Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Political Sciences & International Relations. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You can submit articles thorough online: https://www.onlinescientificsresearch.com/submit-online or through E-mail attachment: politicalsciences@onlinescientificresearch.info
The Impact of Regional Powers on South Asian Domestic Politics
This paper examines the impact of regional powers on South Asian domestic politics, a region characterized by rapid economic growth and persistent geopolitical instability. It highlights the critical need for a nuanced understanding of internal political dynamics within neighboring states, arguing that past oversights are unsustainable in today’s globalized information environment. The study is significant for moving beyond conventional analyses and critically examining how regional powers influence internal politics and stability, particularly regarding arms control behavior. Employing a qualitative, case study approach, the paper analyzes specific instances, such as the 2014 Maldivian abductions and the 2021 fall of the Afghan regime, focusing on the impact of regional actors, including India and China. Findings suggest practical regional cooperation hinges on nation-state actors reassessing political and material risks. The conclusion highlights the importance of enhancing regional connectivity through increased trade, cultural initiatives, and people-to-people interactions to promote security and welfare, while acknowledging the vulnerability of democracy to external pressures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
Socioeconomic Diagnosis a Tool for Strategic Planning of PublicAuthority Actions
This paper proposes the use of Socioeconomic Diagnosis as a tool for the elaboration of the Multi-Year Planning of public management. The research methodology used was descriptive and applied with a qualitative approach. The research instruments involved were field research and document analysis. During the document analysis, it was identified that the form of planning popularly used in the Municipality of Matelândia is built based only on meetings, held mandatorily and randomly in communities in the municipalities, resulting from the “Inherited State”, remnants of times gone by. The results of the research highlighted the need to migrate to the “Necessary State”, with the intention of not only resolving existing demands, but also creating new demands and opportunities. To this end, planning with the use of concrete data becomes essential, and based on the case of the Municipality of Matelândia, it is proposed to use the tool to obtain these data, which is the Socioeconomic Diagnosis.
The Relationship between Criminology and Auxiliary CriminalSciences
This paper examines the relationship between criminology and its auxiliary criminal sciences, specifically focusing on forensic psychiatry, forensic medicine, forensic criminal investigation, and criminal policy science. The objective is to explore how these interdisciplinary connections contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of crime, criminal behavior, and effective justice practices. Forensic psychiatry provides insights into offenders’ mental health, aiding in assessments for sentencing and rehabilitation. Forensic medicine offers biological evidence critical to understanding violent crime, while forensic criminal investigation supplies empirical data through evidence collection and crime scene analysis, enriching criminological research. Criminal policy science translates criminological findings into actionable policies, promoting crime prevention and public safety. Together, these fields enhance the precision and impact of criminology, enabling a multifaceted approach that addresses the psychological, biological, social, and policy related dimensions of crime. This interdisciplinary framework supports criminal justice systems in making informed, evidence based decisions, fostering a more adaptive and responsive approach to crime prevention, investigation, and rehabilitation. By highlighting the value of integrating criminology with auxiliary sciences, the paper underscores the importance of collaborative efforts to advance the effectiveness and fairness of the criminal justice system.
The Identity of Criminology and Its Applications in Palestinian Correctional and Rehabilitation Centers: Between Reality andAspiration
The purpose of this study was to investigate the definition of criminology and its applications in Palestinian prison and rehabilitation institutions using a quantitative methodology. Out of the 591 total study population, which included every employee working in these centers, 175 workers were selected at random. The study examined how staff members’ understanding of criminology concepts, the accessibility of training programs, and the incorporation of criminology into reform activities affected these centers’ overall performance. The results showed a significant positive link between staff members’ criminology expertise and their ability to interact with inmates and assist in their rehabilitation. Additionally, by ensuring that employees had access to the most recent knowledge, the availability of criminology training programs was crucial in enhancing the effectiveness of daily operations. The greatest effect was shown when criminology was included to reform initiatives, highlighting the need of aligning institutional policies with criminology principles to enhance rehabilitation results and reduce recidivism. The study concluded that increasing staff understanding, providing more opportunities for training, and integrating criminology into reform programs are essential steps toward improving the effectiveness of Palestinian jails and rehabilitation centers.
