Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports
Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of research, review, case reports, analysis, magazines, editorials, opinion, communications, mini-review, short communications, picturized, book review, video type and power point presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/infectious-diseases-case-reports/user/register or can send through an e-mail with attachment for infectiousdiseases@onlinescientificresearch.info 1.023 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Careful Investigation of Some Biomolecules That Might Be Successful in Preventing Sars-Cov-2/COVID-19 Using In-Silico Analysis: Preliminary Research
In 2019, the corona virus (SARS-CoV-2) with highly contagious features caused millions of cases worldwide. Scientists now feel more pressure than ever to create a unique cure. Due to the strong spreading properties that increased the death rate, medical professionals administered Remdesivir, dexamethasone, azithromycin, and hydroxychloroquine, among other treatments. An alternative Ayurvedic treatment that is safe and has no side effects can be helpful, even though a medication has now been licensed and vaccinations have been given to combat the symptoms. Because these plants are endowed with strong chemical contents, this study is focused on a selection of prospective plants. According to a review of the literature, these chemical components support the body’s defenses against illness, lower inflammation, supply antioxidants, and increase resistance. Consequently, the protein crystalline structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro was carried out in the current study, In-silico analysis of selected markers against 6LU7. The average binding energy of the following compounds was determined: -5.67, -6.01, - 6.47, -6.41, -6.92, -6.52, -6.35, -6.47, -6.98, -6.83, -6.52, -7.86, -6.36 kcal/mol for nobiletin, tangeretin, sideroxylonal C, Coriandron, Epicatechin, epigallactocatechin gallate, luteolin, Ombuin, Tamarixetin, 6-deacetylnimbin, nimbolide, and Tricin, respectively. Furthermore, nine bioactive markers, namely PHE140, CYS145, GLU166, GLN189, Epicatechin, Nobiletin, Tamarixetin, Ombuin, and nimbolide, exhibit comparable binding active sites with the synthetic drug Remdesivir. Additionally, binding energy scores, binding affinity, and ADMET modeling are the main topics of the inquiry. Nonetheless, immunization is a necessary condition to stop the spread of infection.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports
The Role of Nutrition on The Treatment of COVID-19
The rapid and extensive transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Initially thought to be an acute illness, many patients have reported persistent and recurring symptoms even after the infectious period. This has given rise to a new epidemic known as “long-COVID” or post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease, which has significantly impacted the lives of millions of individuals globally. The symptoms of both COVID-19 vary from person to person, but they share similarities with other respiratory viruses, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue, as well as adverse effects on metabolic and pulmonary health. Nutrition plays a crucial role in immune function and metabolic health, and therefore, it is believed to have an impact on reducing the risk or severity of symptoms for both COVID-19. However, despite the importance of nutrition in these physiological functions related to COVID-19, the exact role of nutrition in the onset or severity of COVID-19 infection is still not fully understood. This review aims to explore established and emerging nutrition approaches that may have a role in COVID-19, while emphasizing the significance of established nutrition and clinical practice guidelines as the primary resources for patients and healthcare practitioners
Pilosomes as Nanodrug Carrier: A Novel Drug Delivery System
One of the primary challenges in pharmaceutical dosage form development is the poor solubility of certain drugs, particularly those classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class IV. These drugs exhibit low solubility and permeability, resulting in suboptimal pharmacokinetics and limited bioavailability, which hinder their therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development. This study focuses on developing a novel Pilosomes drug delivery system, termed PDDS, to encapsulate a BCS Class IV drug using a novel lipid derived from pilu oil. The Pilosomes were formulated using an emulsification-evaporation technique with specific modifications and were comprehensively characterized for their physicochemical properties, including average particle size, surface morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading capacity, in vitro drug release, and release kinetics. The prepared PDDS demonstrated an average particle size of 76.89 nm with a spherical morphology. The formulation achieved a percentage yield of 62.5%, drug entrapment efficiency of 90%, and drug loading capacity of 47.36%. In vitro drug release studies revealed that 24.27% of the drug was released within the first 2 hours, with a cumulative release of 75.18% over 12 hours. The release profile followed a zero-order kinetic model, indicating sustained and controlled drug release. These findings suggest that pilu oil serves as an effective novel lipid for the formulation of Pilosomes drug delivery systems, providing enhanced encapsulation efficiency, drug loading capacity, and sustained release for BCS Class IV drugs. This research highlights the potential of PDDS as a promising platform for improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble drugs. Future investigations may further validate the utility of pilu oil-based Pilosomes for broader pharmaceutical applications
Gastroentritis Impact on General Health and Proper Approach
Gastroenteritis, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting the stomach and intestines. It is most frequently caused by viral infections, particularly norovirus and rotavirus, although bacterial pathogens like Salmonella and Escherichia coli can also be responsible. The condition is characterized by symptoms including diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. Transmission typically occurs through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected individuals. While gastroenteritis is usually self-limiting, leading to recovery within a few days, it can be particularly dangerous in vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
Emergency Medicine in Geriatrics – Are We Ready to Be on the Other Side?
