Journal of Pathology Research Reviews & Reports
Journal of Pathology Research Reviews & Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Pathology Research Reviews & Reports. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/submit-online or can send through an e-mail with attachment for pathologysciences@onlinescientificresearch.info
Exceptional Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Spleen: A New Case Report and Literature Review
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm showing squamous differentiation. Primary splenic SCC is exceedingly rare, with only one previously reported case in the literature to date. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging, because of the lack of specific imaging features. Surgical management is indicated for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Definitive diagnosis requires histopathological analysis. Herein, we describe the second case of splenic squamous cell carcinoma, in a 60 yo women, with fatal outcome, to raise awareness of this entity and to highlight the diagnostic difficulties in such a presentation.
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A Review of Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA) and Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) Technologies
Immunoassays are powerful analytical tools widely employed to detect and quantify analytes, primarily proteins, in biological fluids such as serum, urine, saliva, and sweat. Among the most common types are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and chemiluminescence- operational efficiency. ELISA, first introduced in the 1970s, has become a cornerstone in diagnostics and research due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and adaptability to a wide range of targets. However, ELISA systems are often limited by their detection sensitivity for low-abundance analytes. To address this, more advanced immunoassay systems such as chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) have emerged, offering enhanced detection capabilities. This paper outlines the evolution of immunoassay platforms, comparing traditional ELISA techniques with modern commercial systems including Fluorescent Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA), Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT), Cloned Enzyme Donor Immunoassay (CEDIA), and Luminescent Oxygen Channeling Immunoassay (LOCI). Furthermore, it delves into the underlying mechanisms of CLIA, highlighting biologically derived chemiluminescent agents, such as firefly luciferase and aequorin, as well as non-biological agents like acridinium esters. Novel approaches including magnetic bead-based CLIA, flow injection systems, and capillary electrophoresis-based assays are also discussed for their contributions to improving automation, sensitivity, and speed. Special attention is given to the ADVIA Centaur XP system, a fully automated CLIA platform, for its clinical utility and scalable laboratory applications. This review consolidates the current landscape of immunoassay technologies and emphasizes their growing relevance in clinical diagnostics, pharmaceutical monitoring, and bioanalytical research.
Advancing Pap Smear Cytology: Effects of the Wash Technique on Sample Adequacy and Diagnostic Reliability
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, yet many women still face delayed or missed diagnoses because of something as simple as an “unsatisfactory” Pap smear result. When a sample is reported as inadequate, often due to gel, blood, or inflammation, the patient may need to return for another test, creating anxiety, extra costs, and possible delays in detecting disease. To overcome this problem, laboratories have started using a simple but promising approach known as the wash technique. In this method, inadequate samples are gently rinsed in a mild acetic acid solution and reprocessed, allowing hidden cells to be recovered and reducing background debris. We retrospectively reviewed 645 Thin Prep Pap smears that underwent the wash protocol at King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital between 2020 and 2024. After reprocessing, 69.77% of cases were satisfactory, with 83.56% reported as NILM and 16.44% showing epithelial abnormalities, including ASC-US, LSIL, HSIL, and AGC. No squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma were detected. We conclude that the wash technique substantially improves Pap smear adequacy, salvaging the majority of initially unsatisfactory cases and enabling the detection of clinically relevant abnormalities. Unsatisfactory rates increased with advancing age, highlighting the need for age-aware approaches in cytology practice. Incorporating wash protocols into routine cytology practice may reduce repeat testing, minimize diagnostic delays, and strengthen the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening programs.
Molecules of Cellular Memory. What AI-Researchers and Pathologists Can Learn From?
There is a science behind the development and storage of memory. There is a technology of recalling, retrieving, and utilizing stored ‘information’, that includes data, non-digitized information, knowledge, experience, and wisdom. We do not know either. Therefore, we have failed to develop memory in AI. However, even a single biological cell is aware of this science and technology of memory. Some molecules operate as substrates for memory. The cell applies this knowledge and technology in its day-to-day activities of the metabolomes, proteomes, genomes, and epigenomes through signalosomes, organelosomes etc. Intention-based holonomic memory communication between cells happens through exosomes or extracellular vesicles, even breaking through Weismann’s Barrier.