The Enduring Impact of Diversity Leadership Training on Educational Equity: A Decade of Insights
This research article examines the long-term impact of diversity leadership training on educational equity, drawing on the findings of Dr. Berdine Gordon- Littréan’s 2014 action research study. The study, conducted within a diverse educational setting, highlighted the importance of continuous professional development, reflective practice, and specific leadership skills in promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). A decade later, these findings continue to influence contemporary DEI initiatives, providing valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and leaders. This article explores the enduring relevance of the study’s methodologies and findings, offering practical recommendations for sustaining and advancing DEI efforts in education.
Ten Reasons Why 2024 Marks an Inflexion Point Upending the Global Order
After World War II, the world had enjoyed a period of relative prosperity and stability. America’s global dominance, military, financial, economic, technological, and ideological, maintained an America-centric “liberal world order”, supported by various US-led global institutions and the mighty dollar. Nevertheless, as pointed out by scholars, the order is “never wholly liberal, truly international, or entirely orderly”.
A Study on Cultural Memes of Silver Ornaments among the SheEthnic Group in Fujian
The silver ornaments of the She nationality in eastern Fujian, as an important carrier of She culture, bear rich historical memories and profound cultural connotations. Based on cultural meme theory, this paper explores the design modeling, craftsmanship, and symbolic significance of She silver ornaments, revealing their crucial role in the cultural inheritance of the She nationality. The animal and plant motifs, geometric patterns, and exquisite casting and engraving techniques of She silver ornaments not only serve as manifestations of artistic expression but also function as mediums for the dissemination of cultural memes. This paper further analyzes the developmental trajectory of She silver ornaments throughout historical evolution, as well as the inheritance challenges and market pressures they face in contemporary society. Through pathways such as family inheritance, master-apprentice transmission, and cultural exchange with external groups, the cultural memes of She silver ornaments have been preserved and innovated. Finally, this paper proposes strategies such as policy support, cultural documentation, talent cultivation, and technological application to promote the protection and development of She silver ornament culture, enabling it to gain new vitality in the modern cultural industry.
A Project on the Civil Service Crisis: The Prevailing Influence ofPolitical Cadres Across Africa
The civil service in many African nations has increasingly become a battleground for political patronage, where meritocracy is overshadowed by the influence of political cadres. This paper examines the growing crisis in public administration caused by the infiltration of political loyalists into key bureaucratic positions, often at the expense of professionalism, efficiency, and accountability. Using a continent-wide perspective, with case studies from various African nations, this study explores the historical roots, structural weaknesses, and political motivations behind this trend. The analysis highlights the implications of political cadre dominance on governance, service delivery, and economic development, while also considering potential reforms to restore integrity in civil service institutions. The findings underscore the urgent need for depoliticization, strengthened institutional frameworks, and merit-based recruitment to enhance governance and public sector performance across Africa.
Bridging the Gap - The Role of Palm Oil in Shaping Global Tradeand International Relations: A Review
Palm oil plays a pivotal role in global trade as one of the most widely consumed vegetable oils, contributing significantly to the economies of major producers like Indonesia and Malaysia. Accounting for approximately 85% of global supply, it has become essential in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and biofuels. However, its influence extends beyond economics, shaping international relations and sparking debates on sustainability. This review explores the multifaceted role of palm oil in global trade and international relations. Economically, palm oil drives export revenues and rural development while fostering competitive dynamics between producing nations. Politically, it has become a contentious issue in trade policies, particularly with the European Union’s stringent environmental regulations, which have led to geopolitical tensions with Southeast Asian nations. Sustainability challenges further complicate its trajectory; while palm oil is highly efficient compared to alternatives, its production is unfairly accused of being linked to deforestation, biodiversity loss, and social inequities. Efforts such as sustainability certifications (e.g., RSPO) and zero-deforestation commitments aim to mitigate these impacts but face implementation hurdles. The review concludes that balancing economic benefits with environmental and social responsibilities is critical. Policymakers must prioritize sustainable practices through robust governance frameworks and equitable support for smallholders. Future research should focus on innovative solutions to enhance productivity by expanding plantations more sustainably, mechanisms for resolving trade disputes, and strategies for aligning global sustainability standards. By addressing these areas, palm oil can evolve into a model of sustainable development while maintaining its central role in global trade and diplomacy.
