Journal of Tumor Science Research is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Tumor Science Research. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Articles are accepted in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-review, Short Communications, Images, Book reviews, Video articles, and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://www.onlinescientificsresearch.com/submit-online or can send through an e-mail with attachment for tumorresearch@onlinescientificresearch.info (or) tumorscience@onlinescientificresearch.net
LIGHT/TNFSF14 is a member of the TNF superfamily and works as transmembrane and soluble forms. Different authors evaluated its role in cancer reaching different results. In detail, LIGHT has been described as having a dualistic role (anti-tumor or pro-tumor) in different tumors. In detail, inducing LIGHT expression in prostate and breast cancer in murine model a benefit is evident. It has been reported that higher LIGHT levels are related with a better prognosis in colorectal cancer liver metastases. In patients with glioma or glioblastoma high LIGHT levels are linked to a worsened prognosis. While for patients with osteolytic non-small cell lung cancer, multiple myeloma, an increased pattern of LIGHT expression predicted the active bone disease. In this review, the key role of LIGHT in glioma, glioblastoma, gastric, pancreatic, breast and prostate tumor, non-small cell lung cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma was described.
Tumor, Bone Metastasis, Glioma, Glioblastoma, Gastric, Pancreatic, Breast, Prostate Tumor, NonSmall Cell Lung Cancer Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Multiple Myeloma
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Tumor Science Research
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #65): Estimated Risk Probability Percentages of Having Kidney Cancer and its Moving Trend Over a 7+-Year Period from 1/1/2015 to 4/20/2022 Using A Combined Score of Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Hypertension and Albumin-To-Creatinine Ratio, Obesity, Diet and Exercise as the 4 Key Influential Factors for Developing Kidney Cancer Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 654)
Introduction Recently, the author read a few published medical articles regarding kidney cancer. He then outlines some key information in the Introduction section. The selected information sources have been referenced within this section and will not be listed in the Reference section. Kidney Care The first paper from the UK covers the general care of kidneys which provides useful information. (1) www.kidneycareuk.org Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common condition, affecting around 7% of the UK population. It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), responsible for around a third of people needing kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or preemptive kidney transplant).
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Tumor Science Research
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #64): Estimated Risk Probability Percentages of Prostate Cancer and its Moving Trend Over 12+ Years From 1/1/2010 to 4/18/2022 Using Metabolism Index, Obesity, Diet and Exercise as the 4 Influential Factors for Prostate Cancer Risk % based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 653)
What is the PSA Test? Prostate-specific antigen, or PSA, is a protein produced by normal, as well as malignant, cells of the prostate gland. The PSA test measures the level of PSA in the blood. For this test, a blood sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. The results are usually reported as nanograms of PSA per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. The blood level of PSA is often elevated in people with prostate cancer, and the PSA test was originally approved by the FDA in 1986 to monitor the progression of prostate cancer in men who had already been diagnosed with the disease. In 1994, FDA approved the PSA test to be used in conjunction with a digital rectal exam (DRE) to aid in the detection of prostate cancer in men 50 years and older. Until about 2008, many doctors and professional organizations had encouraged yearly PSA screening for prostate cancer beginning at age 50.
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #66): Relative Risk Probability of Developing Ovarian and/or Uterine Cancers in Female Patients Using a Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Patient Collected Data Over 12+ Years From 1/1/2010 To 4/23/2022 With 5 Gender-Independent Generic Cancer risk factors, i.e., Obesity, Diabetes, Lipids, Diet, and Exercise to Validate the Suitability of VGT Tool for Gynecological Cancer Study Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 655)
Introduction A family member of the author was recently diagnosed with ovarian and uterine cancer which piqued his interest in understanding more about this subject. To date, he has read numerous published articles regarding this topic. Although the majority of these research papers utilize statistical data analysis tools to draw their observed conclusions, they indeed identify certain risk factors related to ovarian and uterine cancers. As a result, he has learned that there are three general categories of risk factors related to these gynecological cancers. The first risk category is the gender-dependent factors without any collected data to support this analysis. Here are the following 11 risk factors which are not covered in this article.