Pathogen Associated Memory Pattern (PAMP)
Sarcomatoid Carcinoma with Angiosacromatous Differentiation of the Bladder Mimicking Primary Angiosarcoma: A Diagnostic Challenge
Sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a high-grade aggressive subtype of UC defined by the WHO classification of tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs with “the presence of areas that are indistinguishable from sarcoma” [1]. In fact, it is a biphasic neoplasm with both; malignant epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Heterologuous components have been described, among which angiosarcoma is exceedingly rare [1,2]. Given its poor prognosis and aggressive clinical behavior, this subtype of UC should be distinguished from other bladder carcinoma, and further immunophenotypic study and /or molecular work-up must be performed. Thus, accurate diagnosis is mandatory for treatment purposes.
Microbiome and the Gut-Lung Axis in Emerging Viral Respiratory Infections
The gut microbiota was once thought to be merely a component of digestion, but it is now known to have a wide range of effects, particularly on our ability to combat infections, including lung infections. The gut-lung axis, a biological dialogue in which gut microbes aid in controlling immune responses in the respiratory system, is at the centre of this discovery. In the wake of global health threats like influenza and COVID-19, this connection has become even more crucial. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are produced by beneficial gut microbes, aid in immune cell training, inflammation management, and the avoidance of immunological overreactions such as the hazardous cytokine storms that occur during severe viral infections. This equilibrium promotes a robust, well-balanced defence in a healthy gut. However, when the gut ecology is disrupted—by stress, antibiotics, disease, or aging—this protective link weakens. The body may become more susceptible to severe respiratory illnesses as a result of this dysbiosis. Indeed, new research indicates that a person's gut microbial profile may affect the prognosis of viral infections. This information is creating exciting opportunities: microbial metabolite therapies, targeted probiotics, and even faecal transplants are being researched as means of improving lung infection outcomes and boosting immunity. Doctors may soon be able to more accurately customize treatments and identify high-risk patients early with the use of gut profiling. In addition to improving digestion, knowing and taking care of our gut microbes may be essential to surviving pandemics in the future.
Quality Attributes of a Candy-Like Product Made from African Star Apple Fruit
African star apple fruit relished as a snack, is rich in macro and micro nutrients and dietary phytochemicals, with great potential to improve the human health, nutrition, food security and income of communities engaged in its production, but has been highly under-utilized. To extend the shelf life and reduced losses on this highly perishable produce, candy-like product was made from the fruit pulp of the African Star Apple, in ratio 50% solid to 50% liquid, with mixture boiled at 300ºF for 30 minutes to produce candy-like product via evaporation of moisture and caramelization. Candy sample was analysed over 4-week storage, for physical properties, proximate, sensory, strength, and microbial load using standard methods. Results from the analyses showed that the candy gave a satisfactory and acceptable product, the moisture content (15-11%), crude fat, ash (0.51-0.43%) and protein content (6.54-4.08%) reduced with storage, while carbohydrate content increased, depicting concentration due to moisture loss. There was increase in microbial load (2-5.2x 10 4 Cfu/g) of the candy after week 4, which may be due to inadequate packaging and presence of micro-organisms in the storage environment. Total sugar significantly decreased but high (27.14-18.63%), as well as the water insoluble impurities of the candy, with hard and firm texture. It can be concluded that acceptable candy can be produced from African Star Apple, provided better quality packaging is provided to prevent moisture loss
Neuro-Astro Companionship: Investigate it in the Context of alarger Whole
Investigation on astrocytes, the largest number of cells in the brain, although ignored for a long period in neuroscience for different scientific mindsets, has been changing slowly for the last twenty five years. Their relationship has transcended from master-servant relation to partnership in metabolic signaling and exchange of useful resources, close friendship with sharing of vital information, and coupling for psychic and emotional relationship. Understanding that neuroscience of consciousness is not the cake-walk of the neurons alone, this paper looks at neuro-astro companionship from the viewpoint of neuroscience of consciousness through the transparency of the yang-yin metaphor. The set perspective leads us to investigate this special companionship in the context of the Buddha-state of the brain.