The increasing presence of elderly patients in emergency departments (EDs) presents unique challenges for healthcare systems worldwide. This presentation explores the complexities of geriatric emergency medicine, emphasizing the need for specialized multidisciplinary teams and specific training to address age-related vulnerabilities. Key challenges include biased medical evaluations, inadequate communication, and ER settings lacking proper adaptations. Physiological changes associated with aging, such as diminished neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, and immune system functions, compound the risks in emergency care. Factors like polypharmacy, comorbidities, and conditions such as dementia, falls, and chronic pain further complicate clinical decisions. Additionally, the “progeriatric theory” highlights accelerated aging processes, leading to poorer quality of life. To meet these challenges, the presentation advocates for a shift in emergency care strategies, integrating tailored approaches that enhance diagnosis, treatment, and quality of care for the geriatric population.
Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases: Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions
Unveiling the Secrets of Persistent Infections: A Journey into the Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases Imagine a microscopic battleground where the human immune system and persistent pathogens engage in a complex and relentless dance. This is the world explored in “Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases: Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions,” a groundbreaking book that delves into the intricate interplay between our bodies’ defenses and the elusive enemies that can linger for years, even decades. Authored by the renowned immunologist Azhar ul Haque Sario, this book serves as an indispensable guide for researchers, clinicians, and public health professionals seeking to understand the hidden mechanisms behind chronic infectious diseases. Like a seasoned detective, Sario unravels the cunning strategies employed by pathogens to evade our immune system’s grasp, including their ability to hide within our cells, disguise themselves, and even manipulate our defenses. A Captivating Exploration of Host-Pathogen Interactions Within the pages of this book, you’ll embark on a captivating journey through the world of chronic infections. Each chapter unveils the unique challenges posed by specific pathogens, such as the stealthy tuberculosis bacterium, the ever-evolving HIV, the elusive Lyme disease spirochete, and the persistent Helicobacter pylori. Sario masterfully illuminates the fundamental principles of host immunity, providing a concise yet comprehensive overview of the innate and adaptive immune responses. He then delves into the intricate world of pathogen persistence mechanisms, exposing the diverse tactics used by these microscopic foes to outwit our immune system. Unmasking the Host Factors and Cutting-Edge Research But the story doesn’t end there. Sario also examines the crucial role of host factors in determining susceptibility to chronic infections, exploring the influence of genetics, the microbiome, nutritional status, and co-infections. Furthermore, the book provides a glimpse into the “omics” revolution, highlighting the power of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in unraveling the complexities of host-pathogen interactions. A Beacon of Hope for Vaccine Development and Immunotherapy Finally, Sario addresses the unique challenges and opportunities in developing vaccines and immunotherapies for chronic infections. He explores novel vaccine platforms, adjuvants, and personalized approaches, offering a beacon of hope for future treatments. “Immunology of Chronic Infectious Diseases: Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions” is more than just a textbook; it’s a captivating exploration of the intricate dance between host and pathogen. It’s a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the complexities of chronic infections and contribute to the development of more effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Regulatory Harmonization and Cross – Border Vaccine Approval
Regulatory harmonization and cross-border vaccine approval are pivotal in ensuring the swift and equitable distribution of vaccines globally, particularly highlighted by the urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the world becomes more interconnected, differing national regulatory systems, guidelines, and approval procedures have often led to significant delays in the availability of vaccines, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Regulatory harmonization aims to align regulatory standards, guidelines, and approval processes to promote efficiency, safety, and consistency. Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) are key players in these efforts, working to establish globally accepted regulatory frameworks that can expedite vaccine approval across borders. Cross-border vaccine approval ensures that vaccines approved in one jurisdiction can be rapidly distributed and used in others, streamlining the global response to health emergencies. Such approval mechanisms reduce barriers to international trade and support global health security by allowing faster access to life-saving vaccines. However, regulatory harmonization faces several challenges, including differences in national sovereignty, regulatory divergence, and political factors that can slow down collaboration. Furthermore, issues related to intellectual property rights, vaccine equity, and data sharing remain central to discussions about cross-border approval. Addressing these challenges requires international cooperation, transparent communication, and shared responsibility for global health outcomes. This abstract explores the significance of regulatory harmonization and cross-border vaccine approval, focusing on their impact on public health, international relations, and vaccine accessibility. By fostering collaboration among regulatory agencies, countries, and international organizations, the world can enhance its ability to respond to future pandemics and ensure that vaccines reach all populations equitably and efficiently. Key concepts discussed include regulatory frameworks, global health collaboration, vaccine distribution, equitable access, public health security, and emergency preparedness.