Beyond Geopolitics: Ideational Drivers of the Russia-UkraineConflict
This article examines the ideational dimensions of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, such as the symbolic character of Crimea, Russian strategic culture, nationalism and identity, propaganda, and the function of misconceptions and illusions in shaping opinion and action. Although material and geopolitical factors are no doubt significant in the conflict, the ideational dimensions provide us with vital insight into the motivations of Russia’s assertive policies towards Ukraine. The symbolic meaning of Crimea in the Russian identity, its strategic culture, and the influence of state-sponsored narratives’ and propaganda are analyzed in considerable detail. In addition, the article analyzes the misperceptions and illusions which create and perpetuate the conflict, which propel both the Russian policymakers and public opinion. By synthesizing these ideational variables with the broader geopolitical context, the article offers a comprehensive understanding of the complex factors that led to and sustain the war.
Attempts at Westernization in Latin America: Between Ways ofBeing and Information on Civic Morality
The paper focuses on the positions towards and investments in Westernization in Latin America and more specifically discusses the positions and logics of action regarding the import and adaptation of cultural and institutional models from the West. This paper suggests that the effects of attempts to Westernize depend on the multidimensionality of social structures, which implies certain historical and cultural conditions. Here, it is political capitalism that is inscribed in specific social structures, and investments in Westernization affects the most explicit and codified social dimensions. The empirical focus of this paper is on the relations between bonds of reciprocity and institutional rules, as well as the attempts to adapt them to those of Western capitalism. After an initial section about these relationships in Western capitalism some of their elements are highlighted. The main positions originating in Latin America regarding this issue are explained, which is followed by an exploration of the positions of investments in Westernization. These notions are linked to the definition of social capital based on current civic morality. Some basic indicators for this issue are also presented.
Reviewing Timor-Leste’s Obligations under Article 2 and 3 ofthe Timor Sea Treaty 2018 Based on the Principle of Pacta SuntServanda
This research is based on an analysis of the obligations of Timor-Leste under Article 2 and 3 of the Timor Sea Treaty 2018 between them and Australia regarding the establishment of the maritime boundary between the two states in the Timor Sea. This research was made by studying various doctrines and jurisprudence related to the pacta sunt servanda principle as well as reviewing Timor-Leste’s obligation in the Timor Sea Treaty 2018. Based on this research, we concluded that there were a couple of issues regarding the performance of Article 2 and 3 of the Timor Sea Treaty 2018 by Timor-Leste which need to be addressed when Timor-Leste considers their next step regarding maritime boundary negotiations in the Timor Sea.
Juba Peace Agreement ( JPA): Bridging Traditional and ModernConflict Resolution Mechanisms
This paper examines the signing of the Juba Peace Agreement (JPA) in October 2020, highlighting how the integration of traditional and modern conflict resolution mechanisms was pivotal to its success. Particular focus is placed on the indigenous practices of Judiyya and Ajaweed, historically employed in Darfur and Kordofan to mediate and resolve disputes among local communities in Sudan. By applying the principles and values of these age-old mechanisms, the South Sudan Mediation Committee (SSMC) effectively facilitated negotiations between the Transitional Government of Sudan (TGoS) and the Sudanese Revolutionary Front This culminated in the successful signing of the peace accord on October 3, 2020 [1]. The integration of these traditional practices into modern mediation not only fostered a positive atmosphere but also informed key negotiation strategies. These approaches led to breakthroughs on critical issues and laid the groundwork for the agreement’s implementation, demonstrating the enduring relevance of indigenous conflict resolution systems in contemporary peacebuilding efforts.
