Journal of Waste Management & Recycling Technology
Journal of Waste Management & Recycling Technology is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Journal of Waste Management & Recycling Technology. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of research, review, analysis, magazines, editorials, opinion, communications, mini-review, short communications, picturized, book review, video type and power point presentations (PPTS). You can submit your article through online https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/submit-online (or) through Email attachment: wastemanagement@onlinescientificresearch.info
Production and Evaluation of Biodegradable Crab Shell ChitosanNanoparticles
Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are potential drug carriers because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional diversity. The synthesis, characterization, storage stability, and in vitro release behavior of CNPs were the focus of this research. The morphological characterization of CNPs was conducted through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which showed spherical particles with a smooth surface and uniform size distribution in the nanometer scale, proving the efficacy of the synthesis procedure. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized for the detection of functional groups and proving successful interaction between crosslinking agent and chitosan. The FTIR spectra revealed typical chitosan peaks with shifts that confirmed successful crosslinking and incorporation of the drug without any indication of chemical degradation. The in vitro release of the drug was carried out in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) with the dialysis bag technique. The release profile revealed a sustained and controlled drug release over a longer duration, indicating the efficacy of CNPs as effective delivery systems for drugs. Storage stability of CNPs was assessed for 60 days at room temperature and at 4°C. The nanoparticles demonstrated physical stability, size, and drug content without any changes, validating their high storage stability. Generally, the research observed successful preparation of stable, effective CNPs with good drug release profile, validating their applicability in food and pharmacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Waste Management & Recycling Technology
Awareness and Perception of Climate Change among Technical andVocational Education and Training (TVET) Educators in Nigeria
This study employed a descriptive survey design to assess the awareness and perception of climate change among Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) educators in Nigeria. Respondents were randomly selected from 73 public universities and 51 polytechnics owned by the federal and state governments. Participants were drawn from the SkillG training WhatsApp platform, which comprises lecturers and technologists teaching building/woodwork, electrical/electronic, and mechanical/metal technologies. One educator was randomly chosen from each institution’s four-member representation on the platform, yielding a total of 124 respondents. Data were collected using a structured 92-item checklist divided into seven thematic sections covering the causes, effects, and mitigation strategies for climate change. The instrument was administered via Google Forms and distributed through WhatsApp, enabling real-time follow-up and achieving a 100% response rate. Respondents were asked to select all applicable items across each section. The data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and presented through pie charts, frequencies, and percentage tables. Findings revealed that although general awareness of climate change exists among TVET educators, most respondents lacked a comprehensive understanding of its principal causes, far-reaching effects, and viable mitigation strategies. Contributing factors to this knowledge gap include insufficient environmental education, inadequate policy incentives, weak legislative frameworks, poor consumer habits, and limited government commitment to climate action. The study highlights the urgent need to strengthen climate literacy within the TVET sector to promote sustainable practices and support national and global climate objectives.
This article is written by consulting the publications available online and following the latest conferences or webinars held during June-July 2025, in a limited capacity to contribute and support the dissemination of information on how to control the spread of the wound-infesting pest. The objective is to change the attitude of officials without agricultural or biological training. For the reader, it serves as an open training medium, since the technical field knowledge learned in previous years for eradication has been lost due to age, retirement, and the retirement of people with experience in the agricultural production sector. There are no longer cowboys and ranchers with experience in eradication campaigns or handling wild animals. Nor should it be considered an official means of dissemination; for this purpose, SADER-SENSICA has an online course available, with a minimum of five attendees; all you need to do is complete the official process. I was not allowed to attend, even with registration. Unfortunately, I cannot share with you the new official eradication protocols implemented in Mexico. Watch the hatching at 12:00 and 45:00, following the larval stages to become familiar with them.