International Council for Harmonisation (ICH)
Let’s Stop the Side Effects of The COVID-19 Vaccine with The New Science of Low-Level Laser Therapy
As we know, based on information and articles, irreparable complications have occurred worldwide due to the injection of the Covid vaccine. These complications include diabetes, cancer, internal diseases, heart disease, or even heart and stroke in all age groups. This is a statistical disaster world-wide. Based on my many years of study on Low-level lasers with a wavelength range of 450 to 910 nanometres, like a mother holding her child, this wavelength range with a power of 50 to 250 milliwatts can save vaccine side effects. This Mentioned Interval Causes: Creating proper blood vessels Increasing blood cell production Controlling immune cells Reducing inflammation and infection Increasing the body’s immunity in the right direction Radiation inputs vary based on the patient’s history and complications: Acupuncture points, Local radiation, Intravenous radiation and Radiation through the nose and ear. This treatment method can be safely said to be effective in 80% of the complications of this fatal vaccine, and using the appropriate dose, it is the safest and most effective method available
Comprehensive Approaches for Managing MDR Gram-Negative Infections
Dr. Sahar Abass Jadalla Mohmed, MBBS, MRCEM UK. Diploma in infectious diseases Royal colleagues of physicians in Ireland, AHA BLS, ACLS, and ACLS instructor assigned to 120 compression Rhod Island USA and Safety First UAE Abudhabi, a speaker in public, presented multiple keynote topics and was chair for several UCG conferences in USA and UAE; with extensive expertise in intensive care units and inpatient medical and surgical departments, stabilising acute cases, can lead all emergency codes, self-assured, flexible, appreciative, supportive of teamwork, and motivated to use the most recent innovations and advancements in the medical field.
Assessment of Health Risks Associated with the Presence of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Attiéké Consumed in Burkina Faso
Attieke, a popular food in Burkina Faso, is often produced under variable hygienic conditions, which favors the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a growing threat to the health of consumers. This study assessed the health risks associated with the presence of MRSA in attieke consumed in Burkina Faso. A survey was carried out on 300 vendors to assess their sales conditions. Of the 225 samples analyzed using standardized microbiological analysis methods, 89 strains of S. aureus were identified, of which 37% were methicillin-resistant and 76.4% were multidrug-resistant. However, 77.53% of the strains were sensitive to linezolid. The survey findings indicated that a significant proportion (57.33%) of attieke sellers lack training in proper hygiene and modern food processing techniques. Key risk factors identified included inadequate hygiene practices, suboptimal fermentation methods, and the quality of water used in production. These results highlight the urgent need for an antibiotic resistance surveillance system and better awareness of good hygiene practices. Health authorities are called upon to strengthen controls throughout the production chain and to encourage producers and consumers to adopt safer practices to reduce the risks of antibiotic-resistant infections.
