibility. Recent advances in TENG materials and technologies are highlighted, showcasing their potential in biomedical applications and addressing future development challenges.
Overview on Safety Standards in Electric Vehicles (BEV’s)
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) in the US and Europe are subject to rigorous safety standards designed to protect both consumers and the environment. In the US, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) plays a critical role in ensuring vehicle safety through a series of mandated tests and assessments. These include stringent crash tests, evaluations of battery integrity, and measures to prevent thermal runaway—an uncontrollable reaction that can lead to fires or explosions in batteries. Additionally, BEVs must adhere to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), which cover everything from electronic stability control to occupant protection. In Europe, the UNECE Regulation 100 sets the benchmark for electric vehicle safety. This regulation focuses on the durability and safety of the electric powertrain, the integrity and thermal endurance of the battery, and the mitigation of electrical hazards. EU regulations also require real-world testing for battery performance and resilience to ensure consumer safety under various conditions. The EU’s General Safety Regulation further complements these standards by introducing advanced safety measures, such as intelligent speed assistance and emergency lanekeeping systems. Both regions are continually updating their regulatory frameworks to address evolving technologies and emerging safety challenges in the electric vehicle market, fostering innovation while prioritizing consumer protection.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)