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #63): A Summary Report on the Annual Relative Risks of Developing Pancreatic, Liver, And Various Cancers Using Various Influential Factors Such As HbA1C, Glucose, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Weight, Diet, Walking Steps and Metabolism Index from the Collected Data of a Type 2 Diabetes Patient Over an ~12+ Years Period Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 651)
Introduction From July 2021, the author read a consensus report published jointly by the American Diabetes Association and the American Cancer Society in 2010 regarding relationships between cancers and diabetes. Based on his learned knowledge from the article and 2+ million collected data of his overall metabolism, including medical conditions and lifestyle details, he conducted a few cancer research studies regarding his estimated relative risk percentages of developing pancreatic, liver, and various cancers during the past 12+ years from 1/1/2010 to 4/15/2021. This article is a combination of his four papers No. 584, 617, 649, and 650. This study contains four viscoplastic models using respective influential factors as described: (1) No. 649 - Pancreatic cancer using hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, obesity, chronic inflammation, and metabolism index. (2) No. 650 - Liver cancer using HbA1C, obesity, blood lipids, and metabolism index. (3) No. 617 - Various cancers using combined scores of 4 medical conditions, and a combined score of 6 lifestyle details. (4) No. 651 - Various cancers using HbA1C for diabetes, body weight for obesity, diet score for food quantity and quality, and daily walking steps for physical activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Tumor Science Research
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #56): Using the VGT tool to Estimate the Relative Energy Associated with Different Calculated Annual Cancer Risk Percentages Under the Influence of Estimated Average Glucose (eAG) and Body Weight in The Early Morning (BW) Over Two 5-Year Periods, Y2012-Y2016 and Y2017-Y2021, based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 644)
Introduction The author was a professional engineer working in the fields of the space shuttle, naval battleships, nuclear power plants, computer hardware and software, artificial intelligence, and semiconductor chips. After his retirement, he started to self-study and research internal medicine with an emphasis on biomarker relationships exploration and disease prevention. Since 2010, he has utilized the disciplines learned from 7 different universities along with various work experiences to formulate his current medical research work during the past 13 years. In engineering and medicine, he discovered that we frequently seek answers, illustrations, or explanations for the relationships between the input variable (force applied on a structure or cause of a disease) and output variable (deformation of a structure or symptom of a disease). However, the multiple relationships between input and output could be expressed with many different matrix formats of 1 x 1, 1 x n, m x 1, or m x n (m or n means different multiple variables). In addition to these described mathematical complications, the output resulting from one or more inputs can also become an input of another output, which is a symptom of certain causes that can become a cause of another different symptom. This phenomenon is a complex scenario with “chain effects”. In fact, engineering and biomedical complications are fundamentally mathematical problems that correlate or conform with many inherent physical laws or principles.
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #62): A Simplified Mathematical Model to Estimate Liver Cancer Risk Probability Percentages and its Moving Trend Over 12+ Years from 1/1/2010 to 4/14/2022 using type 2 Diabetes HbA1C, Obesity, Blood Lipids, And Metabolism Index as The Liver Cancer Risk’s 4 Influential Factors Based On GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 650)
Treating diabetes in patients who also have cancer is often complicated by cancer, cancer therapies such as chemotherapy, and the adverse effects of these treatments. Chemotherapy, for example, can destabilise blood glucose control which will need to be closely monitored by your diabetes care team. In addition, cancer treatment can be delayed by the development of any shortterm diabetes complications, such as severe hypoglycemia.” Based on above-quoted information, there are a few important factors that are strongly related to liver cancer (not necessarily in a form of a cause-symptom relationship). In the author’s case, they are type 2 diabetes (T2D) conditions expressed by HbA1C values (A1C 6.0 is used as the dividing line), obesity or being overweight expressed by body weight (170 lbs. for BMI 25.0), lipids expressed by m3 value (using an averaged combination of LDL, HDL, TG, and total cholesterol), metabolism index express by MI value (a combined score of 4 medical conditions and 6 lifestyle details with 0.735 as the dividing line). In addition to these 4 important factors, i.e. A1C, weight, m3, and MI, some other components are connected to liver cancer as well, such as alcohol drinking, hepatitis B and C, chronic inflammation, and certain diabetes medications. However, these factors do not apply to the author since he does not have any lifetime unhealthy habits or those mentioned medical conditions. In fact, he has also ceased taking any diabetes medications as of 12/8/2015.