Carcinoid Tumour Revealed by Repeated Respiratory Infections in a Pregnant Woman, a Case Report
Background: Understanding carcinoid tumours is essential, as they can often go unrecognized, leading to late diagnosis. This type of neuroendocrine tumour usually develops in the gastrointestinal tract, but can also occur in the respiratory tract. The aim of our work was firstly to review the clinical picture, the diagnostic method and the therapeutic management (while highlighting the limitations of endoscopic treatment) of a carcinoid tumour. The second aim was to raise awareness among physicians in general, and pulmonologists in particular, of the need to consider this diagnosis in the case of recurrent respiratory infection in a young patient with no exposure to tobacco and no particular medical history. Case Report: A 32-year-old patient, Caucasian, 33 weeks pregnant, presented with recurrent respiratory infections (dry cough, wheezing, and NHYA Class II dyspnoea). Initially, she was treated with antibiotic therapy. Follow-up examinations revealed a typical carcinoid neuroendocrine tumour. In this case pregnancy was an additional factor involved in the diagnostic delay. The first-line treatment involved endoscopic resection, followed by a left S6 segmentectomy combined with a sleeve resection of the left lower lobar bronchus, performed six months later due to unfavourable developments. Conclusion: The incidence of carcinoid tumours is increasing. Bronchial carcinoid tumours can cause recurrent infections at the same anatomical site, and can be misdiagnosed, often delaying diagnosis. Therapeutic management and prognosis depend on the histological type, which can be definitively confirmed with an operating specimen. Greater awareness among healthcare personnel of the clinical picture associated with this pathology will promote early diagnosis and treatment.
Non-Polluting Soundless Energy Ecosystem of a Cell
A biological cell is drowned in the environmental energy ecosystem, which consists of matter-sourced conventional energy, information-sourced dark energy, and consciousness-sourced subtle energy. The stupendous work a cell does in its Gene machinery and the Protein factory using dark and subtle energy silently, without creating any pollution of the environment is remarkable in this respect. From the insights of cell biology highlighted in this paper, it seems there is a lot to learn from a cell to have a clean green energy ecosystem for humanity in this material world of machines.
Application of Irradiation in Food Preservation and Production
The Food irradiation is a tried-and-true technique that's frequently used to improve the quality and the safety of the meat. With the application of this technique, the growth of bacteria, viruses, and parasites is successfully inhibited. By postponing spoiling and inhibiting the growth of the germs, it also extends the shelf life and improves the quality of the items. Provided that the right dosage is applied, the radiation has no effect on the colour, the taste, or the texture of the meats. Its impact on the chemical and the nutritional properties of the meat is more complicated, though, as it may change the vitamins, the fatty acids, the amino acids, and produce the free radicals that oxidise the fat. The impact of these modifications is dependent on a number of factors, such as the kind of the meat, the storage conditions, and the radiation exposure. The Meat's physical characteristics, such as its softness, the texture, and the dose-dependent ability to retain the water, can also be impacted by the radiation. Low amounts of the radiation may enhance texture and softness, while excessive doses cause protein denaturation, which adversely affects these characteristics. The regulatory and the public perception elements of the food irradiation are also examined in this study. Although the radiation is permitted and regulated in many nations, its use is debatable and causes anxiety in the public. The Food irradiation is a dependable method of enhancing the safety and the quality of the meat; nevertheless, it is important to take into account the effects it may have on the chemical, physical, and nutritional characteristics of the product when selecting the right dosage and application. To better understand the long-term effects of the radiation on the meat and allay consumer worries, further study is thus required.
Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Difficult-Healing Lesions Secondary to Chronic Osteomyelitis: Cases Study
Introduction: In patients with Chronic Osteomyelitis, the presence of injuries and complications associated with said entity is common, such as fistulous tracts, post-surgical wound dehiscence and ulcers. Conventional treatments used in exacerbation episodes within the clinical picture of the disease take weeks or months to compensate for the existing situation. The study of three cases is presented, where the results of the combined application of electrical stimulation with conventional treatment promote this proposal as an alternative to achieve a more effective treatment in this type of patient. Objective: To verify the effectiveness of the use of electrical stimulation, using the Stimul W® medical equipment, associated with conventional surgical treatment in patients with lesions that are difficult to heal secondary to chronic osteomyelitis. Case Presentation: Three patients with Chronic Osteomyelitis were selected. In two of the patients there was an active fistulous tract and in the third, a predominance of the ulcerative process compared to the fistula. Conclusion: In all cases, electrical stimulation caused the acceleration of the granulation tissue of the walls of the fistulous tract and the ulcerated area, finally achieving epitalization and closure of the lesions in ±30 days.