Discuss and Assess the World Systems Theory Proposition thatGlobalization Fosters and Perpetuates Economic Inequality
Ha result of unprecedented flows of goods, services, capital, information, and technology among countries [1]. Economic interdependence and cooperation between nations drastically changed after 1945, resulting in the entire change of the global economic and political system. This phenomenon, known as economic globalization, resulted in a new globalized reality withsignificant changes that many academics seek to analyze.
Governance Education and Innovation in Family Businesses:Insights from Leadership Transitions in China
Intergenerational leadership transitions in family businesses significantly influence corporate innovation, with dual effects emerging during the succession process. Using data from family firms listed on China’s SME Board and GEM from 2010 to 2017, this study explores the relationship between management and ownership inheritance and innovation investment. Results reveal a negative impact on innovation during the joint management phase, while innovation improves under the full control of next-generation leaders, highlighting the potential of governance education in shaping sustainable innovation. Governance education provided by the senior generation enhances corporate social responsibility, reduces risk tolerance, and encourages conservative innovation strategies. The study further identifies gender disparities, with male successors often showing stronger negative effects on innovation. Moreover, political connections and market-oriented regions intensify challenges in sustaining innovation during leadership transitions. This research contributes to understanding the mechanisms linking governance education, leadership transitions, and innovation, offering insights for fostering resilience and innovation in family businesses amid generational shifts.
Historical Evolution of Water Management in Liguria: FromAgricultural Landscapes to Coastal Gardens
Liguria is an Italian region of the Mediterranean, consisting of a narrow hilly arc overlooking the sea, with only the Magra River having a significant water flow. Despite its limited territorial extension and the scarcity of surface water, Liguria has always been a land of great agricultural diversity. In the past, water use was defined by a contrast between the communal management of public resources and the individualism of private properties. This study focuses on the transformation of an arid landscape into fertile land through sustainable water management. The construction of terraces for cultivation on steep slopes, as well as the building of canals and cisterns for the ingenious use of water, are well documented through extensive historical records and cartography. Emblematic examples of water management include coastal agricultural systems (such as Cinque Terre and Chiavari), while in noble estates, water plays a crucial role not only in supporting Mediterranean vegetation through elaborate hydraulic systems but also in maintaining productive agricultural areas. Liguria’s centuries-old expertise in water management provides valuable insights for addressing contemporary challenges: integrating traditional practices with technological innovations can offer sustainable solutions for the future.
Climate-friendly investments are better job creators [1]. The South Korean government implemented the “Specialized Training for Industrial Structural Changes Response (referred to as Specialized Training ‘ as appropriate)” program in 2022 to address the nationwide crisis posed by shifts in industries due to digitalization and carbon neutrality. This transition is not only transforming previously advantageous sectors into risks but also increasing the need for support among employed and unemployed individuals in regional industrial labor markets. In response, the government allocated a total budget of 766 billion won in 2023 to provide reskilling and upskilling opportunities for 20,000 trainees through on-site training and support such as training fees and incentives [2]. Regional Skills Councils played a key role in terms of selecting training occupations, skills training, and evaluating the providers in the local markets. In this manuscript, a specific case study is elaborated to introduce innovative training model for regional labor markets.
Beyond Adversities: Character Strengths of Filipino Senior HighSchool Students
Recognizing and developing strengths in individuals contribute to making life more worth living. Human services particularly the counseling profession is not just about fixing deficiencies but should also be about nurturing the best in people. This mixed methods research provided a profile of the character strengths of senior high school students from a private university (n=294). Using the Filipino version of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIAIS), data revealed that the signature strengths of students were fairness, teamwork, appreciation of beauty and excellence, kindness and gratitude. Justice strengths such as fairness and teamwork were the topmost strengths implying that students are civic- oriented and contribute to a functional community. Transcendence strengths like appreciation of beauty and excellence and gratitude suggested that students give prime attention to beauty, and excellent performances and they are grateful for the things they have in life. Humanity strengths (kindness) imply that these strengths help the students in their interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, the qualitative responses of 15 senior high school students who were referred for counseling were analyzed to explore the manifestations of character strengths in their coping strategy. Thematic analysis revealed the character strengths of appreciation of beauty, hope, perspective, love, self-regulation and religiousness/ spirituality. Implications of the findings in school counseling programs and interventions were discussed.
Role of Diaspora Activities in the Development of Countries ofOrigin: Benefits, Impact, and Best Practices
The Ghanaian diaspora plays a crucial role in the development and cultural enrichment of Ghana. With strong ties to their homeland, diasporans contribute to Ghana’s economic growth through remittances, investments, and skills transfer. The Year of Return and Beyond the Return initiatives have successfully attracted diasporans back to Ghana, promoting tourism, trade, and investment opportunities. Through collaboration and mutual support, Ghana and its diaspora can work together to build a prosperous and inclusive future for all. This article explores the benefits, impact, and best practices of diaspora activities in Ghana, highlighting the importance of leveraging cultural heritage for tourism development, facilitating diaspora engagement for socio-economic growth, prioritizing community involvement and empowerment, and adopting holistic and inclusive development approaches. By capitalizing on the strengths of its diaspora community, Ghana can continue to thrive and prosper in the global landscape. The methodology used in this article involves a review of existing literature on diaspora studies, with a specific focus on the Ghanaian diaspora. Data from sources such as the Diaspora Affairs Bureau of Ghana and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs were analysed to provide insights into the demographics and impact of the Ghanaian diaspora. The article also draws on case studies, interviews, and reports to highlight the benefits, impact, and best practices of diaspora activities in Ghana’s development. The analysis is supported by empirical evidence, qualitative data, and policy recommendations to inform future strategies for leveraging diaspora engagement for socio-economic growth.
Cooperativist Dynamics in Post-Conflict Societies: Addressingthe Rochdale Principles as a Local Framework for PeacebuildingInitiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina, a society marked by a tumultuous past, continues to face persistent challenges related to institutional and administrative issues.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
The Russia-Ukraine War and its Ripple Effects in South Asia: AnExploratory Analysis
he Russia-Ukraine war has profoundly impacted South Asia despite the geographical distance. This study investigates the multifaceted repercussions of the conflict on the region, encompassing economic, political, and social dimensions. The economic fallout, primarily manifested through supply chain disruptions and commodity price surges, has fueled inflation, exacerbated food insecurity, and strained fiscal balances. The war has also complicated the geopolitical landscape, forcing South Asian nations to navigate a delicate balancing act between their ties with Russia and the West, potentially intensifying regional rivalries and increasing Russia’s influence. Socially, the war has disproportionately affected marginalized communities, amplifying existing inequalities and raising concerns about social unrest and political instability. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, relying on a comprehensive review of existing literature, news articles, policy documents, and expert analyses. The findings highlight the interconnectedness of global events and their far-reaching consequences, even in regions seemingly distant from the conflict zone, underscoring the importance of understanding the broader context and the need for a global perspective. The research underscores the urgent need for regional cooperation and a nuanced, proactive approach from regional and international actors to address the multifaceted challenges posed by the war and foster a more resilient and equitable future for South Asia.
Emerging Trends in the Era of Decolonization: The Examples ofBritish and French African Colonies
This discussion is an extensive delineation of the Emerging Trends in the Era of Decolonization: The Examples of British and French Africa. A number of significant and crucial events saw and preceded colonization in British and French Africa, and historical underpinnings, while recognizing the challenges and struggles emerging from colonization and anti-colonization, uncertainty in decolonization, and the terrains culminating in social issues and problems. The article also discusses the social change regime of modernization and post-colonial imperialism from a stakeholder perspective and achieving equality from stabilization of a modern world.