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #47): Using Viscoplasticity/Viscoplasticity to Explore the Inter-Relationships on Cancer Risk % Versus Sensor Measured Fasting Plasma Glucose and Body Weight Based on Eleven Collected Annual Data Over A 10+ Year Period From 1/1/2012 to 3/20/2022 using the GHMethod: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 632)
The purpose of this research article is to explore a possible link between cancer risk probability percentage (Cancer %) and body weight (BW) in the early morning. Body weight is very easy to measure by standing on a weight scale. Weight in the early morning is highly correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) measured in the early morning or averaged glucose during sleeping hours. FPG also serves as the baseline of postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and contributes around 25% to 29% of daily average glucose (eAG). Daily average glucose levels or quarterly HbA1C values (averaged eAG during the past 90-115 days) determine the severity of diabetes disease. Finally, diabetes is one of the major influential chronic diseases for developing many kinds of diseases and complications, including cancers. From the author’s mathematical view, in this biomedical field, an output biomarker sometimes turns into an input biomarker of a third biomarker. Therefore, many biomedical problems can be described as a scenario of the matrix with “m by n by p” dimensions. Since 2012, the author has been collecting his body weight (BW) and finger-piercing glucose values each day. In addition, he accumulates medical conditions data including blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and blood lipids along with lifestyle details (LD). Based on his collected big data, he further organized them into two main groups. The first is the medical conditions group (MC) with 4 categories: weight, glucose, BP, and blood lipids. The second is the LD group with 6 categories: food & diet, exercise, water intake, sleep, stress, and daily routines. At first, he collected his data on a daily basis since Y2012 and then calculated a unique combined daily score for each of the 10 categories within the MC and LD groups. The combined scores of the 2 groups, 10 categories, and 500+ detailed elements constitute an overall “metabolism index (MI) model”. This MI model includes the root causes from 6 major lifestyle inputs and symptoms from 4 rudimentary chronic diseases: obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, it can serve as the foundation and building block for his additional research work that can expand into various diseases associated with different organs, such as cancers.
Viscoelastic or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #61): A Simplified Mathematical Model to Estimate Pancreatic Cancer (PC) Risk Probability Percentages and Its Moving Trend Over an ~7 Years Period from Y2015 to Y2022 Using Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Chronic Inflammation and Metabolism Index as the PC Risk’s 5 Contribution Factors Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 649)
PC is one of the ten most common cancers in humans. Most of the cases are pancreatic exocrine cancer, only 1%‐2% of cases of PC are neuroendocrine tumors. According to the American Cancer Society, the incidence of PC was 53,770 in 2019, with an 85% concomitant mortality rate of 45,750 (23,800 men and 21,950 women). It is the fourth cause of cancer‐related death in both men and women in the United States each year. In the United States, the number of new cases of PC was 12.4 per 100 000 men and women per year based on 2009‐2013 cases. Despite massive effort on diagnosis and treatment, the 5‐year survival rate has been increased to a mere 8%. By 2030, the number of deaths from PC will surpass breast, prostate, and colon cancer and become the second leading cause of cancer‐related death in the United States. Due to unclear symptoms and no screening recommendations, a vast majority of PC patients are diagnosed at late stages, with already advanced disease and no opportunity for surgical intervention. The risk factors for PC include tobacco products, obesity, diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, alcohol abuse, malnutrition, hereditary conditions, and family history (Figure 1). Diabetes mellitus (DM), or impaired glucose tolerance, is concurrently present in 50%‐80% of patients with PC. DM is a known risk factor for PC, and new‐onset DM could be an early manifestation of PC, resulting from insulin resistance induced by a paraneoplastic syndrome or pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction. In addition, it has been demonstrated that moderate alcohol consumption had an insignificant impact, while high alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk of PC. Although the effects of DM and alcohol abuse on the development of PC have been studied for the last few decades, their molecular mechanisms of action are not well understood. We conducted this review to update and summarize the mechanisms of association among diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcoholism, other factors, and cancerous pancreas. In addition, prevention and treatment strategies are also critically discussed in this review paper.
Viscoelastic Or Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #39): Applying the VEGT or VPGT to Study the Effect of Role Switching for Cause and Symptom, CVD Risk Versus Cancer Risk and Cancer Risk Versus CVD Risk, And Using Viscoelastic Perturbation Model to Predict the Risks of Having CVD or Cancer Using Calculated Risk Data of a 12+ Years Period from Y2012 to Y2022 Based on the GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 620)
Since 2012, the author has been collecting his body weight and finger-piercing glucose values each day. In addition, he accumulates medical conditions data including blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and blood lipids along with lifestyle details of diet, exercise, sleep, stress, water intake and daily routine details. Based on these collected big data, he further organized them into two main groups. The first group is medical conditions (MC) with 4 categories: weight, glucose, BP, and lipids. The second group is lifestyle details (LD) with 6 categories: food, exercise, water intake, sleep, stress, and daily routines. He collects his daily data and then calculates a unique combined score for each of these 2 groups of MC and LD and their 10 categories. His calculated risk probability percentage of developing complicated diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cancers, are based on this above-described metabolism model. This metabolism index model (MI) includes the root causes of 6 lifestyle details and 4 disease symptoms including rudimentary chronic diseases: obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. As we know, lifestyle details cause rudimentary chronic diseases which further influence more complicated diseases, such as heart problems (CVD), strokes, and others. However, on top of the lifestyle-induced chronic disease and complications, environmental factors, such as radiation, air and water pollution, food poison and pollution, toxic chemicals, and hormonal therapy, can also contribute to the causes of a variety of cancer. Some genetic conditions and lifetime unhealthy habits, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use would account for approximately 15% to 25% of the root cause for rudimentary chronic diseases, CVD, and cancer. Heart disease (CVD) and cancer belong to the “symptom disease” category which are the “root-causes” of poor and unhealthy lifestyles. However, there are still some connections existing between these two symptom diseases, CVD and cancer.