Maternal and Child Health Data Quality in the Volta Regional Hospital and Chereponi Government Hospital
Introduction: Reliability of reported health data in Sub-Saharan Africa is frequently undermined by issues like data completeness, discrepancies, and consistency in health management information systems (HMIS). Reliability of health data is crucial for monitoring health services, especially in maternal and child healthcare, where data inaccuracies can have serious implications for healthcare planning and outcomes. Aim: The objective of this study is to assess the quality of Maternal and Child Health (MCH) data at Volta Regional Hospital and Chereponi Government Hospital. Methods: The research evaluates the quality of maternal and child health data, focussing on three dimensions: completeness, discrepancies, and consistency. Verification factors (VFs) are calculated to assess data accuracy, with a specific focus on discrepancies in data transfer between registers and DHIS2. The study also assesses the consistency of key maternal health indicators, such as antenatal care visits (ANC1, ANC4), immunisation (Penta1, Penta3), and postnatal care. The study uses a facility-based analytical cross-sectional design with quantitative methods, analysing data from both hospitals over a five-year period (2019–2023). Results: The results show that the two facilities’ levels of data completeness varied, with Volta Regional Hospital exhibiting higher levels than Chereponi Government Hospital. Discrepancies in reported data were more noticeable in Volta Regional Hospital, probably as a result of higher patient loads. Both hospitals’ levels of data consistency over time and between related variables was found to be moderate, with specific areas for improvement being ANC data. These findings underscore the necessity of more stringent data management procedures and ongoing staff training to guarantee data reliability. Conclusion: The study concludes that better maternal and child health data quality is essential for efficient health service delivery and policy development in Ghana. The findings offer useful information for policymakers and healthcare administrators to improve the quality of health data for maternal and child healthcare in the area.
The Need for Enhancing the Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in Long-Term Care
Antimicrobials play a crucial role in various treatments and promoting global health by contributing to and complementing chemotherapy and surgical treatments. However, besides their benefits, antimicrobials also cause consequences for the community due to their side effects/complications and drug resistance. Further, the inappropriate usage of antimicrobials in various healthcare settings in the United States is causing concern and leading federal agencies to develop antimicrobial stewardship initiatives to improve patient safety by optimizing antimicrobial usage and improving clinical outcomes. This article focuses on enhancing antimicrobial stewardship practices in Long-term care settings.
Implementing Strategic Plasma Resource Self-Sufficiency through Unpaid Plasma Donations on the Global Plasma Market
The last two decades have seen a considerable increase in the pharmaceutical industry’s demand for plasma on a global scale for the production of Plasma-Derived Medicinal Products (PDMPs). It is impossible to meet the demand for fractionation plasma from unpaid voluntary donations on a global scale at the present state of manufacturing and biomedical techniques. Nevertheless, we argue that self-sufficiency in strategic plasma resources, properly construed, can be achieved through unpaid plasma donations to appropriately designed national blood donation organizations. We proceed in three short steps: (i) By first recalling why and in what sense plasma and PDMPs should be considered strategic commodities; (ii) By secondly explaining why self-sufficiency in strategic plasma products matters and in what practical sense it can be achieved; and (iii) By outlining the main characteristics that a national blood organization must meet to achieve self-sufficiency through unpaid voluntary donations
Bacillus Cereus Surgical Site Infections in Orthopedics: Case Report and Literature Review
Surgical site infections (SSIs) are defined as infections occurring up to 30 days after surgery (or up to 90 days after implants surgery) and affecting either the superficial or deep tissues and organs at the operation site. Despite improvements in infection prevention, SSIs remain a significant clinical problem in orthopedics as they are associated with substantial mortality, morbidity and can drain healthcare resources. The most isolated organisms in orthopedics are Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase- negative Staphylococci, and Gram-negative bacilli. SSIs caused by B.cereus in orthopedic surgery is rare. The organism can be introduced into the surgical site from the environment, medical equipment, or from the patient’s own endogenous flora, if proper sterile techniques are not strictly followed. This may lead to serious complications like osteomyelitis or arthritis. B.cereus is an aerobic Gram-positive, spore-forming rod, widely distributed in the environment. It produces several toxins, including a necrotizing enterotoxin, an emetic toxin, phospholipases, proteases, and hemolysins which are important pathogenic factors. Although most known to cause gastrointestinal infections, it can also cause localized infections, and systemic infections. B.cereus produces beta lactamases and hence resistant to beta lactams including third generation cephalosporins. In this context surgical prophylaxis and management of infections with antibiotics other than beta lactams must be considered. While often dismissed as a contaminant, careful consideration is needed when B.cereus is identified in a surgical site culture, especially from specimens collected aseptically. This presentation describes a case of an athlete who presented with B.cereus SSI following surgery for closed displaced mid shaft fracture of tibia and fibula sustained during a football match, and a literature review. The presentation will also highlight the microbiology, the pathogenic potential, and antimicrobial susceptibility of B.cereus to increase awareness regarding the potential pathogenicity of this organism and the correct therapeutic and prophylactic approach.
Health Risks of Recreational Tropical Swimming Pools: Microbial Infection and Vulnerability of Specific Populations
Water exercise offers a low-impact, accessible form of fitness for various individuals, especially those with physical limitations. However, exercising in recreational pools, particularly in tropical climates, presents health risks due to potential bacterial exposure, particularly for those with weakened immune systems. Tropical swimming pools, even with regular maintenance, harbor diverse bacteria due to warm temperatures and high swimmer density. This poses a significant risk to vulnerable populations like children, pregnant women, individuals with HIV/AIDS, weakened immune systems, and the elderly. Common bacterial infections contracted from pools include skin rashes and ear infections from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pneumonia from Legionella pneumophila, and abscesses and sepsis from Staphylococcus aureus. While chlorine and pH regulation are essential for pool sanitation, they do not eliminate all bacteria. Factors like swimmer load, personal hygiene, pool size, microbial diversity, and water temperature contribute to bacterial survival and transmission. Therefore, individuals with weakened immune systems should exercise with caution when using recreational pools in tropical climates.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven genomic analysis is transforming healthcare management by enabling precision medicine and large-scale population health monitoring. This study explores the integration of Machine Learning (ML) and cloud computing to analyze genomic data, predict disease risks, and personalize treatment strategies. ML algorithms enhance genomic sequencing by identifying genetic markers, uncovering complex patterns, and improving diagnostic accuracy. Cloud computing facilitates secure, scalable, and real-time data sharing, allowing healthcare providers and researchers to collaborate on global genomic datasets while ensuring data privacy and compliance. Additionally, AI-powered genomic insights contribute to early disease detection, targeted therapies, and public health interventions. This research highlights the benefits, challenges, and ethical considerations of AI-driven genomic analysis, emphasizing its role in revolutionizing precision medicine, optimizing healthcare workflows, and improving patient outcomes in an increasingly data-driven medical ecosystem.
Malaria Therapy, Killing Mosquitoes on their Way to get Infected Blood Meals
Excluding family members and caretakers, mosquito-borne diseases affect approximately 700 million people annually, which is about one-eleventh of the global population. Among these diseases, malaria is the most severe, causing 250 million illnesses and 600,000 deaths each year. Although malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, 94% of cases are concentrated in a small number of dry, semi-desert sub-Saharan countries, where some nations have infection rates affecting up to 30% of their populations. These high-density regions provide nearly ideal case studies for understanding the mechanisms of malaria transmission. Research indicates that malaria burdens tend to be lower in urban areas with community water supply systems and higher in rural areas, where people store water in their homes, creating mosquito breeding habitats. Because of inadequate rainfall to sustain surface vegetational and the absence of natural rainwater pockets for mosquito proliferation, “domestic” mosquito populations become the primary disease vectors, transmitting malaria within households. The aim of this study is to address this issue by implementing proven outdoor female mosquito control measures indoors. As a result, no live blood-seeking mosquitoes were detected; they were eliminated before they could bite, preventing malaria transmission within affected households. With no newly infected mosquitoes, the transmission cycle was effectively interrupted, halting the further spread of the disease.
Secondary Infection Rates After Mpox Exposure in Multiple Settings: A Systematic Review
Between 2022 and 2024, large number of mpox cases were reported globally, especially Europe and Americas. Additionally, from late 2023 a surge of cases has been observed in Africa. Objectives: To assess secondary infection rates after mpox exposure in multiple settings; occupational exposures among healthcare workers (HCWs), household exposures, and congregate/community exposures. Methods: We performed a systematic review that included mpox search in five electronic databases; MEDLINE, Embase, Biosis previews, CAB Abstracts, and Global Index Medicus. All study designs reporting mpox exposure data published between May 2022 and September 2024 were included. Results: A total 62 studies including 8,712 mpox exposures were included in the current analysis. The exposures included 1738 healthcare exposures, 3331 household exposures, 3643 congregate/community exposures. Out of 8,712 exposures in all settings, 239 were associated with mpox infection, with an overall secondary infection rate of 2.74%. Secondary infection rates were highest in household setting (4.02%), intermediate in congregate/community setting (2.50%), and lowest in healthcare setting (0.81%). Secondary infection rates were highest in AFRO region (8.00%), intermediate in European region (4.23%), and lowest in the American region (1.10%). Clade data were available in 17 (27.4%) studies including 2054 (23.7%) exposures. Clade 2b was the most commonly reported clade (15/17 studies). Secondary infection rates were highest with clade 1a (17.14%), intermediate with clade 2b (1.59%), and lowest with clade 1b (0.0%). Secondary infection in healthcare settings was significantly higher with percutaneous injuries than unspecified nosocomial exposures (27.8% vs 0.2%, p<0.001). Close non-sexual contact was the most frequent route of transmission in household setting (75.0%) and congregate/community setting (82.5%). Secondary infection was significantly higher with sexual contact than close non-sexual contact in both settings.
Strategies for Correcting Misinformation about Vaccination and Increasing Coverage
Vaccination is the crucial mechanism for prevention in public health. Thanks to vaccination programmes, life expectancy in the world is one of humanity’s greatest achievements. According to the WHO, vaccination can prevent between 2 and 3 million deaths per year worldwide. At the moment, many countries are facing the return of some epidemics believed to be elapsed, the reappearance of which is mainly due to a lack of vaccination coverage. In an increasingly digitalized and introverted society, misinformation is on the rise, social media pose a new challenge when it comes to maintaining confidence in immunization leading to vaccination hesitancy. The aim of this article is to correct the misinformation leading to vaccination hesitancy and suggest strategies to improve vaccination in various countries.
Infectious Disease Genomic Surveillance to Limit Outbreaks
Dr. Rachel Spurbeck is a Senior Genomics Research Scientist at Battelle Memorial Institute who leads exposure health efforts in biosurveillance, diagnostics and therapeutics. She initiated the microbial metagenomic sequencing program for the National Ecological Observatory Network, which catalogues the microbial communities from soil and water from 81 sites across the United States. She led wastewater-based epidemiology efforts tracking the COVID-19 pandemic and other pathogens of significance to public health in the state of Ohio and has developed laboratory methods to accurately identify pathogens in environmental and clinical samples. Methods she has developed enable virome sequencing in vector organisms to identify vector-borne diseases in endemic and invasive mosquitoes. She is currently the genomics lead for a program identifying pathogens in permafrost samples from Alaska and comparing the organisms identified to soil, ground and surface water samples.
Social Phenomena Emerge from the Collective Behaviours of Individual Decision-Makers
The last two decades have seen a considerable increase in the pharmaceutical industry’s demand for plasma on a global scale for the production of plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs). It is impossible to meet the demand for fractionation plasma from unpaid voluntary donations on a global scale at the present state of manufacturing and biomedical techniques. Nevertheless, we argue that self-sufficiency in strategic plasma resources, properly construed, can be achieved through unpaid plasma donations to appropriately designed national blood donation organizations. We proceed in three short steps: (i) by first recalling why and in what sense plasma and PDMPs should be considered strategic commodities; (ii) by secondly explaining why self-sufficiency in strategic plasma products matters and in what practical sense it can be achieved; and (iii) by outlining the main characteristics that a national blood organization must meet to achieve self-sufficiency through unpaid voluntary donations.
Gastroenteritis Impact on General Health and Proper Approach
This implies that the root cause of each phenomenon lies within the specific system structure – the set of rules and variables that govern the behavior of each type of decision-maker. Agent-based modeling, an entirely bottom-up approach, enables us to construct artificial societies that mirror this principle. In these models, the cause of a macro-level phenomenon is expressed in terms of the model’s structure: the set of factors essential for reproducing the phenomenon’s key characteristics. Through systematic computer experiments, we can identify these crucial factors and, consequently, uncover the underlying causal mechanisms of the phenomenon’s emergence. I term this approach “mechanism-oriented agent-based modeling” and propose it as a valuable scientific methodology for investigating the causes of various social phenomena. This methodology’s applicability extends beyond social systems. In biological systems, such as the human body, disease and recovery are driven by the roles and interactions of individual components. This presentation outlines the principles and procedures of mechanism-oriented agent-based modeling. To illustrate its application, I present a pandemic model that simulates infection and recovery processes at the individual level, incorporating heterogeneity in immunity and antibody levels. My analysis revealed that the most critical factor in pandemic convergence is the immune-boosting effect of fever.
Factors Associated with the Consumption of Psychoactive Substances among Drivers of Vehicles on National Highway No. 1 of the Kinshasa-Kisantu Section
Context and Objective: The consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) is worrying in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It constitutes a real public health problem. Determining the factors associated with PAS consumption among vehicle drivers on National Road No. 1 of the Kinshasa-Kisantu section was the main objective. Methods: The quality-of-life scale (SF-12), perceived stress (PSS), anxiety-depression (HADS) and cognitive performance (MMTF) scales were used in a cross-sectional and analytical study conducted from November 2, 2020 to January 30, 2021 with 70 drivers. Sampling was non- probability and convenience. The variables of interest were sociodemographic and clinical. Univariate analysis and logistic regression made it possible to identify the associated and determining factors of SPA consumption. Results: The average age was 37.39 ± 8.6 years, all male, between 31 and 40 years old (54.3%), with secondary education (80%), single (52.9%), with a monthly income ≥ $250 (60%), having less than 5 dependents (67.1%), attending traditional churches (48.6%), consuming mainly beer (71.4%). They had a pathological level of stress (75.7%), anxiodepressive syndrome (40%), mild intellectual deterioration (60%), moderate (12.9%) and poor quality of life (60%). The factors associated with SPA consumption are: young age (ORa: 2.25CI95%: 1.47-4.03), singleness (ORa: 1.58CI95%: 1.09-3.23), pathological stress (ORa: 1.22CI95%: 1.05-1.71), anxiety-depression (ORa: 2.27CI95%: 1.63-8.15), neurocognitive disorders (ORa: 1.729CI95%: 1.36-8.31) and poor quality of life (ORa: 3.70CI95%: 4.89-6.21). Conclusion: The consumption of psychoactive substances among vehicle drivers on national road no. 1 of the Kinshasa-Kisantu section is worrying. It is associated with young age, single status, pathological stress, anxiety-depression, neurocognitive disorders and poor quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports
A Case of a Man Living with HIV-1 Infection Co-Infected with Schistosomiasis
Human Schistosomiasis is a chronic tropical infection caused by the species Schistosoma Mansoni, Schistosoma Haematobium or Schistosoma Japonicum which alternatively reproduces sexually and asexually within a suitable host [1]. Schistosomiasis remains a global concern with 240 million cases reported globally and is primarily concentrated in the sub-Saharan African regions [2]. As this causes 200,000 deaths annually, it is important to consider Schistosomiasis as underlying diagnosis in migrants living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection who presents with disparate symptoms and signs [3].
A Case of Chikungunya with Multi-Organ Involvement - Could it be ‘Expanded Chikungunya Syndrome?’
Chikungunya fever is an arboviral disease that commonly presents with sudden fever, rash and arthralgia or arthritis. It is generally self-limiting, while the fever is gone chronic musculoskeletal symptoms may persist for a long time. However, multi-organ involvement remains uncommon and poorly described. We report the case of a 30-year-old man who developed high-grade fever, arthritis, skin rashes and marked weakness. Laboratory investigations revealed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, markedly elevated hepatic transaminases, and renal impairment with proteinuria and hematuria. Serological tests for dengue were negative whereas chikungunya IgM was positive. This case demonstrates how chikungunya fever though usually known for fever and joint pain, may sometimes significantly involve organs like the liver, kidneys and skin. As with time disease evolves we may be witnessing multi-system chikungunya that can be potentially labeled as expanded chikungunya syndrome.
Triple Parasitic Infestation in an Immunocompromised Patient: A Rare Entity
Parasitic infections are common in immunocompromised individual, especially in HIV patients affecting the gastrointestinal tract causing severe & chronic diarrhoea. A HIV positive male patient presented to gastroenterology OPD with on and off complaints of loose stools and altered bowel habits since last one month. His CD4 cell counts were normal since last one-year record. On examination of his stool sample, larva of Strongyloides spp., oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cystoisospora belli were found. Treatment was initiated for triple parasitic infection and discharged when repeat sample
Computational Analysis of Anion Transporter Proteins Revealed Rv3679 and Rv2397c as Potential Drug Targets for MycobacteriumTuberculosis
Tuberculosis is still a serious, life-threatening disease all throughout the world. One of the greatest therapeutic challenges is the treatment of multidrugresistant tuberculosis. The prevalence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a danger to the ability of conventional control strategies to stem the global TB epidemic. Drug resistance in TB is primarily a result of poor prescribing practices, noncompliance with treatment regimens, erratic drug supply, and subpar drug quality. The cell wall composition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis makes it many times less permeable to chemotherapeutic drugs, the current vaccination only provides modest protection against the disease. The cell membrane, which is made up of proteins from the ATP binding cassette family, allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to quickly alter its cellular membrane to adapt to an unfavourable environment. A greater understanding of such transport proteins may lead to earlier detection and more effective therapeutic drug targets. A thorough computational analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis anion transporter proteins was conducted. Bioinformatics tools were used to predict its physiochemical properties, secondary structure, functional analysis, protein-protein interaction, subcellular localization, and molecular docking was also carried out. From the selected proteins, Rv3679 and Rv2397c exhibited best results and can be considered as potential drug targets.