Department of Public Management, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
Almost a decade and a half has passed since South Africa joined BRICS in 2010 and it is yet to reap the full economic benefits and advantages which it was promised. For this reason, this article assesses the extent to which the ‘Flying Geese’ model can assist South Africa, as a late comer to BRICS, to catch up with the other members within the grouping by expanding its market presence. It will do so by examining the GDP composition of each of the original BRICS member states between 2010 and 2022 in order to identify which labour-intensive economic activities may be passed down from the so-called “lead goose”, being China, to the latecomer, South Africa. It will analyse the extent to which BRIC nations have shifted its production from consumer to capital goods and whether this is reflected in the grouping’ sexports, as suggested by the Flying Geese model. The article will also make brief use of the Cobb-Douglas production function to showcase the relationship between output and production inputs within BRICS. This article earmarks the textile manufacturing industry as one such sector for consideration. Textile manufacturing activitiesare already being relinquished from China to India, and indeed a newcomer, Ethiopia. It provides recommendations and caveats for the plausible adoption of this development strategy for the BRICS+ group as a means to strengthen South Africa’s manufacturing base, and thereby help address its pressing socioeconomic concerns of high youth unemployment, poverty and underdevelopment.
Public Service Internship Programme towards Graduates’Employability: A Case of Limpopo Province, South Africa
The South African government introduced the Public Service Internship Programme as a measure to assist graduates in increasing their employability in the public sector by providing them with practical and accelerated work experience programmes that expose interns to specific occupations. Whilst the gap between theory and practice has often been considered from an employer and academic standpoint, less is known about the graduate perspective. This study sought to investigate the contribution of the Public Service Internship Programme towards graduate employability, with a distinct focus on Limpopo Province in South Africa. A mixed-method approach was adopted as the research approach. The main aims for adopting this method were to fully comprehend and analyse the detailed findings of the study as provided by the respondents. The data collection was made using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires and the data analysis was done using content analysis. The sample size consists of 30 respondents drawn from the three respective hosting institutions which are the Limpopo Office of the Premier, Limpopo Department of Public Works and Polokwane Municipality. The findings of the study show that the programme does expose the graduates to practical work in the public service to assist them in becoming employable. The study concludes that the programme does afford the interns the skills to enter the labour market.
The Israeli War on the Gaza Strip: From Crimes Against Humanityto Genocide
This paper argues that the Israeli occupation authorities in the Gaza strip committed several crimes that exceeded the level of genocide and the Palestinian people’s right to existence, according to many international law experts and international human rights organizations. Articles 2, 3, and 4 of Resolution No. 260 A (III) issued on December 9, 1948, which prohibits and punishes genocide, were violated. However, among others, the researcher concluded that, the Palestinian Authority should focus on now is the urgent collection of all evidence and documents and anything that can help the ICJ uncover Israel’s crimes against Palestinian civilians in Gaza as a prelude to initiating an international criminal investigation to hold Israel accountable for committing complete genocide under the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in Resolution (A/RES/96-I) 194.
UN General Assembly Resolution 260 A (III)
Scientific Literacy is A Valuable Tool for Modern Politicians AComprehensive Analysis
Scientific literacy plays a pivotal role in shaping informed decision-making, and its importance extends beyond academia to significantly impact modern politicians’ effectiveness. This paper explores the critical relationship between scientific literacy and political leadership, emphasising the role of well-informed policymakers in addressing complex societal challenges. Drawing on existing literature and empirical evidence, we delve into the multifaceted aspects of scientific literacy and its potential as a powerful tool for guiding evidence-based policy formulation and implementation. Through an in-depth analysis, we aim to underscore the need to foster scientific literacy among politicians to enhance their ability to navigate the intricacies of contemporary issues
The Persistence of Change in Political Systems in Nepal: Causesand Consequence
This research is based on examining the enduring nature of change within political systems in Nepal, including its numerous manifestations, changing structures, and relevance in contemporary society. The research encompasses a variety of secondary sources, which are further reinforced by primary data sources. This research investigates the process of political system transition and its associated features using qualitative data analysis. The multi-party democracy endeavour in Nepal rapidly deteriorated into conflicts for control among and within the political parties. The prohibition and subsequent in effectiveness of political parties not achieving global peace and security were seen. Examining countries that have effectively undergone economic change underscores the essential role played by governmental entities in managing such processes. The political growth of Nepal represents a distinct deviation from core political theory, morals, and values. Political parties have been detrimental to the functioning of democracy due to their failure to establish and sustain democratic advancements inside institutional frameworks effectively. Effective governance is needed to confront the dual challenges posed by the Maoist insurgency (often referred to as terrorism) and the deceleration of economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
Contradictions of Nigeria’s Federalism; Investigating the Implicationsof Geographical Imbalance on Secessionist Agitiations And Tensionsin Nigeria
Nigeria’s federalism has been contending with severe working and constitutional/institutional challenges. These challenges which range from political to economic and social has resulted in the vociferation for the political restructuring and rearrangement of the country. The inability of the country to espouse and practice federalism effectively which is indicated in the over-centralization of powers/functions on the central government has brought ethnic conflicts, political turmoil, marginalization of some ethnic groups, corruption, lack of good governance instead of peace, development and administrative ease. This study, therefore, investigates if the failure to address the geographical imbalance in representation accounts for the rise in secessionist agitations and tension in Nigeria, with its focus on the separatist agitations amongst the Igbo indigenous group in south-eastern Nigeria. The modern classic theory of federalism was adopted as our theoretical framework. The documentary method of data collecting and the qualitative descriptive approach of data analysis were both used in the study. This study revealed that although Nigeria federalism was purposely adopted by the foundational policymakers to purportedly eradicate ethnic dominance and inspire the component units to progress and advance at a different speed, The establishment of an unjust, imbalanced, and hypercentralizedfederal structure during the previous military administration did countless harms to the foundational elements of Nigeria’s federal system by promoting ethnic dominance and submitting the constituent units to the financial hegemony of the center. The Igbos of the South-East region of Nigeria hasbeen the victim of this hyper-centralized federal structure and ethnic subjugation over the years, hence, the incessant rise in the emergence and activities of separatist and pro-independence movements in the region. Consequently, the study recommended an all-inclusive restructuring and reorganization of the political system of Nigeria by adopting a firm, even and appropriate Federal composition that will encompass state or regional independence and autonomy when it concerns governmental powers and fiscal resources
The main argument of this paper is to project how diplomacy can be used as the new tool for deterrence. In addition to conventional methods of deterrence, diplomacy is also considered to be an alternative tool. India has jumped on the bandwagon of using its diplomatic clout towards global engagement, addressing pressing issues of human sufferance, security and world order. India’s diplomatic advances have bypassed the South Asian region, after giving due preference to its neighbours, with far reaching impacts on its bilateral relations with other global powers in far west and east. India’s timely confrontations with its tough neighbours have posed immense challenges that New Delhi often tactfully decided to handle diplomatically. This paper delivers a detailed study of India’s diplomatic outreaches and how New Delhi has off late placed itself in a position where it can maintain distinctive relationships with individual countries at once. The world rightly acknowledges India’s ability to talk to different countries at different levels at the same time, especially at the time when the global order is very seemingly divided. This puts India at an advantageous position diplomatically, providing it with the ability to use it diplomatic clout as deterrence.
The Effect of Propensity to Savings on Rate of Profit
A suggestion is provided here for making the Classical Approach to the study of prices and income distribution neutral with respect to ideological choices, a move which might perhaps promote progress in Political Economics. In this respect, some flaws commonly attributed to the economic thought of Adam Smith are overcome. Solving them, it is then argued, opens up the possibility of fertile links between a Smithian approach and the John Maynard Keynes’ theory of income and employment. This way, the determination of income distribution might be explained as the outcome of free choices and market mechanisms concerning the prices of commodities too, but this theoretical path could be followed without falling into the inconsistencies arising from capital measurement connected to Marginalism.
Theory of Prices and Income Distribution