Simulating the Role of RAD51 Over-Expression on DNA Repair and its Potential Impact on Tumor Prognosis via Targeted Gene T herapy
ROS-induced DNA damage is particularly detrimental in the context of cancers as it oxidatively stresses the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cells in the TME play a vital role in cancer pathogenesis, and by understanding the therapeutic strategies, ROS-induced damage can be mitigated. ROS causes single-strand DNA breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs), and the accumulation of these breaks leads to genomic instability and cancer progression. This study focuses on the pathway and effects of introducing DNA repair proteins (RAD51 in this study) via adenoviral vectors into the TME to reduce ROS-induced DNA damage. RAD51 is a repair protein involved in homologous recombination to anneal DSBs. Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses ubiquitous in common diseases; however, their DNA sequence/plasmid is commonly used in clinical gene therapies as a medium of gene insertion. This study simulates various laboratory techniques necessary for adenoviral generation. After insertion, the effects of RAD51 are theorized in a Western Blot measuring phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX). γH2AX can be used as a biomarker for RAD51, as it plays a vital role in accumulating DNA repair proteins at the site of the break: when there are more breaks, there will be a larger concentration of γH2AX. This study is a gene therapy methodology that simulates adenoviral generation, focusing on the engineered vector designed for therapy. If future preclinical studies validate this research, it could lead to significant benefits for patients, such as reducing their resistance to radiotherapy and decreasing overall malignancy.
Study on the Effect of Community Follow-Up on Psychological Intervention of Cancer Patients
Objective: analyze the positive effect of community follow-up psychological intervention for cancer patients. Methods: From May 2022 to May 2023, 100 cancer patients were selected as the research objects for correlation analysis. They were randomly divided into two groups, and different nursing intervention programs were applied to patients in different groups. To evaluate the value of community follow-up by comparing nursing satisfaction and self-management ability after discharge. Results: The study group was better than the control group in self-management ability, disease cognition, compliance score, nursing satisfaction and psychological score after discharge (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Community follow-up service for cancer patients can not only strengthen patients’ satisfaction with nursing work, but also improve negative emotions and produce good psychological intervention effect, which is worth popularizing.
Living with Ovarian Tumour & Consequences
Introduction Gynaecological cancers are among the most common cancers in women and hence an important public health issue. Due to the lack of cancer awareness, variable pathology, and dearth of proper screening facilities in developing countries such as India, most women report at advanced stages, adversely affecting the prognosis and clinical outcomes. Ovarian cancer has emerged as one of the most common malignancies affecting women in India and has shown an increase in the incidence rates over the years, as compared to cervical cancer and breast Cancers which are on a declining trend! In India, ovarian cancer is the third most common gynaecological cancer, following breast and cervical cancer [1, 2]. Ovarian cancer is often difficult to detect because symptoms often don’t develop until later stages. The ovarian cancer is differentiated in four stages, namely: Stage I: Cancer is confined to one or both ovaries. Stage II: Cancer has spread to the uterus or other nearby organs. Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or abdominal lining. Stage IV: Cancer has spread to distant organs, such as the lungs or liver. During a 7-year duration (2010–2016), 6,515 cancer patients were recorded at PBCR, and 228 cases were of ovarian malignancy. It was observed that most of the cases in this study were in 41–50 years of life. The age-standardized incidence rate of ovarian cancers in the that study was 4.61 per 100,000, and the crude incidence rate was 5.08 per 100,000. The crude mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate of ovarian cancer were 2.3 and 2.02 per 100,000, respectively. Serous carcinoma is the most common histological subtype (43.75%), followed by mucinous carcinoma.