Displacement of Reservoir Oil by Nanoflooding: PhysicochemicalMechanisms
This study explores the physicochemical mechanisms involved in oil displacement by aqueous solutions containing nanoagents. It delves into these critical issues and reveals the primary pathways for innovative solutions. The use of nanoparticles in oil recovery processes can significantly enhance the characteristics of the injected fluid. These enhancements include improvements in viscosity and density and reductions in surface tension. Additionally, nanoparticles can help optimise emulsification, leading to more effective oil recovery overall. During nanoflooding, the properties of the rock matrix change, particularly its wettability and heat transfer coefficient, both of which improve. The physicochemical mechanisms of oil displacement by nanoagents are discussed, along with the influence of the adsorption process on displacement efficiency
The Police Function Between the Social Contract and Citizenship:Philosophical Roots and Historical Trajectory in Brazil
This article examines the history of the modern police as a state institution and its role in the construction of citizenship. It starts from the central question of how an institution born as a mechanism of social control and repression can, in democratic contexts, become an agent for the exercise of citizenship. The central thesis is that although the police originated as an authoritarian apparatus, its role can be reoriented according to conditions of legality, participation, and accountability, requiring cultural and institutional changes in the practice of police power. The framework draws from classical authors such as Hobbes (1651) and Locke (1689), who legitimized sovereign power with reference to the need for security and protection of natural rights. Beccaria (1764) expanded these moral and legal boundaries of repression. The critical line of analysis is enriched by reference to, for whom the police represent a technique of governance and a disciplinary tool [1]. Contributes insights on the formation of the police and the paradoxicalm relationship between democratic rhetoric and authoritarian practices in contemporary Brazil [2]. The method is qualitative, using bibliographical research and documentary methodology, with a historical-interpretive approach capable of connecting the institutional evolution of police in Europe, Portugal, and Brazil, and current challenges in public security. The results suggest that transforming the police into a citizenship agent requires changes that are not only normative but also symbolic, ethical, and structural. This study aims to stimulate discussions on public policy, the education of officers and citizens, and the democratization of security forces
A Review of Major Threats and Challenges to ConservationManagement of Mammals in East Africa Incase of Nech Sar NationalPark, Southern Ethiopia
Nech Sar National Park is one of protected areas (PAs) found in the southern Ethiopian rift valley. The park was established in 1974 with the objective to protect forests and wildlife, and the large mammals, in particular, to ensure that the overall biodiversity is conserved and ecosystem provisioning services are sustained. The aim of this paper is to review a number of previous scientific and grey literatures reported pertaining the threats and challenges facing the mammalian population over the last few decades. Thorough examinations of these documents reveal that Nech Sar National Park is believed to harbour more than 103 species, 28 families and 10 orders of mammals. Equus quagga and Hippopotamus amphibious are flagship species in the terrestrial and aquatic habitats, respectively. Sadly, however, currently six endemic mammals are designated a critically threatened IUCN conservation status. Furthermore, five mammals such as Cercopithecus aethiops, Alcelaphusbuselaphus swaynii, Syncerrus caffer, Litocranius walleri and Ourebia ourebi are currently believed locally extinct. Major conservation threats are habitat destruction and fragmentation caused by wood collection, charcoal production, illegal overgrazing, fishing, settlement, and farming, poaching, and invasion and encroachment by exotic and native plant species. Overcoming these problems has been further constrained by underlining challenges such as poverty, changes in land use management plan, and lack of political commitments
Biodesign for a Sustainable Future: Overcoming Barriers to BiomaterialAdoption in Fashion
The fashion industry is notoriously resource-intensive and environmentally damaging. Biodesign, with its focus on leveraging biological processes and living organisms, offers a transformative solution. This research explores the potential of bio design to drive sustainable practices within fashion, using SCOBY as a case study. Through a multifaceted approach, the project investigates the systemic barriers hindering the widespread adoption of bio-based materials. This includes a comprehensive review of existing SCOBY research alongside hands-on experimentation to understand the challenges faced by designers. Key areas of focus include manufacturer resistance to adaptation, securing partnerships and funding, and fostering transparency across siloed research efforts. Employing a systems thinking framework, the research delves into core challenges within the biomaterial production and integration process. This includes supply chain optimization and logistics efficiency. Actionable insights will be generated to facilitate a seamless integration of biomaterials into the fashion industry, promoting a regenerative and sustainable future. The project culminates in the development of a tangible product concept inspired by SCOBY, alongside a sustainable and viable business model emphasizing circularity and collaborative partnerships.