S. Aureus Subcutaneous Infection with Aggregated Bacteria
Staphylocooccal infections are common and can engage several tissues and organs of the body. Some decades ago we had antibiotics which were effective and commonly used against S. aureus infections, i e penicillin V, G and isoxazolylpenicillins, but resistance occurred with time. Also with full sensitivity, some staphylococcal infections were a challenge to treat, such as heart valvular infection, skeletal infection etc. Mostly, skin and soft tissue infections responded well to antibiotic treatment.
Efficacy and Safety of Automated Antiseptic Lavage and Suctioning of Oral, Oropharyngeal, and Subglottic Secretions (Vapcare) AmongVentilated Patients with COVID-19 Developing VentilatorAssociated Events During Hospitalization: A Prospective RandomizedOpen Blinded End-Point Study
Background: Globally, invasive mechanical ventilation is one of the many methods relied on by intensivists to treat patients diagnosed with COVID-19. In this population, substandard oral care and secretion management permit the colonization of pathogens in the oral cavity and aspiration of these microbeladen secretions is the leading cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study was conducted to analyze the effects of VapCare, an automated and intelligent secretion clearance and oral hygiene management system for VAP prevention, compared to the manual process. Design: A single-center, prospective, randomized, open-blinded, end-point study was conducted on invasively ventilated patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Setting: A tertiary care facility that is National Accreditation Board for Hospitals accredited in Bangalore, India. Participants: Twelve adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 via RT-PCR, antigen, computed tomography scan, or any other approved method intubated for at least 48 hours were recruited from the medical intensive care unit. Intervention: Patients were given (n=6) or not given (n=6) the VapCare medical device along with the current standard of care. Results: Six patients were assigned to the control group (Cx) that received manual suctioning, and six were assigned to the treatment group (Tx) that received VapCare. 3(50%) of the patients in the Cx experienced a ventilator-associated condition (VAC), and 2(33%) of the patients received a confirmed diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There was no incidence of VAC or VAP in the Tx. With an outlier (subject two) excluded, the average cost of antibiotics per patient in the Tx was 32% less at 68,319 INR, while the average cost in the Cx was 100,783 INR. Clearance of secretions was almost 2x in the Tx compared to the Cx. The amount collected from the subglottic region (from where aspirations into the lungs can occur) was lower in the Tx (6.5 ml) when compared to the Cx (7.4 ml), showing that VapCare effectively clears secretions before they reach the subglottic region. Conclusion: VapCare can reduce VAP incidence in invasively ventilated patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Antibiotic costs were also reduced by 32% in the Tx compared to the Cx. This study also allows us to hypothesize that automated suctioning can reduce the amount of secretions that can reach the subglottic region and, therefore, potentially reduce the chance of aspiration and, subsequently, VAP.
High Association between Gallstones and Incidence of Cirrhosis in Chinese Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Background: Multiple previous studies have reported that patients with cirrhosis have a higher incidence of gallstone disease, we aimed to investigate the reverse association, that is, whether CHB patients with gallstones are more likely to develop liver cirrhosis. Methods: This was a historical cohort study. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to reduce baseline bias. The 5-year estimated cumulative incidences (Kaplan-Meier) and risks of liver cirrhosis (Cox proportional hazard model) were calculated. Results: 492 patients with non-cirrhotic adult CHB between January 2014 and December 2019 were finally analyzed after PSM. 60 patients developed cirrhosis during the 3.99 years median follow-up period. Both the annual rates (4.46 cases per 100 person-years versus 1.57 cases per 100 person-years) and the 5-year estimated cumulative incidence of cirrhosis (16.7% vs. 5.7%) were significantly higher among CHB patients with gallstones versus those without gallstones (p<0.001) In addition, CHB patients with gallstones were 2.69 times more likely to develop cirrhosis (95% CI, 1.49-4.84, P= 0.001) than patients without gallstones at baseline. Conclusion: Like the elderly and high viral load, gallstone was also the independent predictor of liver cirrhosis in CHB patients. However, the study couldn’t identify whether early cholecystectomy will benefit CHB patients with gallstones.