Weeding Rake Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation

Abstract

This study focused on the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a hand-push weeding rake equipped with a single front wheel. The device was developed to provide a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to herbicide application for smallholder farmers. Performance evaluation was conducted across three soil types (sandy, loamy, and clay), with measurements of operational time, weeding efficiency, and human energy expenditure. The results indicated that soil type significantly influenced performance. Sandy soil required the least operational time (12.8 min) and energy input (245.3 kJ) but achieved moderate efficiency (87.6%). Loamy soil recorded the highest efficiency (92.4%) with intermediate energy expenditure (312.7 kJ). Conversely, clay soils presented the greatest operational resistance, leading to higher time (21.8 min), lower efficiency (79.6%), and higher energy demand (358.1 kJ). Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant differences (p < 0.0001) in all measured parameters across soil types. Tukey’s post-hoc tests further revealed that all pairwise soil comparisons were statistically significant. The findings demonstrate that the single-wheel weeding rake is best suited for loamy soils, though it can function effectively in sandy soils with reduced efficiency. Clay soils remain a challenge due to higher energy requirements. While the study was limited to controlled test plots, the results underscore the potential of this tool as a low-cost, sustainable, and ergonomic alternative to chemical weed control methods for small-scale farming systems.