Zimbabwe is Free from Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV):The Chief Virus for Maize Lethal Necrosis
Invasive cross-border plant pests such as Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV) introduced through pest-pathway exacerbated by anthropogenic behaviour negatively impact market access, food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Surveillance was carried out from 2020 to 2024 by conducting a census (100% population sampling) of maize pathways entering the country to check their MCMV pest-status and to ascertain the impact of pre-border plant biosecurity control measures in reducing accidental introduction of regulated pests. Double antibody-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Bioreba-agristrips rapid test kits were used to test for the virus. A simple random sampling was used to pick maize fields for green tissues testing and maize grain and seeds from grain stores, seed stores and agro-dealers in the country. A symmetric analysis was computed to understand the association of samples originating from MCMV endemic and non-MCMV endemic areas Ordinal-by-Ordinal Associations test, (Kendall’s tau-b and tau-c = 0.333; Gamma = 0.333; Spearman’s rho = 0.500; p = 1.000, Monte Carlo 99% confidence interval (CI): [1.000, 1.000]) and Interval-by-Interval association and Chi –square Pearson’s correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r = 0.996; at 99% CI of [0.321, 0.346]) showed positive correlation which was not significant. The interval-level showed a close to perfect linear association between samples collected from MCMV endemic and non-MCV endemic countries. The Pearson’s correlation X2 (1); (p = 0.053) was also non- ignificant. A median (Kruskal–Wallis H) test showed no significant difference on the median values of MCMV endemic and non-MCV endemic (p = 0.223). There were no significance difference on the distribution of samples collected from endemic MCMV and none-endemic MCMV regions (α = 0.05; p = 0.368). All the tested 19106 samples were negative for MCMV. This research revealed that Zimbabwe is currently free from MCMV and it also confirmed the effectiveness of pre-border plant quarantine control measures in reducing the risk of germplasm as pest-pathways in cross border traffic particularly for the MCMV maize pathways approaching Zimbabwe.
Epidemiological and Histopathology Study of Gastric Lesions in Ouest Africa
Gastric pathologies represent a global public health problem due to their frequency and severity. The objective of the study was to epidemiologically evaluate all gastric lesions diagnosed at the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of Saint-Louis, Senegal over a period of 30 months. In addition to sociodemographic parameters, different histological types and molecular profiles were described. A total of 372 cases was identified, 96% were biopsies and 4% were partial gastrectomy surgical specimens. The sex ratio was 0.92 with 48% men (N=179) and 52% women (N=193). The mean age was 45.08 years. The lesions were distributed as follows: gastritis accounted for 86.02% (N=320) of which 70% were Hp gastritis (N=224) followed by gastric cancers with 10.76% (N=40) of which 95% (N=38) were adenocarcinoma (ADC). Male predominance was clear with a sex ratio of 2.1 (N=26 H/12 F) and the tubular subtype was the most common at 55.26% (N=21) for these ADCs. At the molecular level, 17.14% of cases were HER2+ cotation 3+. Other types of cancer were rare, including 1 case of GIST and 1 case of lymphoma (1 case). Polyps were rarely observed with a rate of 1.67% (N=6) and mostly hyperplastic and glandulocystic type. These epidemiological data described in our study can contribute to the development of strategies and preventive measures in the fight against these diseases in sub-Saharan Africa where studies are scarce.
Risks and Complications in the Use of Oral Piercing - Clinical Cases Report
Dental professionals must be prepared and up to date to support the patient when any negative effects resulting from the placement and use of an oral piercing are noticed. This effect can have consequences that directly or indirectly affect the patient's physical and psycho-emotional health, such as, for example, permanent plastic and aesthetic deformities. The dentist must also know how to deal with the freedom of thought and desire of those who choose the practice, justifying their own motives such as philosophical passions, prohibitive radicalisms and social/historical behaviors. Furthermore, the dentist must guide and monitor these patients in order to prevent unpleasant local and systemic consequences caused by the use of oral piercing, promoting the individual's health in an integrated way. With the clinical cases presented, it is important that dental professionals are prepared to treat patients when these undesirable consequences are diagnosed. However, the use of piercings is an individual option, which must be respected, and patient guidance must be provided as objectively as possible, to prevent negative consequences resulting from the use of the ornament. Therefore, professionals' concerns must be based not only on clarifying possible local damage, but also on systemic implications, improving the patient's general health status.
Evolution of the Drug Repurposing Paradigm
The appearance of novel diseases like COVID-19, as well as the resistance of severe diseases to existing medications, have caused a need for new drugs to be developed quickly. The concept of drug repurposing has been offered to increase efficiency and minimise time and financial costs associated with drug development. Repurposing is a strategy for discovering new medical applications for already approved drugs. The study covers recent computational and experimental approaches for finding drug candidates for repurposing, as well as the challenges that arise along the way
Comparison of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Smear Scan Results, the Relationship of the Virus with Dysplasia and its Distribution According to the Age of the Cases
Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause dysplastic changes and cancer in many body areas, especially in the cervix (cervix). There are many scientific studies and contents that have been done on this subject and have proven this situation. However; How parallel are the detection of the virus and the smear scan results, and how relevant is the relationship of the virus with dysplasia to the age of the patients, does this have clinical meaning? We carried out a study to seek answers to these questions.
Efficacy and Safety of Combination Treatment of Oral Terbinafine and Itraconazole in Patients with Extensive Superficial Dermatophytes
Background: Dermatophytosis, a prevalent fungal infection, is instigated by species like Trichophyton, Epidermophytonand Microsporum. The current approach for treating dermatophytosis involves a blend of systemic and topical antifungal therapies, applicable to all patients except those with localized, untreated Tinea. Notably, there is a growing incidence of inadequate response to the standard treatment regimen in recent times. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy andsafety of combination treatment of oralterbinafine anditraconazole in patients with extensive superficial dermatophytes. Materials and Methods: This research comprised a randomized clinical trial involving 50 individuals diagnosed with extensive superficial dermatophytosis. Study conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Combined Military HospitalCumilla, the study spanned from July 2022 to June 2023. During the six-week duration, patients underwent treatment with terbinafine and itraconazole, with follow-up examinations every two weeks, including relevant investigations. Evaluation of treatment outcomes occurred at both four and six weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using version 25 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: This study shows the majority of the participants within the age range of 16-30 years (56.0%) and the average age of the participants is 31.74±11.77 years. In terms of gender, the majority are male (78.0%). The most prevalent diagnosis is Tinea corporis (68.0%), followed by Tinea cruris (36.0%), Tinea faciei (28.0%), and Tinea incognito (12.0%). The majority of participants (85.0%) have had the disease for 12 months or less. The most common sites are the trunk (35.0%), whole body (26.0%), and crural area (24.0%). The majority of participants experience severe itching (56.0%), followed by moderate itching (34.0%), and a smaller percentage report mild itching (10.0%). The majority of participants showed improvement, with percentages increasing from 66.0% after 2 weeks to 84.0% after 4 weeks.The percentage of cured individuals also increased over time, reaching a substantial 90.0% after 6 weeks. Conclusion: The amalgamation of terbinafine and itraconazole demonstrates a superior clinical cure rate compared to use of single systemic antifungals. However, the observed clinical cure rate percentage is lower when juxtaposed with findings from previous studies. Notably, neither combination of systemic antifungals has exhibited efficacy against tinea infections previously treated with formulations containing topical steroids.
Four-Eyed Fish (A. anableps) Fingerlings Demonstrated Multiple Birth Defects Suggestive of Nutritional Deficiencies
In a colony of four-eyed fishes (A. anableps) some females produced offspring demonstrating birth-defects. At external inspection, the ventral midline was open over variable lengths. In some cases, it was combined with lordosis, kyphosis, or scoliosis. Affected specimens also suffered from cataracts. Histopathology revealed widely scattered degeneration of myofibers. Sheath cells of the notochord had proliferated, resulting in asymmetric shape distortion of vertebrae and indentations in the spinal cord. The spinal cord revealed an extensive axonal degeneration. The liver appeared mottled due to focal fat infiltration. Cataracts of ocular lenses appeared as vacuolization of lens fibers. The multiple pathologies noted may have been due to nutritional imbalances because the colony received a carnivore-based diet. Feeding ecology of Anableps is one of omnivory with a predominance of herbivory. This may have resulted in lesions comparable to deficiencies in Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Selenium.
A Comprehensive Analysis to Study the Histological and Immunohistochemical Profile of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Human Pancreases in the Indian Population
The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia observed in most forms of diabetes is intimately tied to the islet β cell. Impairments in pro-peptide processing and secretory function, along with the loss of these vital cells, is demonstrable not only in those in whom the diagnosis is established but typically also in individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Due to ethical and practical difficulties, genomic or pathological data in Indian population are remarkably missing. Here we report the immunohistological observations for 21 pancreases. We analyzed the pathological differences between diabetic and non-diabetic samples along with pathological changes associated with beta cell density, expression, size, and diameter. This study provides an insight into the immunopathological and histochemical mechanisms that highlight a number of–inflammatory, immunoregulatory and regenerative pathways, some of which have received relatively little attention so far.
Childhood Obesity and Diabetes Incidence: Histaminosis maybe Important
Obesity and diabetes in children are rapidly increasing phenomena. Sugar, carbohydrates with a high glycemic index, industrially processed products and GMO products are one side of the coin, food allergies the other. One trigger for this is histaminosis, associated with leaky gut syndrome and insulin resistance. The normal breakfast in 1st and 2nd world countries is unhealthy and must be replaced, as must fast food and junk food. The switching of children's brains should be deswitched, the intestinal environment should be cleansed. An enzyme therapy for this purpose is shown.
Modern Molecular Diagnostic of Prostate Cancer in Young Men
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a public health problem. Among malignant neoplasms, it is the second most common (in 105 out of 185 countries of the world) and the main cause of death from cancer in men from 46 countries. In some cases, pathology is verified in men under 50 years of age, including at the stage of the metastatic process. Common methods of diagnosis of prostate cancer, including assessment of the PSA level, are not always accurate, and the algorithm for their use has not been finalized. The Purpose of the Study: To determine a set of new molecular-genetic and histological research methods for early diagnosis of prostate cancer in young men (under 50 years of age). Materials and Methods: Micro-preparations were studied and an IHC study of 10 samples of patients with prostate cancer aged 40-51 years after radical surgical treatment was performed. The tumor stages of the subjects (pT1cN0M0-pT2cN0M0), PSA level (3.5-9.86 ng/ml), malignancy criteria (4 – ISUP-1, 4 – ISUP-2, 2 – ISUP-3). All patients underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomies. Results: Reviewing the micropreparations by a third-party morphologist, all the ISUP criteria of the samples obtained were confirmed: a tumor in the apex of the gland was absent in 1 probe (10%), both lobes of the gland were represented in all samples, without perineural lymphovascular invasion and urethral lesions. The positive board of surgical resection – in 1 case (0.2 cm). During the IHC it was found: Ki-67 in 1-5% of samples, b-catenin – 3 points with membrane staining up to 100%, e-cadherin – from 1 to 3 points (pT1cN0M0 ISUP-1). Mutations of EGFR, TP-53 and BCL-2 were not detected. Losses of heterozygosity by BRCA2 – 1 case (pT2cN0M0 ISUP-2), RB-1 – in 1 (pT2aN0M0 ISUP-3), PTEN – in 2 samples (pT2cN0M0 ISUP-1 and ISUP-2). Conclusion: A preliminary complex of molecular genetic and histological markers for early diagnosis of prostate cancer has been determined. Problems of early diagnosis are associated with a lack of sampling among young men, as well as the high cost of the proposed genetic studies.
Unique Pathologic Findings in the Heart of a Red-Eared Turtle (Trachemys Scripta Elegans)
The necropsy of a turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans), which was euthanized after rapid loss of vitality, revealed multiple unique abnormalities in the heart. We found areas of atrophy in the wall of the ventricle. These may be connected with aneurysmata at the same locations. A prominent hypertrophic, disc-like cartilago cordis was present. It may have disturbed the flow of blood leading to local atrophies. Gradually, the excessive size may have impeded the flow of blood by compression of large blood vessels at the heart base resulting in ischemia and acute cell death in the myocardium on one side of the ventricle. In one of the larger blood vessels there was an ulcus covered with a thrombus. Thrombi were found on various places and filled the larger part of the ventricular chamber. It can be assumed that these abnormalities were linked and fatal in the end
• Period when teeth are formed, within the bone: maxilla and mandible • Deposition of dentin and enamel and formation of the crown of the future tooth
Higher Toxoplasma Gondii Seropositivity in COVID-19 and Tuberculosis Patients: A Case-Control Study
Using a case-control study, we compared the antibody-positive profiles for Toxoplasma gondii in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, tuberculosis (TB), HBV, and HIV-1 in Wuxi of China. As an important pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii has higher co-infection and reactivation rates in patients with SARSCoV-2 and TB infection.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Chédiak Higashi Syndrome -A hematological Diagnosis and Review of Literature
Chediak Higashi Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease come in picture early in age, mainly paediatric group and is fatal. In India, till the year 2000, only five cases have been reported. In this study ,we present all the cases reported in India, their clinical presentation, CBC ,PBS ,Bone marrow findings, skin biopsy or hair study (if performed) and their correlation to see the accelerated phase of the disease and approach to the management. Determined peripheral blood smear examination is the key to arrest the diagnosis of Chediak Higashi Syndrome in developing country like India, defining it is the most easiest, quickest, cheap, easily available investigation in our country