Seroprevalence of Igg Antibodies against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 in Children Born HIV Positive under Antiretroviral Treatment at the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital
Introduction 43 years after the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) worldwide, it has become certain over the years that its transmission and progression lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), relying on several biological factors, among which are opportunistic infections [1, 2]. These opportunistic infections are frequently encountered in developing countries [3]. Opportunistic infections present differently depending on their origin (bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal); those of viral origin, particularly infections caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), are responsible for a contagious disease affecting the skin and mucous membranes, characterized by a vesicular eruption of grouped lesions [4]. This disease, long considered benign in immunocompetent individuals, can prove to be very severe in subjects with immune deficiencies [5-8]. Epidemiological data on the extent of opportunistic infections in HIV-immunocompromised individuals are gradually being reported, with few studies highlighting the impact of herpes virus in the context of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, and notably in Cameroon, where HSV may facilitate HIV infection and its pathological progression [9]. HIV infection is a significant public health issue [10]. Cameroon remains in a generalized HIV epidemic situation (prevalence: 2.7%) [11]. Still neglected in our context of endemic herpes viruses and generalized HIV epidemic, herpes would be emerging among PLHIV (People Living with HIV), especially in sub-Saharan African countries, thus suggesting the need for factual evidence [12]. This is all the more important as infections caused by Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) would be frequent in contexts of limited resources, although generally asymptomatic in cases of viral reactivation with virus excretion, transmissibility is significant (even from an inactive carrier of the virus), and cellular immunity (T lymphocytes) plays an essential role in controlling this infection and in the replicative activity of the virus [9]. The interaction between HSV and HIV would promote significant HIV replication and progression to AIDS stage Furthermore, genital infection with HSV-2 would be a risk factor for acquiring HIV, facilitated by the ulcerative and inflammatory nature of the genital infection caused by HSV. Given its complete incurability and latent character in immunocompetent individuals in general, it is imperative to monitor this viral infection in individuals born HIV-positive from HIV-positive mothers for better clinical-biological management and improved prevention of HSV consequences in the context of HIV in routine clinical practice in Cameroon. It is also essential to understand potential risk factors as well as the general level of knowledge among patients about this opportunistic infection.
The Potential Role of Ziziphus Jujube in the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Introduction Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is known due to the administration of several chemotherapy drugs, including platinum compounds, antitubulins, proteasome inhibitors, and immunomodulatory agents. This persecutory complication leads to dose reduction or discontinuation of chemotherapy regimens; also, it can negatively diminish the quality of life (QOL) of cancer survivors and affect functional activity, since up to 40% of these individuals even after the end of the therapeutic course may keep experiencing symptoms, such as pain and other types of disability, leading to significant challenges on their personal life. It is expressed in both sensory and motor symptoms. Sensory axonal neuropathy clinically manifests as numbness and parenthesis. Motor symptoms, usually manifest as a distal weakness such as a foot drop, and autonomic manifestations, including orthostatic hypotension, cardiovascular, erectile, or gastrointestinal disturbances [1]. Currently, several drug treatment regimens have been proven for neuropathy, which includes calcium channel blockers, opioids, anti-depressants, and anticonvulsants, but they are only partially effective and have adverse. effects associated with their administrations that diminish the quality of life and an economic burden is imposed on the patient [2]. Medical herbs, as a paradigm of proactive medicine, have fewer side effects than chemical drugs, and patients have used or expressed interest in their usage for prophylactics and/or to improve the quality of life; additionally, such medicines have attracted the attention of scientists [3].
Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Co-Existence of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and B Cell Lymphoma in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Our Approach from the Diagnosis to the Treatment. Case Report
Introduction Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare tumor accounting only about 1% to 5% of thyroid malignant tumors or 2 cases per million [1-3]. PTL is more frequent in women than men, with the ratio of occurrence ranging from 2:1 to 8:1 and is strongly associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [4-6]. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, and its incidence has been increasing in the last few decades, with a large prevalence of small tumors PTC in patients affected by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a well-known event reported by literature [7,8]. PTC occurs mainly in women, accounts approximately 70% to 80% of all thyroid carcinomas and has an excellent prognosis [9]. The co-existence of PTC and PTL in the same patient is rare, and the present case report aims to describe the co-existence of PTC with B-Cell Lymphoma in a background of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Treatment and follow-up issues are also addressed. Case Report Here, we describe the case of a 75-year-old woman, with no family history of thyroid cancer, she referred recent painless enlargement in the left anterior side of the neck, complaining of mild and intermittent dysphagia to solid foods, she denied any voice change or dyspnea, while physical examination demonstrated an enlarged thyroid gland with a palpable, firm nodular lesion in the left lobe, moving with deglutition. She did not complain before, for thyroid disease. Thyroid ultrasonography (US) demonstrated the growth of a hypoechogene nodule in the left lobe, measuring 38x33 mm.
Analysis of Dengue Incidence in Piauí: A Study Using Spatial Statistics
Introduction Disease mapping has become a fundamental tool in the field of public health. According to, since the 1990s, there have been advances in data analysis techniques to generate maps identifying areas of risk [1]. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in spatializing regions with higher incidence has been helpful in preventing endemic diseases and guiding public health authorities on environmental and health issues in different locations. Geoprocessing techniques contribute to creating health scenarios by aggregating environmental and structural data to the geographic component, considering the neighborhood relationship between areas [2]. Although disease mapping provides a spatial view of cases, it is not sufficient to statistically confirm the existence of clusters or spatial autocorrelations. For this, spatial statistics are widely used to relate case values to their geographic locations (Croner; SPERLING; BROOME, 1996). The Global Moran’s Index and Local Moran’s Index are spatial analysis techniques based on the concept of spatial autocorrelation and are applicable to delimited spatial objects and their associated numerical attributes, such as endemic cases in a particular locality [3]. Dengue is one of the medically important diseases that has concerned public health authorities due to the widespread distribution of the vector and the possibility of causing severe and fatal cases, such as hemorrhagic fever. In this sense, highlight the lack of research seeking to understand the health situation and the occurrence of disease-causing agents resulting from contact with environments that present vulnerabilities and harbor disease reservoirs, especially those transmitted by vectors, such as dengue [4]. The objective of this study is to perform an analysis of the spatial distribution of confirmed cases of dengue in the State of Piauí in 2022, using geoprocessing techniques and exploratory analysis of spatial data, including spatial statistics.