Management of Waste from Post-Consumer Wind Power Farms inthe Brazilian Scenario
After the water crisis, Brazil implemented several policies with the aim of encouraging the search for new energy sources. Among them, wind energy has experienced accelerated growth in the last decade, due to its renewable nature, low cost, low greenhouse gas emissions, in addition to playing an important role in achieving the country’s sustainable development goals. However, it is important to highlight that wind energy also generates significant environmental impacts. By 2030, more than 50 wind farms will reach the 20-year mark of operation, approaching the end of the useful life of their equipment and result ing in an increase in the generation of solid waste from this sector. Given this perspective, this study aims to analyze the strategies adopted by entrepreneurs after the end of the useful life of this equipment. A narrative review was carried out based on research into scientific articles published in the last 10 years. Careful planning is essential to evaluate the strategies to be adopted at the end of the useful life, minimizing the generation of solid waste.
Enabling Circularity in the Photovoltaic Supply Chain ThroughImproved Upcycling and Recovery of Critical Materials from Endof-Life Modules
The Department of Energy’s Solar Energy Technology Office recently set goals to reduce the cost of recycling photovoltaic (PV) modules to rival that of landfilling by 2030. However, current recycling costs are 3-9x more expensive than landfilling costs, which results in 90% of panels being landfilled. There is significant opportunity posed by the large volumes of crystalline silicon modules set to come offline in the near future, which are estimated to contain $15B worth of recoverable materials over the next 25 years. One key opportunity is that many recyclers struggle to achieve metallurgical grade purity of critical and valuable materials such as silicon, silver, copper, and other trace metals. The full value contained in end-of-life panels is therefore not being recovered and increasing the purity of these materials offers the potential to improve recycling profitability. Here we present a combined method for the upcycling of silicon and the extraction and purification of valuable trace metals by innovative melt purification and deep eutectic separation methods that avoid the use of strong acids. The process was developed on samples received from a variety of scrap and PV-specific recycler partners in the US. Further, we identified high value, specialty material applications that can utilize upcycled silicon at higher than metallurgical grade purities but that do not require the high purities associated with the solar or semiconductor industries (e.g. > 9N). The process presented here is benchmarked against state-of-the-art techniques for silicon purification and recovery of trace metals to determine economic viability, environmental impact, and ease of implementation for recyclers. The aforementioned upcycling and extraction process will not only benefit recyclers and further a circular economy for the PV industry, but will enable onshoring of domestic supply chains for energy and semiconductor relevant critical materials.
Integrated Cost Management between BIM (Building InformationModeling) and ERP Systems
This study comprehensively examines the integration of BIM (Building Information Modeling) and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems, which aim to holistically carry out cost management and resource planning in construction projects. While BIM-based models present detailed geometric and parameter data of building elements, ERP systems effectively manage corporate functions such as accounting, supply chain and stock management. Data exchange between the two systems increases accuracy and transparency in project planning, allowing early detection of cost deviations. In addition, communication between stakeholders from different disciplines (architects, engineers, finance experts, etc.) over a common database increases data consistency and reliability of reporting. The research discusses the effects of BIM-ERP integration on cost management with a case study method, through three different construction project examples: Horizon Towers Integrated Complex, Green City Urban Renewal Project and Skyline Infrastructure Development. The methodology used included technical performance of inter-system integration modules, cost variances, time management and qualitative data analysis; Thus, the financial and operational benefits of digitalization in the construction industry have been comprehensively evaluated. The study’s findings reveal that, beyond traditional methods, digital integration is a critical element that increases efficiency in construction projects, making significant contributions to accelerating decision-making processes and optimizing resource use.