Peripheral Blood Smear Lysosomal Trafficking Regulator Gene
Diagnosis and Management of Nitrous Oxide Poisoning: A Case Report
Background: Chronic nitrous oxide (N2O) poisoning induces irreversible inactivation of vitamin B12, affecting two biochemical reactions essential for the proper functioning of the body. The prognosis is excellent when adequately and quickly treated. We present the case of a 23-year-old Caucasian woman with symptoms caused by chronic N2O inhalation. Case Presentation: A 23-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to the emergency department with complaints of confusion and gait disturbance. Following an in-depth history and laboratory tests, chronic N2O poisoning was confirmed, and vitamin B12 supplementation was initiated promptly. Conclusion: Our case demonstrated the clinical presentation and biological changes typical of N2O poisoning. The misuse of N2O is prevalent due to the easy accessibility of cylinders over-the-counter since a few years. Recreational misuse of N2O has been observed in young populations. It is important to raise awareness among emergency physicians and nursing staff regarding increases in their consumption. Treatment involved vitamin B12 supplementation and long-term addiction monitoring.
The use of Google Sheets for Specimen Tracking, Pathologists’ Requisitions, Quality Control and Data Retrieving for Statistics, Search and Research in Anatomical Pathology Laboratories in the Absence of Barcoding and/or Anatomical Pathology Laboratory Information System
Background: Many Anatomical Pathology laboratories do not have a barcoding system or an anatomical pathology laboratory information system that allow for better workflow by tracking of specimens and orders, quality control documentation, statistics calculation, search and data retrieval for research purposes. Aim: This paper will show how Google sheet can be used as an alternative using the checkboxes, the electronic edit history and other features. Materials and Methods: Google accounts were created then Google sheets were designed with specific details and the daily quality log was designed to show compliances to national and international standards. Results: Descriptive templates allowed for tracking of specimens and pathologists’ requisitions, quality control documentation, statistics calculation, search and data retrieval for research purposes. Conclusion: Google sheet can be used in the absence of barcoding systems or an anatomical pathology laboratory information system for tracking, documentation, search, research and monitoring of all activities by the supervisor as required by some accreditation body
Blood as an Important Tool in Forensic Medicine in Sub-Saharan Africa: Nigeria as a Perception
Blood is one of the most important biological tools in forensic medicine used to resolve and investigate crime-related cases because it contains useful details. It entails an analysis of various aspects of bloodstains that contribute to the clarification of some violent criminal cases. The knowledge of forensic medicine is essential to provide answers about a series of events and mechanisms of the creation of specific groups of bloodstains on the crime scene. This includes investigation towards the analysis of bloodstains. This knowledge enables the interpretation of results and makes it possible to get closer to the truth, solve particular crimes and ensure accuracy in the legal determination of criminal offences which helps in a proper penalty when making a judgment for the offender.
Assessing the Predictive Power of NEWS2 Score in Vaccinated and Non-Vaccinated COVID-19 Inpatients at Omar BONGOONDIMBA Armed Forces Training Hospital
Background: Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitalized patients have been evaluated through clinical examinations and paraclinical tests to inform initial management. The primary aim of this study was to use the NEWS2 score to assess the prognosis of vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 inpatients in the medical department of HIA OBO. Patients and Methods: This retrospective, descriptive, monocentric assessment was carried out for a period of 15 months (September 1, 2021 to January 30, 2022) with a total of 219 patients included. Results: The most represented age group in the study was 40-64 years (43%), with a median age of 60 years. Non-vaccinated patients accounted for 90% of the study population. Comorbidities were present in 71% of patients and mainly consisted of arterial hypertension (40%), diabetes (17.8%), heart disease (8.25%), and COPD (2.7%). The most commonly observed clinical symptoms were asthenia and fever in 72.47% of patients, followed by cough in 65.13%. The NEWS2 score, which was used to assess the prognosis of COVID-19 inpatients, was high in 16% of cases, moderate in 76% of cases, and low in 1% of cases. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate similarities in clinical forms of COVID-19 between unvaccinated and vaccinated patients. Additionally, the NEWS2 score was a valuable tool for assessing patient prognosis upon admission and optimizing therapeutic management.