Dental Care for Cancer Patients in the Prevention of Complications of Chemotherapy and Head and Neck Radiation Therapy
Introduction Hundreds of thousands of patients annually receive anticancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. All conditions are being created to maintain the quality of life of people who are successfully fighting this serious illness [1,2]. Cancer therapy can cause specific diseases of the oral cavity, which require special knowledge of dentists. Chemotherapy and head and neck radiation therapy can affect the entire body, including the teeth and gums. Side effects of treatment may include inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth (mucositis), infections, changes in taste, dry mouth, pain, tooth decay, gum disease and mouth ulcers [3,4]. Modern dentistry solves problems in the oral cavity of patients before, during and after treatment of cancer, incl. dental problems that may accompany chemotherapy and radiation therapy. New diagnostic and treatment methods have changed the prognosis of life expectancy and quality of life [5]. Treatment of malignant tumors of the oropharyngeal region at the present stage is based on the principles of a multidisciplinary approach, which makes it possible to reduce the volume of surgical interventions, and in some cases even avoid them [6].
Neoantigen and MMR Gene Methylation Analysis of BRAF V600e Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer to Predict the Response of Immunotherapy
Introduction Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) exhibits a multitude of oncogenic mutations, prompting extensive research into various treatment modalities, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Among these treatments, when the BRAF V600E mutation is identified in NSCLC cases, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines recommend the use of dabrafenib plus trametinib or vemurafenib/dabrafenib as either f irst-line or subsequent therapy options [1]. The incidence of BRAF mutations in NSCLC comprises approximately 3–5%, with the V600E mutation constituting roughly half of these cases. Notably, this mutation is predominantly identified in lung adenocarcinoma [2]. Studies conducted in Japan and China have reported even lower frequencies of BRAF mutations, accounting for less than 1%, which is anticipated to be even less common in Asian populations [3, 4]. In cases of advanced or metastatic NSCLC, the primary treatment recommendation involves immunotherapy alone or a combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, particularly when actionable molecular biomarkers are absent. Additionally, immunotherapy as a standalone approach can be considered for subsequent treatment lines [1].
Regression of Primary Vitreoretinal Lymphoma (Pvrl) And Perivascular Flower Bud Like Lesions (Pfbls) on Octa After Intravitreal Methotrexate Injection Series
Primary Vitreoretinal Lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare and aggressive type of intraocular lymphoma that affects the eye. PVRL is most commonly diagnosed in individuals in their sixth to eighth decade of life, but it can occur in younger, immunocompromised individuals. PVRL is challenging to diagnose due to its non-specific presentations, and a delay in diagnosis from the onset of symptoms can exceed 12 months. CNS involvement in PVRL is common, and patients may develop CNS involvement within a mean interval of 8-29 months after diagnosis. We present a case of a 73-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with gradual decline in vision in his left eye over the past two years, with acute worsening over the past two weeks. The patient was diagnosed with PVRL with CNS involvement based on exam, imaging and biopsy findings. The patient received intravitreal injection of methotrexate in the left eye and systemic treatment with rituximab and ibrutinib. The patient’s visual acuity improved in the left eye, and regression of tumor size was noted on the fundus exam, OPTOS, and OCTA. Prompt referral to a medical center and early diagnosis are essential in managing PVRL to prevent potential vision loss. Various imaging modalities such as fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography can be helpful in diagnosis and management of PVRL. However, the use of optical coherence tomography angiography has been only described in few case studies. The management of PVRL remains a challenge, with limited treatment options available, including systemic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Terrible Triad of the Elbow with Simultaneous Fractures of the Ipsilateral Distal Radius
Introduction Dislocations of the elbow joint are common and usually involve proximal radius or ulna fracture. In general, forearm fractures occur independently [1]. Among all injuries caused in the extremities, distal radius fractures accounted for 14% [2]. Distal radius fractures associated with elbow dislocation are rare [3,4]. Only a few reports in the literature on elbow fracture-dislocation with ipsilateral distal radius fracture have no data on the incidence rate [1,4,5]. When a patient falls on an outstretched arm, the forces transmitted to the arm are typically loads that will be directed predominantly through either the distal radius alone or the elbow; the incidence of combined injuries is unusual. Several factors influence the management of a fracture, including the level of displacement, fracture pattern, patient’s physical demands, and his/her age [2]. These two cases represent a terrible triad with ipsilateral distal radius fracture management and follow-up. Case Report Case 1: A 22-year-old male, medically free, was Referred from a peripheral hospital to our tertiary hospital with a history of fall from 4 meters height. Resuscitation of the patient was performed according to the Advanced Trauma. Life Support protocol. Regarding orthopedics, the individual appears to have a history of right elbow dislocation with a reduction attempt in a previous hospital [Figure: 1].