Effects of BIM and ERP Integration on Logistics and CostManagement in Large-Scale Construction Projects
Effective cost and logistics management is one of the main determinants of project success in large-scale construction projects. While traditional methods face problems such as complex supply chains, communication gaps between project stakeholders, and budget overruns, digitalization offers innovative solutions to these challenges. In this context, integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is critical in providing cost control by optimizing logistics processes in construction projects. This study comprehensively examines the effects of BIM and ERP integration on logistics management and cost control in large-scale construction projects. First, the individual functions of BIM and ERP systems and the advantages they offer the construction industry were discussed, and the synergy provided by the integration was evaluated. Then, thanks to the integration, critical factors such as real-time data flow, supply chain optimization, preventing time losses in project processes, and improving budget management were analyzed. The study also details the effects of BIM and ERP integration on logistics planning, efficiency of material supply processes, and improvements in stock management. In large-scale projects, failure to provide materials and equipment on time leads to cost increases and delays. 3D modeling and project simulations offered by BIM, when integrated with ERP systems, allow logistics processes to be predicted, inventory to be optimized, and workforce planning to be made more efficient However, the study also addresses the feasibility of BIM-ERP integration, the challenges encountered, and the obstacles to widespread use of these systems. In particular, elements such as data compatibility, system costs, organizational resilience, and the need for specialized personnel are important factors to consider during the integration process. As a result, integrating BIM and ERP systems stands out as a powerful strategy that improves cost control in large-scale construction projects, minimizes budget deviations, optimizes logistics processes and increases efficiency in project management. However, advanced data management strategies, corporate adaptation processes and sectoral collaborations are required to successfully implement this integration. It is predicted that in the future, by incorporating technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data analytics into this integration process, a higher level of automation and cost efficiency will be achieved in construction projects.
Prehistoric Cultural Practices and their Effects on Early HumanSecurity Behaviors
Cultural identity explores how security changes persisted in prehistoric human societies and how cultural adaptations shaped risk management and survival strategies. Using archaeological and anthropological data, fossil records, tool use, and settlement patterns were examined; This variable, therelationships between cultural norms and security practices, has been evaluated using freedom units (FEM) and editable analysis methods. Groups with strong collective cultural riches are developing advanced strategies, such as collaborative tool use and educational safety practices, to increase the risk of explosions. In contrast, groups that were more individualistic and lower in risk aversion were more reliant on personal skill and sophistication but more open to violence in this situation. SEM analysis shows that a significant relationship will emerge between cultural adaptations and survival solutions (R²= 0.68). This study contributes to the literature by providing a new framework to illuminate the existence of cultural diversity in security components and to realize it in prehistoric humans.
Cultural Effects on Occupational Safety Perceptions and Behaviors
This study examines the impact of cultural differences on employees’ occupational safety perceptions and behaviors, drawing on data from 500 participants across the construction, manufacturing, healthcare, and service sectors. Quantitative methods, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and structural equation modeling (SEM), were employed to analyze cultural influences on safety practices. Surveys utilized scales for occupational safety perception and cultural values [1,2]. Findings indicate that individuals with high uncertainty avoidance demonstrate greater compliance with safety procedures, while individualistic cultures prioritize personal safety. SEM analysis reveals a strong correlation between cultural factors and safety perceptions (R² = 0.72). Results highlight the need for culturally adaptive occupational safety policies and emphasize the role of training in mitigating cultural differences. This research contributes to existing literature by offering insights into how cultural diversity affects workplace safety, proposing culturally responsive strategies for improved compliance.
Nexus of Air Pollution, Climate Change and Waste: Policy Gaps ofOpen Waste Burning in Selected Asian Countries
Open waste burning (OWB) is a prevalent waste management practice in many parts of Asia, contributing significantly to air pollution and undermining efforts towards climate mitigation. This paper examines the nexus of waste management, pollution control, and health while providing policy recommendations to address policy gaps and implementation challenges in Asia. This study reviewed OWB policies across 10 selected countries in Asia, examining existing policy frameworks, their effectiveness, and associated challenges. The data has been collected through desk research and interviews with key government officials. Qualitative content analysis was employed to analyze the data collected, complemented by a policy matrix summarizing national approaches to OWB. The study confirms that while many countries indirectly address OWB through air quality and waste management policies, explicit regulations are often lacking, leading to inconsistent enforcement. The study also highlights a critical gap in the waste management infrastructure which leads to OWB practices, and suggests policies that improve public awareness and cross-border collaboration to mitigate the impact of OWB.
Lakshitha Chathuranga Paranagamage Paranagamage
Premakumara Jagath Dickella Gamaralalage
Advancing Sustainable Construction: Recycling Building Aggregatesfor Eco-Friendly Concrete Solutions in Benghazi, Libya
In the last ten years in the city of Benghazi, Libya, it has been observed that the increase in rubble resulting from demolition and construction operations due to wars and destruction operations leads to an increase in this waste, which has become a new challenge to the local environment. Due to environmental reasons and the lack of natural resources, it is very important to recycle construction and demolition waste as much as possible. , Therefore, this study was conducted as a preliminary evaluation of the reuse of concrete aggregates from old and demolished buildings in concrete mixtures. Concrete aggregates were obtained from a building that is more than 20 years old, after crushing the reinforced concrete and sifting the crushed concrete to obtain the granular aggregate needed to make the concrete mixture, according to international specifications. , In this study, the focus was on the use of recycled aggregates in combination with natural aggregates in the concrete industry, and then five percentages of recycled aggregates were adopted ( 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% ), In this study, a number of tests were conducted on recycled aggregates, and these tests are (sieve analysis, specific gravity, absorption, abrasion, impact value and crushing value. Also, for comparison, the same tests were applied to natural aggregates. , To investigate the possibility of using recycled aggregates in the concrete industry. More than 15 samples of concrete cubes were prepared to conduct concrete tests such as (density and concrete operation for fresh concrete, and compressive strength within 3 days, 7 days, 28 days for hardened concrete) , Accordingly, and through the results obtained, we recommend the use of recycled aggregates in concrete mixtures, provided that it is used in ……. taking into account the necessary specifications in that.
A New Perspective for Workplace Safety: Psychological Safety andEmployee Interaction
It addresses the importance of psychological safety and employee engagement in creating a safe workplace environment. Traditional occupational health and safety approaches generally focus on technical measures and compliance with legal regulations. However, research conducted in recent years reveals that psychological and social factors also play a critical role in developing occupational safety culture. While psychological safety enables employees to report hazards or potential risks without fear of sanctions, employee engagement strengthens the safety culture by increasing commitment to safety policies and practices. In workplaces with high psychological safety, employees can express danger or risk elements earlier and more comfortably, encouraging more proactive approaches to prevent work accidents. On the other hand, in workplaces where employee loyalty is strong, individuals internalize safety procedures and make safe behavior a natural no This study comprehensively examines the effects of psychological safety and employee commitment on occupational safety culture through case studies, survey studies, and focus group discussions. Research conducted in the construction, production, and health sectors clearly demonstrates the importance of these two factors in sustaining occupational safety culture and reducing occupational accidents. The research results emphasize that strategies that promote psychological safety, increase employee loyalty, and strengthen safety communication should be developed. In this context, it is recommended that management adopt a holistic safety management strategy that supports social and psychological approaches to ensure safety in the workplace.rm.
Mobbing and Psychological Violence, A Conceptual Framework
It aims to address the phenomenon of mobbing (psychological violence), an increasingly common problem in the workplace, with its conceptual and empirical dimensions. Mobbing is a process that systematically exposes people to psychological harassment and maltreatment, resulting in severe consequences for individuals and places. The study briefly examines the definition of mobbing, its types, psychological and physical effects on individuals, visible results, and prevention strategies. The research, literature organization, qualitative analysis methods, dynamics, and effects of mobbing rates were analyzed in detail. The study reveals that mobbing causes psychological effects such as stress, anxiety, resilience, and burnout syndrome in individuals, as well as social consequences such as social isolation and intact family structure. At the organizational level, mobbing leads to a lack of employee commitment, increased separation episodes, loss of productivity, and deterioration in workplace spending. What are the various strategies at an individual and accessible level to prevent and reduce the existence of mobbing? While providing a psychological support system, protecting legal rights, and continuously enhancing programs are recommended at the individual level, it is considered important to present mobbing complaint reports, provide an inclusive workplace culture, and provide training on this issue at the regulated level. The study emphasizes that mobbing is a multidimensional problem and is treated not only as an individual crisis but also as a problem of children's performance. In this context, effective maintenance of mobbing in workplaces is critical for ensuring a healthy working environment and comprehensive and long-term employee well-being
Eco-Friendly Extraction, Optimization and Modification of Chitosanfrom Crustaceans Waste for Sustainable Application in Pakistan
Shell waste from the sea food operations is one of the most significant problems causing serious risks to the environment and human health. The most frequent method employed for its disposal is burning which becomes environmentally costly due to low burning capacity of shells. In this instant recycling of shrimp shell waste to chitosan would provide valuable product with many applications. Chitosan has obtained greater attention as a functional biopolymer. The anti-solvent precipitation method was used to modify chitosan and five carboxylic acids were used. The products were evaluated for changes in degree of deacetylation, solubility characterization. Chitosan derivative of chitin after the process of deacetylation has multiple of commercial and possible medical uses based on its degree of deacetylation. Therefore, this research was aimed to extract chitosan from shrimp shell waste and to study its characterization and modification. Results investigated that shrimp waste contained the highest moisture content (19%), fat (9.61%) and fiber (61%) while the chitosan contained negligible fat (0.02%), reduced protein (1.83%) and fiber (0.37%). Furthermore, bioactive properties of shrimp waste were also evaluated in which antioxidant activity observed in the range of 66.62- 74.52%, FRAP between 46.43-55.7mg/g and TPC from 1.79 to 2.72mgGAE/g extracted from different solvents. Additionally, modified chitosan observed increased degree of deacetylation with a decrease of viscosity. They also showed 70-80% solubilization at neutral pH because of the replacement of amino group with carboxylic group. Based on investigated results, chitosan could be used in edible films, food preservation and as an emulsifier in food industry
Interaction between Information Logistics Flows in the IndustrialSystem and the External E-Logistics Chain
In this report we look at the one of the most important and rapid evolving business aspects such as the E-Logistics and its interaction with the InformationFlows, used in the industrial systems. The goal is to define the correct structure, the right place for the interaction, as well as the basics of building complete logistics system and its interaction with the information flows in the frame of the organization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Waste Management & Recycling Technology
The Role of Psychological Safety and Employee Engagement inImproving Workplace Safety
It explores the importance of psychological safety and employee engagement in creating a safe environment at work. Traditional occupational safety approaches have mostly focused on technical measures and compliance with legal regulations. However, recent research shows that psychological factors also play a critical role in developing occupational safety culture. While psychological safety enables employees to report potential dangers without fear of sanctions, employee engagement strengthens the safety culture by increasing commitment to safety policies and practices. Employees in workplaces with a high level of psychological safety can express risks and dangers more quickly, encouraging a proactive approach to preventing work accidents. Individuals with high employee commitment internalize safety procedures and make safe behavior the norm. This study comprehensively discusses the effects of psychological safety and employee commitment on occupational safety culture through case studies, surveys, and focus group discussions. Research conducted in the construction, manufacturing, and healthcare sectors reveals the impact of these two factors on the sustainability of safety culture and the reduction of occupational accidents. Research findings emphasize that strategies that promote psychological safety, increase employee loyalty, and strengthen safety communication should be developed to strengthen the safety culture. In this context, it is recommended that management adopt a holistic safety management strategy that supports social and psychological approaches to ensure safety in the workplace.
An Academic Study of Alaca Mosque the Integration of Ottomanand Western Architectural Elements
ABSTRACT Alaca Mosque, located in the city of Tetova (Kalkandelen) in North Macedonia, is a significant structure that uniquely amalgamates typical Ottoman mosque architecture with Western artistic influences. Characterized by its square plan and central dome, the mosque harmonizes traditional Ottoman structural design with richly decorated interior spaces, presenting comprehensive frescoes and intricate stone craftsmanship. This study thoroughlyexamines Alaca Mosque’s architectural and artistic features, highlighting the interaction between the building’s structural components and decorativeelements and the juxtaposition of its modest exterior with its grand interior. Within the scope of the research, an on-site inspection of the mosque was performed, including the documentation of its current condition through high-resolution photography and the comparison of historical and contemporary architectural plans. This methodology facilitated the evaluation of the building’s alterations over time and the effects of restoration efforts. The frescoes and decorations within Alaca Mosque’s interior illustrate the synthesis of Ottoman artistic principles with Western influences. Furthermore, the analysis of the mosque’s stone craftsmanship and decorative elements provides insights into the aesthetic and cultural values of the era. The study underscores Alaca Mosque’s position and significance within the Ottoman architectural heritage, emphasizing its cultural and historical value. The comparative analysis of old and new plans reveals the continuity and evolution of the mosque’s architectural elements. In conclusion, a comprehensive architectural and artistic analysis of Alaca Mosque has been conducted, offering recommendations for its preservation and the transmission of its legacy to future generations. This paper aims to enhance the understanding of the Alaca Mosque as a unique exemplar of Ottoman architecture and contribute to the academic literature in architecture and art history
Environmentally Responsible Building Design
Optimum Use of Recycled Waste Materials as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Portland Cement Concrete Mixes
This study explored the independent utilization of five common waste materials - rubber, plastic, glass, slag, and sewage sludge ash (SSA) - as partial replacement of fine aggregate in Portland cement concrete (PCC) mixes. The main objective was to determine an optimum substitution range for each waste material that would offer well performing concrete in terms of workability, compressive strength, and durability. To this end, multiple concrete batches were prepared, incorporating each waste material at four different levels: 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of fine aggregate. Then, concrete samples (100-mm diameter × 200-mm tall cylinders) were cast from each batch and were moisture-cured for 7, 14, and 28 days prior to testing. Also, the chemical composition of each waste material was identified using FTIR spectroscopy to understand its impact on the development of concrete strength. While most waste led to the diminished strength gains at all substitution rates, the addition of glass, slag, and SSA contributed positively to the strength development at specificreplacement levels: 5% for glass, 10 - 15% for slag, and 5 – 15% for SSA. Furthermore, these additions of glass and slag exhibited comparable workability and durability although SSA did not exhibit comparable workability and durability. The findings of this study can hold significant implications for environmental sustainability and cost effectiveness in construction projects
Treatment and Recovery of Brine Waters Coming from AgroAlimentary Industries
The treatment of brine water currently represents one of the major problems in the disposal of waste produced by the agro-food industry. Brines mainly originate in food preparation and pre-treatment processes where the salt, whether in a solid state or diluted in water, is used as a preservative or as a dehydrating element. In Italy, the processing of curated ham represents one of the leading sectors of the agro-food industry. The thirty-one consortium companies located in the northern east Italy region, process around three million thighs of prosciutto a year. The salting phases and subsequent treatment in cold storage of ham legs, produce about 3500 tons / year of brine. The brine waters deriving from leachate obtained during the salting process have extremely high COD values (8,000 mg COD / l-12,000 mg COD / l) due to the presence of dissolved fat and blood, with salinity values salinity values averagely included between 60,000 mg NaCl2 / l and 150,000 mgNaCl2 / l, which make their treatment and recovery process extremely difficult. The results obtained during three years of the experimental study, allowed to highlight a high degree of purification of brine water together with the achievement of high sanitary hygienic characteristics of the recovered salt, which allow an enhancement of the product obtained with its placing on the market at extremely competitive prices.
Solution of the Riemann Problem for Water with Phase Transition:Influence of the Equation of State
We address the solution of the Riemann problem for water in the diphasic domain. We compare the solution obtained with the IAPWS equation of state (EOS) with the solution obtained with a modified stiffened gas EOS for pure liquid water, a tabulated EOS for the diphasic domain and a modified perfect gas EOS for pure steam. Since our interest is phase transition, we limit ourselves to temperatures below 623 K. We obtain convex isentropes which do not cross each other, so that the Riemann problem can be solved easily and its solution is unique. We analyze the effect of the EOS which has been selected. We give examples which are useful to understand the depressurization process in a tube.
Observance of Health Care Waste Management PerformanceStandards in Selected Hospitals
Waste management must be given due priority to address the increase in the generation of hazardous waste, especially infectious waste to ensure the welfare of all users of health facilities. Climate Crisis is a Health Crisis.
Integrated Plastic Waste Management in Rural & Urban Areas ofSamastipur District, Bihar, India
The project aims to promote a more integrated approach for maximizing materials use efficiency across the plastics waste to encourage a sustainable, and a safe environment. In this project the inclusivity of small aggregators and waste pickers (Safaii Mitras) will be institutionalized and within the respective governance mechanism made to affect improved social conditions. Project’s target at the end of period is have a systemic approach and investments into better management of dry waste in a more circular economy approach in the City of Samastipur, Bihar, India.
In recent years waste management has become a huge challenge to the global community. Nuclear waste which has radioactive components is causing a tough challenge to dispose of. In various countries, they have adopted methods like dumping the waste in sealing cans and burying it underground or below the sea bed which is very harmful to the environment and habitats. The radioactive waste has to be treated but without human handling. So we can do it with the help of AIML and data science, where we can program the machinery to carry out the neutralizing process. As there is remains of radiation in the nuclear waste we can use it to form energy resources. Though it’s very hard to manage we still haven’t found the safest way and the current measures taken to dispose are very uncertain and do not ensure complete safety. Why bury it when we can convert it into some form of energy or useful resource?.
Rainwater Treatment and Reuse Using Membrane Technology
The concept and acceptance of water reuse has steadily increased, particularly in regions that rely on unpredictable water supplies and in industrial applications that benefit from a secondary source of recycled process water. Due to the current global water scarcity crisis, addressing the pressing need for ensuring water safety and sustainable usage has become paramount. Rainwater, as a clean energy source, presents a crucial avenue for consideration in terms of treatment and reuse methods. Membrane technology, known for its compact size, effective treatment capabilities, and affordability, has emerged as a favored approach for wastewater treatment and is increasingly gaining attention in rainwater treatment. This review aims to examine past research on rainwater treatment using membrane technology, identifying key research gaps to guide future exploration and technological advancements. It provides a comprehensive overview of various membrane technologies employed in rainwater treatment, analyzing post-treatment water quality and practical feasibility. Membrane fouling is recognized as a primary challenge, yet ongoing research is delving into surface modifications and process optimizations to mitigate this issue. Moreover,the quest for novel membrane materials and the investigation of diverse technology combinations for rainwater treatment remain active areas of study. The potential future applications of these efforts hold promise for addressing water scarcity concerns.
Integrating Renewable Energy with Building Management Systems:Pathways to Sustainable Infrastructure
This paper explores the strategic integration of renewable energy sources with building management systems to foster sustainable development. It assessesthe environmental benefits, cost implications, and opportunities for revenue generation that arise from employing renewable energy technologies within the BMS framework. The study offers insights into innovative strategies for technology integration, system compatibility, and policy coherence to achieve an efficient and resilient energy system.
Energy, Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironmental Modelingof a Proposed Multigeneration Power Plant
There is rising energy demand; yet, nonconventional fuels are yet to meet these demands. It has been established that fossil fuels contribute to global warming and climate change. How, then, do we use of fossils to power our lives and industries without endangering our environment and humanity? Here, comes integrated multigenerational power plant. A Multigeneration power plant system is an advanced and integrated approach that goes beyond cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power - CHP) by simultaneously producing multiple forms of energy from a single or double fuel source. In addition to generating electricity and useful heat, a multigeneration power plant can also produce cooling, desalination, or other valuable products or services. This innovative system maximizes the energy efficiency of the overall plant, utilizing the waste heat and by-products to provide additional functionalities. The present work is a proposed multigenerational power plant that comprises of a gas turbine, HRSG, steam turbine, a biomass gasification plant, solar PVT system, a PEM Electrcolyzer, VARS and a Kalina Cycle. The fuel input-output model is 2 X 5: natural gas and syngas from biomass gasification process,while outputting multiple sources of energy – electricity, heating, cooling, hydrogen production and drying. The whole integrated multigenerational power plant was modeled in Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The Net power is 51.404MW; Thermal efficiency 40.1%; exergy efficiency 62.02%;sustainability 1.39. Exergoeconomic assessment provided useful information to enhance the cost-effectiveness of the integrated multigenerational power plant system by evaluating each component separately. NO emission rates 0.04393 kg/s, CO emission 0.00934 kg/s, CO2 specific emission is 0.3364 kgCO2/MWh; all environmental indicators confirmed it is the most environmentally friendly option.