A Rare Presentation of Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Choriocarcinoma is an extremely malignant form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia which usually metastasize to the lungs, liver and central nervous system. However, metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract is not a common presentation and small bowel choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare occurrence [1]. Metastatic GTN can manifest in 4% of patients after complete mole evacuation and is commonly linked to choriocarcinoma, an invasive and fast-spreading cancer type [2]. It is often difficult to determine the precise histology of choriocarcinoma. The high vascularity of trophoblastic tumors can cause hemorrhage symptoms at the site of metastasis. This, in turn, makes it difficult to obtain tissue biopsy for histology. Moreover, even though surgical intervention may help to reduce the tumour burden as well as control the massive bouts of bleeding before definitive chemotherapy which is the mainstay of treatment, it is sometimes hard for the patient to withstand the effects of double modality treatment due to the situation of the patient.
Cytotoxic Responses of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line to Bitter Leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina), Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) and Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) Milk Extracts
Cancer is a disease involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other part of the body. Presently cancer has been declared as a global burden by the World Health Organization and the second-leading cause of death in the world. An estimated 26,000 people die each year of cancer and in the year 2018 alone, an estimated 9.5 million people died of cancer worldwide. Particularly in Africa, the burden of cancer and cancerrelated diseases is on the increase, due to inefficient prevention strategies and poor prognosis following late diagnosis [1-3]. Among all the forms of cancer, pancreatic cancer, the cancer of the pancreas is the fourth leading cause of cancer death. It is the tenth most common cancer in men and the eighth most common in women. The disease remains elusive to effective screening approaches and 80% of cases presents an unresectable or incurable stage. The symptoms do not appear until the later stages [4-7]. Some of these symptoms are abdominal or back pain, jaundice, low appetite, weight loss, swelling of the gall bladder or liver blood clots, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, diabetes, pale gray or fatty stool, nausea and vomiting, fever, and chills, fatigue, diarrhea or constipation and indigestion [8].
Ten Years of Hib Vaccination in Tunisia : Epidemiological Trends and Emerging Challenges
Background: Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was historically a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and pneumonia among young children worldwide. Tunisia introduced Hib conjugate vaccination in 2002 as part of the pentavalent vaccine. Ten years after vaccine implementation, epidemiological surveillance revealed changing disease patterns and emerging challenges. Methods: A retrospective, multicenter analysis of national surveillance data was conducted from 2012 to 2022. Laboratory-confirmed cases of invasive H. influenzae infections were reviewed. Incidence trends, demographic characteristics, vaccination status, and the distribution of non-b serotypes were analyzed. Results: Hib disease incidence declined by 80% compared with pre-vaccination levels, yet sporadic cases persisted, particularly after 2018. Non-type b strains became increasingly prevalent. Vaccine coverage remained high (>90%) nationally but showed regional disparities. Conclusions: The Tunisian Hib vaccination program achieved sustained reduction in invasive Hib disease, but surveillance data indicate the emergence of non-b H. influenzae strains and possible vaccine-related challenges. Continuous monitoring and immunization program strengthening remain essential
An Unusual Entity: Giant Cell Tumour of Soft Tissue in the Nasal Cavity
Giant cell tumour of soft tissue (GCT-ST) are rare soft tissue tumours, with the first case reported in the 1970s. Involvement of the head and neck region, particularly in the nasal cavity is extremely uncommon. GCT-ST are considered the bone counterpart given the striking histological and immunohistochemical resemblance. Despite that, GCT-ST and GCT of bones are genetically distinct. Microscopically, GCT-ST exhibit numerous osteoclast-type multinucleated giant cells within a background of mononuclear stromal cells. They are locally aggressive and can potentially recur. It is important to distinguish GCT-ST from giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) as they both share similar clinical and morphological characteristics, however, they have different treatment modalities. We report a case of GCT-ST occurring in the nasal cavity, an unusual site of presentation.
Immunonutrition Associated with the Protein Module in the Nutritional Evolution of Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Systemic Treatment: Case Report
Background: Lung cancer patients are at high risk of malnutrition. Methods: Case report of two elderly patients diagnosed with lung cancer were followed up during chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. Patients used nutritional supplementation combined with immunonutrition and Whey Protein module alone during 4 treatment cycles. For nutritional and functional assessment, the following were used: Body Mass Index, percentage of weight loss, calf circumference, Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment, muscle strength by dynamometer, SARC-F, Barthel Index, biochemical tests and food recall of 24 hours. Results: During follow-up, patients were able to maintain adequate nutritional status, as well as functionality, and were not at risk for sarcopenia. Muscle strength varied, but not significantly. Conclusion: Immunonutrition associated with the protein module appears to be beneficial in cancer patients during systemic treatment.
Case Report - Effects of Specialized Supplementation in the Healing Process for the Prevention/Treatment of Radiodermatitis
Melasma is a dark or tan discoloration of the skin, whose exact cause is still unclear however sun exposure, hormonal influences, phototoxic drugs, and genetic factors are some of attributing factors. It is more common in females; with an 80% distribution is Centro-facial. Pathophysiologically, melasma shows the surge in dermal and epidermal pigmentation along with melanosomes, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, and expansion of melanocytes. The latest treatment regimens include oral, topical, and procedural therapies. Conventional treatment of melasma includes hydroquinone, tretinoin, corticosteroids, and triple combination creams; Tranexamic acid, Polypodium leucotomos, and glutathione are newer drugs that have shown propitious effects. Techniques such as chemical peels, micro-needling, radiofrequency, and laser are also widely used as first-line or complementary treatments for melasma. Combing different treatment modalities have shown better efficacy than monotherapy. The objective of this review is to update the current emerging treatment modalities of melasma.
Overtreatment in Hormone Receptor Positive, HER2-, Axillary Node Negative, Non-Metastatic Early Breast Cancer
HR+ HER2- T1 N0 M0 breast cancer has very low 5-year postoperative risk of relapse (<5%) with current SoC treat- ment regimens: endocrine monotherapy or chemoendocrine com- bination therapy. Minimally aggressive treatment is ideal. Absent gene-profiling, histopathological features of the tumor are exam- ined to predict risk of relapse. This paper establishes statistical evidence for use of an empirical prognostic index as a risk-based clinical decision aid where gene profiles are unavailable. Methods: A retrospective cohort (n=965) observed for 5 years was propensity score (PS) matched to correct baseline risk differences between chemoendocrine therapy and endocrine monotherapy treatment groups. PS were generated from logistic regression of pertinent histopathological covariates available to a clinician at the time of diagnosis onto treatment designation. Comparator groups were fur- ther equilibrated using Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling (SMOTE). Estimated treatment effects were assessed after propensity score- matching (PSM) and after SMOTE-normalized re-sampling. Results: Propensity score-matched groups (n=262) showed no difference in relapse rates between groups. Significant differences in histopatho- logical covariates remained between groups after PSM. SMOTE further minimized inter-group differences.
Metformin Inhibits Cisplatin-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer by Repressing Akt Signaling
Ovarian cancer is a common malignancy in women and represents the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the field of gynecology [1]. The most common form of ovarian malignancy is epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC); this accounts for more than 90% of all ovarian malignancies. Because of the absence of, or vague, symptoms and the lack of screening methods, more than 70% of EOC cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage (usually stage III/IV). The current gold standard for treating ovarian cancer is optimized cytoreductive surgery followed by platinum-based combination chemotherapies; this is now considered as the standard treatment for advanced EOC [2, 3]. Recent advances in radical surgery and chemotherapy have improved the treatment outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer. Of the platinum-based compounds, cisplatin has been proven to be the most effective drug against cancer. However, the 5-year survival rate for ovarian cancer is usually lower than 40%; this is because of the development of resistance to platinum-based therapies and recurrence. The advent of chemoresistance has emerged as a major obstacle for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
False-Positive Findings on Bone Scintigraphy After MRI-Guided Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Osseous Oligometastasis
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with ligands of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been shown to be useful for initial staging of prostate cancer, assessment of biochemical recurrence, and detection of distant metastasis [1, 2]. For the detection of bone metastasis, PSMA PET was reported to have better sensitivity and specificity than bone scintigraphy [3]. Due to the high diagnostic accuracy for bone metastases, PSMA PET/CT plays an important role in the treatment of oligometastatic bone disease [4]. However, it is not known well whether PSMA PET can accurately diagnose the recurrence after radiation therapy for bone metastasis. Here, we report a case of oligometastatic prostate cancer who developed marginal recurrence of bone metastases previously treated with radical radiation therapy, which could not be detected by bone scintigraphy or bone single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) but could be diagnosed by 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT.