Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You submit your article through online https://www.onlinescientificresearch.com/submit-online & Email attachment materialsciences@onlinescientificresearch.info or jmsmr@onlinescientificresearch.net
Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectra of 3-Amino 6-Chloro2-methyl Quinazolin-4-(3H)-one Derivative
Looking at the previous studies on quinazolinones derivatives, only limited information’s are available on their mass spectral along with the preparation of novel quinazolin-4-(3H)-one derivatives The condensation of Methyl-2-amino-4-Chlorobenzoate with acetic anhydride yielded the cyclic compound 2-methyl 7-Chloro-1, 3-benzo-oxazine-4-one (1) which further produce 3-Amino-2-Methyl 7-Chloro quinazolin-4(3H)-ones (2) via the reaction with hydrazine hydrate. The compounds synthesized were unequivocally confirmed by means of Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C), Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry and Elemental analysis. Discussion: The molecular ion of m/z 235 fragments to give m/z 220 by loss of –NH group. The ion of m/z 220 was broken to give m/z 206 by losing CH2 group and fragment to m/z 177 by loss of HCO. This fragmented to m/z 162 by loss of –CH3 group and then m/z 136 by loss of CN group. The loss of O gave m/z 120 which fragment to give m/z 93 by loss of –HCN and finally gave m/z 65 by loss of CO group. Conclusion: The electron impact ionization mass spectra of compound 2show a weak molecular ion peak and a base peak of m/z 235resulting from a cleavage fragmentation. Compound 2 give a characteristic fragmentation pattern. From the study of the mass spectra of compound 2, it was found that the molecular ion had fragmented to the m/z 220. The final fragmentation led to ion of m/z 93 and ion of mass m/z 65, respectively.
Mass spectroscopy, 3-amino-7-chloro-2-methyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one, 7-chloro-2-methyl-4H-benzo [d] [1, 3]-oxazin-4-one, Nucleophile, Quinazolin-4(3H)-one, Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectra
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Satya’s Theory of the Age of the Universe: Manifestation and Disintegration of the Matter in Spacetime - A Geochmeical/Isotopic Perspective
One can calculate the maximum possible time of manifestation (Tm) of any unstable isotope in the Universe by assuming that all their daughter isotopes owe their existence only to the decay of their parent isotope by using the radioactivity equation: Np = Ni exp(− λTm), where Np is the total number of parent nuclides existing in the Universe at the present time, Ni is the total number of parent nuclides manifested in the Universe, and λ is the decay constant, and Tm is the time of manifestation of the parent isotope. As the decay from a parent isotope to its daughter isotope is 1 to 1, the entity Ni can be obtained by adding the parent and daughter isotope ratios existing at the present time. Thus, in this equation all the entities are known except for the time of manifestation (Tm). Calculating the time of manifestation by this equation assumes that the radioactive decay is exponential. When we find the time of manifestation (Tm) of the various isotopes in this way we see that there is no order between the time of manifestation (Tm) and their respective atomic mass. We can also calculate the time of manifestation (Tm) of any unstable isotope on an X-Y plot between the time and the daughter isotope ratio by extrapolating backwards its present-day daughter isotope ratio through its ratio at the time of formation of the Earth 4.55 Gyr ago, to the X-axis. The X-intercept (NULL Y Intercept) indicates the time when there were no daughter isotopes. In other words, this indicates the time when the parent isotopes just appeared in the Universe and started decaying. The X Intercept thus formed denotes the time of manifestation (Tm) of its parent isotope. Estimating the time of manifestation (Tm) this way assumes that radioactive decay is linear and not exponential. The Tm of the various unstable isotopes estimated this way when plotted on an X-Y plot against their respective atomic mass shows a high degree of negative correlation, and the linear array thus formed (Cosmochron) intercepts the X-axis at ~936 Gyr ago which indicates the age of the Universe. Similarly, again assuming linear decay, the time of complete decay of any unstable isotope can be estimated by extrapolating its parent isotope ratio in the Earth at the time of its formation 4.55 Gyr ago through its present-day isotope ratio to the X-axis. The X-intercept thus formed yields the time of complete decay (Td ) of the parent isotope. The time of total existence (Te) of any unstable parent isotope in the Universe thus can be obtained by adding together the time of manifestation (Tm) and time of complete decay (Td). If the Te of the various unstable isotopes is plotted against their respective atomic mass, the linear array thus formed (Dotuchron) intercepts the X-axis at ~1104 Gyr which indicates the time of total existence of the Universe since its creation. Another important point to note is that the linear array formed in both the plots intercepts the Y-axis at the atomic mass of ~242 which indicates the heaviest mass of any isotope that could exist in the Universe at the present time. The atomic mass of the Plutonium isotope is 242 which is the heaviest isotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts in association with the other actinide isotopes. Thus, the proof of this theory lies in the theory itself.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Bio-Nanowound Dressing: A Natural Breakthrough for Burns and Chronic Wounds
This lecture focuses on the production of a 100% natural bio-nanofibrous wound dressing fabricated from natural nanopolymeric fibers with dimensions ranging from 50–100 nm and featuring an ultra-high porosity of 150–200 nm. The dressing is intended for clinical application in the treatment of burns and chronic wounds, accelerating the healing process. In parallel, silver nanoparticles are produced and applied for sterilizing burns and wounds prior to using the dressing. The bio-nanowound dressing exhibits distinctive advantages: it is semi-permeable, allowing the exchange of oxygen and water vapor while simultaneously acting as a natural barrier against bacterial penetration. Moreover, it is easy to use, replaceable, and reusable after sterilization with locally synthesized silver nanoparticles. This innovative dressing can be applied in multiple medical cases, including skin burns, skin graft donor and recipient sites, keloids, diabetic ulcers, perforated foot disease, contaminated surgical wounds, pressure ulcers, injuries following thermal cauterization or cryotherapy, and even in dental applications, such as regenerating odontogenic cells, endodontic treatments, and preventing post-extraction alveolar bone loss. This product represents the first of its kind in Syria, rivaling globally manufactured dressings, while being fully natural, flexible, tear-resistant, user-friendly, and cost effective. It can be manufactured in various sizes tailored to wound or burn dimensions. Importantly, it contributes significantly to improving patients’ quality of life by accelerating wound healing and reducing healthcare costs.
Scalable Quantum Computing with Trapped Electrons in a Planar Penning Trap
Quantum computers have the potential to solve problems far beyond the reach of classical computers by using the principles of superposition and entanglement. However, existing platforms face challenges such as short coherence times, interference from the environment, and difficulties in scaling up. Trapped electrons in a planar Penning trap offer a promising alternative. Unlike other qubits, electrons do not interact with nuclear spins, which helps maintain quantum states for much longer. Additionally, their strong confinement allows for fast and precise quantum operations. In our approach, electron spins serve as logical qubits, while their motional states are used for entanglement. Our setup consists of 2-dimensional array of micro-sized Penning traps fabricated on a ceramic chip, placed inside a 1T superconducting magnet and cooled in a dilution refrigerator to reach millikelvin temperatures. This extreme cooling reduces unwanted motion and makes it possible to entangle electron spins and perform quantum gates with high accuracy. At Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, India, we are developing a prototype planar Penning trap. This new system offers a stable, scalable, and high coherence platform for quantum computing.
Quercetin-Loaded Banana Starch Nanoparticles: A Novel Anti-Cancer Delivery System
Nowadays, polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most chosen drug delivery systems for the treatment of life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Drug loading, drug entrapment, and drug release have been the challenges in nano formulations till now. Various researchers are working to improve these limitations. Evaluation of drug loading, entrapment, size release, and activity of prepared starch nanoparticles. In the present study, starch was isolated from a novel source, i.e., unripe banana fruit. Banana starch contains amylose and amylopectin in a certain ratio (26-28:72-74). Banana starch was selected as polymer due its unique composition and function Such as amylose is a straight- chain polymer of D-glucose linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds, while amylopectin is a branchedchain polymer of D-glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds. These structural differences impart unique drug release properties: amylose facilitates immediate release, while amylopectin provides sustained release. This dual release capability makes banana starch an intriguing candidate for drug delivery applications. Quercetin-loaded banana starch nanoparticles were prepared using the nano-precipitation method. Drug loading and drug entrapment were determined by different methods. The percentages of drug loading and entrapment efficacy were found to be 51.9 %. SEM analysis of nanoparticles reports the size of nanoparticles from 66.67 nm to 113.33 nm. In-vitro drug release was found to be 44.84 % within the first hour and 96.96 % within 12 hours. Prepared nanoparticles showed a good antioxidant effect against the DPPH radical scavenging model was found 98 percent. Percentage inhibition of cancer cells at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 µg/ml) of prepared nanoparticles and isolated quercetin were found to be 3.11, 11.52, 54.56, 57.21, 83.48, and 2.38, 2.11, 6.22, 36.92, and 72.45, respectively. Histopathological studies of tissues confirmed that burn-created wounds were healed by prepared nanoparticles within 21 days. Prepared nanoparticles suppressed the anti-inflammatory response, as confirmed by the histopathological studies.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Two-dimensional Nanoparticles for Nano Lubricant Applications: A Pathway for Enhanced Efficiency
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials synthesised by hydrothermal means have become a key technology in nanotechnology, especially for applications requiring accuracy in particle shape, crystallinity, and surface properties. This process creates welldefined nanostructures by means of chemical reactions in aqueous medium at high pressures and temperatures. The most extensively researched 2D nanomaterials produced by hydrothermal techniques are iron-based nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Advanced lubricants with better tribological properties have been developed through a revolution in the field of lubricants with the addition of nanomaterials. For the purpose of attaining homogeneous dispersion within lubricating matrix, these nanomaterials’ size, shape, and surface functionality can be precisely controlled during their hydrothermal production. These two-dimensional nanomaterials can have their surface properties precisely altered through hydrothermal synthesis, which benefits their lubricating system performance. Improved dispersion stability and efficacy of the nanomaterials in the lubricant can result in decreased wear, decreased friction, and enhanced thermal stability. This can be achieved by optimizing the particle size, shape, and surface fictionalization.
Cutting-Edge Alteration of Scaffolds in Collaboration with Computational Processes for the Design of Feasible Androgen Receptor Antagonists in the Arena of Prostate Cancer Treatment
Androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are crucial for prostate growth, but excessive expression of androgenic receptors can lead to prostate cancer, making them a significant therapeutic target. The research aims to develop safer analogues of Enzalutamide (ENZ), a prostate cancer medication, while predicting its pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. It also conducts molecular docking studies to predict its biological interactions with the androgen receptor. A total of 200 analogues were designed by substituting ENZ’s amide group, with 15 bioisosteres chosen based on pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluations and docking studies. The bioisosteres had optimal physicochemical, medical, and ADMET characteristics compared to ENZ. The analogues’ drug similarity and drug score exceeded ENZ’s. Analogues ENZ2, ENZ5, and ENZ8 formed hydrogen bonds with the SER778 residue, suggesting they could be potential anti-androgen agents for prostate cancer treatment.
The presented article provides a theory of dark energy that appears to have been developed in two complementary ways. On the one hand, this theory is based on physics and mathematics and, on the other hand, it is developed on the basis of available data. This corresponds to the discovery of the laws of planetary motion in elliptical planetary orbits by JOHANNES KEPLER in the past. He developed his laws from a large amount of data. Later it was theoretically substantiated more thoroughly by ISAAK NEWTON. The focus is on deriving a formula for the equivalence of energy and time. Precursors to the presented “Theory of Dark Energy” were published in the articles. The derivation of the formula for the equivalence of energy and time provides new theoretical insights and applications in theoretical terms. This derivation leads to the discovery of a new law of nature. A formula for calculating dark energy was developed in a previous article published in the International Journal of Physics and Astronomy. It is: Ed = (h/tp2) · tu (1.2) The „The Foundations of a Dark Energy Theory “was first mentioned in my previous work” Commentary about Calculation of Dark Energy and Dark Matter”, published in the Journal of Physics and Astronomy [2]. The presented article “Theory of Dark Energy” is now completed and a physical-mathematical and theoretical derivation of the formula (1.2) is provided.
Sustainable Binder Strategies: Comparative Effects of Palm Oil FuelAsh in High-Volume GGBS Concrete
Concrete faces persistent challenges to its durability, performance, and sustainability, including cracking from thermal and shrinkage stresses, chemical degradation, freeze-thaw damage, and the high carbon footprint of cement production; workability, curing, and maintenance further complicate its use. This study evaluates the combined use of POFA and GGBS as partial cement replacements to improve sustainability and mechanical performance, identifies methodological gaps in typical POFA characterisation, and demonstrates that modest POFA additions in high-volume GGBS binders can reduce CO2e while mitigating early-age strength limitations of latent hydraulic systems. POFA was introduced at 0-6% replacement in 1% increments within an 80% GGBS binder matrix across four secondary binders: ordinary Portland cement, Portland-limestone cement, natural hydraulic lime, and calcium air-lime. Compressive and flexural strengths were measured at 7, 14, 28, and 91 days using a 1:1:2 aggregate mix and water binder ratio of 0.40; water submersion and ambient curing were compared at 28 and 91 days. Incorporation of POFA in GGBS/CEM I composites yielded compressive strengths above C30/37 MPa, a 16.6% increase over the control, and improved workability. Optimal POFA contents for peak flexural strength were binder dependent: 2-3% for GGBS/CEM I, 5% for GGBS/CEM II and GGBS/CL90,and 6% for GGBS/NHL5, implicating filler effects, particle packing, latent hydraulicity, and secondary pozzolanic reactions in microstructural refinement. Mixes were highly curing-sensitive with strength variations up to 33% resulting in a compressive strength ranking CEM I > CEM II > CL90 > NHL5,while CEM II and NHL5 showed similar responses to POFA. Significant compositional variability in both the chemistry and morphology of POFA was evident in the literature and this sample, underscoring the need for fraction-specific chemical and mineralogical characterisation. These results indicate that carefully optimised, low-level POFA additions to high-volume GGBS binders can enhance performance and reduce clinker demand, supporting more sustainable cementitious formulations.
Hydraulic Lime, Hydrated Lime, Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland-Limestone Cement, Concrete, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Compressive Strength
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Effect of Vegetable-Derived Linoleic Acid in Passenger Car Radial(PCR) Tyre Tread, Sidewall and Ply Compound
Stearic acid, octadecanoic acid, is a primary ingredient used in the rubber industry as an activator for vulcanization. Linoleic acid, derived from vegetables, contains a similar number of carbon atoms and has a similar concentration of acid functional groups (193 mg KOH/g) with a higher unsaturation content, as indicated by its iodine number (134 g/100g) compared to stearic acid (2 g/100g). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis reveals the location of unsaturation at the 9th and 12th positions. When mixed with tread, sidewall, and ply compounds, linoleic acid exhibits lower activation energy(Ea) and a higher vulcanization reaction rate constant, and a higher order of the reaction compared to the control compounds. These unique properties of linoleic acid result in enhanced modulus at 300% strain with improved tensile strength. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the experimental tread compound achieves a higher modulus than the control compound. The fatigue properties of the experimental sidewall demonstrate a slightly longer lifespan (273 kc) compared to the control compound (268 kc), while both exhibit similar ozone protection. For the ply compound, the adhesion between the ply compound and the fabric is stronger in the experimental compound (16.25 Kgf) than in the control (15.51 Kgf).
Tyre, Tread, Sidewall, Ply, Kinetics, Vulcanization, Sustainability, Tack, Ozone, Order of Reaction, Reaction Rate Constant
Studies and Applications of EDS, AES and TOF-SIMS Analytical Techniques in Failure Analysis of Fluoride and ChlorineContamination
With the rapid development of semiconductor IC design, wafer fabrication and advanced packaging technologies, failure analysis plays a very important role. Past experience tells us that in failure analysis one must ensure the correctness of the analysis results, because wrong data are even worse than no data. As the wrong data, sometimes, may make misleading of the root cause identification. Therefore, in this paper we strongly suggest that we should follow a principle in failure analysis, that is: Yes, means yes; No, don’t say no. When analyzing an IC sample there is no detection of a certain contaminating element on the surface of the sample, it does not mean that the contaminating element does not exist! We should carefully make some considerations to review analysis methods used, parameters selected, analysis location, sample penetration and sensitivity etc. To ensure the correctness of the analysis results, in this paper, we will discuss in detail through several real failure analysis application cases, and demonstrate how to use EDS,AES and TOF-SIMSFA techniques correctly.
Failure Analysis, A FA Principle, EDS, AES, TOFSIMS
Bioactive Compound Profiling and Antioxidative Capacity of PecanProcessing Co-Products
The contemporary food industry increasingly seeks sustainable solutions for valorizing agricultural byproducts. This paper meticulously characterized the phytochemical constituents and assessed the antioxidative efficacy of aqueous extracts obtained from pecan shell coproducts, generated during commercial nut processing. Leveraging advanced extraction techniques, coupled with comprehensive spectrophotometric and chromatographic analyses, we identified and quantified key phenolic compounds responsible for their biological activity. Experimental results consistently demonstrated that these extracts possess significant radical scavenging and reducing capabilities, highlighting their inherent potential as natural antioxidants. This research underscores the viability of transforming a common food processing byproduct into a valuable source of functional ingredients, opening new avenues for developing novel food formulations and enhancing product shelf-life through a circular economy approach in food science.
Pecan Shell Byproducts, Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, Subcritical Water Extraction, Ultrasound- Assisted Extraction, Microwave Assisted Extraction, Green Extraction Methods, Agro-Industrial Waste Valorization, Bioactive Phytochemicals, Sustainable Processing, Functional Food Ingredients, Total Phenolic Content, DPPH Assay, ABTS Assay, FRAP Assay, Circular Economy
Modernized Tool for Producing Regular Reliefs on Inner Cylindrical Surfaces with GR63x25 Motor (24 V DC) and Angular Gearbox
The article presents the design and development of an improved modernized specialized tool for forming regular reliefs on the internal cylindrical surfaces of test metal samples. The method is based on Surface Plastic Deformation (SPD), which contributes to improving the structure of the surface layer and increasing operational properties. The tool was modeled and assembled using Solid Works software.
Surface Plastic Deformation, Regular Reliefs, Diamond Tool
The Impact of Short and Long-Term Ageing in Glycol Water Mixtureon Mechanical Behaviour of Polyamide 6/Glass Fibers Materials andRecovery of Properties After Desorption Process
Polyamide materials (PA) and their composites have known a widespread use that has percolated in almost all the sectors especially in automobile industry owing to their ease of manufacturing, high mechanical strength, low density, and chemical resistance.
Dynamical Symmetry Breaking and Nonlinear Rectification inInversion Symmetric Weyl Metals: A Theoretical Model Based onAxion Electrodynamics
Weyl metals, such as Bi1-xSbx, exhibit unique topological properties, including Weyl points and chiral anomalies, which enable symmetry forbidden rectification a phenomenon of converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) in inversion-symmetric systems. Recent advancements in topological materials have highlighted their potential for high-frequency electronics and energy harvesting, yet optimizing rectification efficiency remains a challenge. This study aims to propose and evaluate strategies to enhance rectification efficiency in Weyl metals using a modified van der Pol differential equation, focusing on nonlinearity (μ), driving frequency (ω), driving amplitude (F0), and magnetic field (B). A numerical simulation was conducted over 200time units, analyzing steady state behavior (100–200 units) with ω0=1.0, β=0.2, and initial conditions x(0)=0.1, x ̇(0)=0.0. The van der Pol equation incorporated topological effects, with parameters varied to map DC component (xDC) via contour plots, line graphs, and time series using Python with NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib. Optimal rectification (xDC=0.210) was achieved at μ=1.0, ω=1.0, F0=0.25, and B=1.0, a 4.67-fold increase over the baseline (0.075). Resonance at μ=1.0 yielded 0.045, F0=0.25 peaked at 0.013, and B=1.0 enhanced to 0.200, with synergy driving the maximum xDC. The study confirms that tuning μ, ω, F0, and B significantly enhances rectification, leveraging topological properties for efficient DC generation in Weyl metals, with potential for advanced electronics. Future research should integrate tight-binding models with multiple Weyl points and validate findings experimentally under varying conditions. Nanostructuring and hybrid systems are suggested to further boost efficiency.
Weyl Metals, Rectification Efficiency, Topological Properties, Van Der Pol Equation, Chiral Anomaly
Structure-Property Relationships of Nanostructured Materials: from Synthesis to Characterization for Multiple Applications
Processing of Indigenous Food Materials for Food Preservation andSecurity: The Case of Avocado (Persea Americana) Fruit
Indigenous food materials encompass materials such as: plants, animals, insects, etc., that are native to a specific region and have been traditionally used for food by the indigenous people of that area. The foods are whole and unprocessed. The include: grain cereals, leafy vegetables, tropical fruits, legumes, starchy stems, wild yams, root tubers, edible insects, etc. These food substances are cultivated spontaneously, following the climatic seasons. The need for cultural preservation, nutritional security, food sovereignty, etc., makes the study of the processing of indigenous food substances remarkable. Ordinarily, they are underutilized and a lot of them are wasted.
Application of Biochar for the Removal of Cadmium from IndustrialWaste
The growing levels of cadmium (Cd) in environmental contexts substantially threaten public health and ecosystems. This research explores the effectiveness of biochar produced from agricultural waste as a sustainable material for capturing cadmium ions from industrial wastewater by employing batch adsorption experiments conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. The experimental factors considered were contact time, initial cadmium concentration, pH, and biochar dosage were meticulously analyzed. The findings revealed a swift adsorption process, achieving over 85% cadmium removal in just 65 minutes. The optimized pH for optimal cadmium adsorption was determined to be 7.0, which minimized competitive ion interactions. The adsorption equilibrium was described by both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, with Langmuir demonstrating a more accurate fit (R²= 0.9569), suggesting the presence of monolayer adsorption on a surface with a limited number of identical sites. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second order model, highlighting the significance of chemisorption due to the high equilibrium adsorption capacity values (qe) ranging from 3.709 to 7.880 for pseudo-second order compared to 6.720 for pseudo-first order. Conclusively, this shows that biochar is a viable and sustainable substrate that can be efficiently utilized for combating cadmium contamination in industrial waste streams. Thus, enhances environmental conservation and resource recovery initiatives.
Optimizing Circular Economy Strategies for Sustainable MaritimeLogistics: A Case Study on VINCI Energies and Port Tampa Bay
As global maritime logistics contribute approximately 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, innovative strategies are needed to address the environmental impact of port and shipping operations. This study examines VINCI Energies, an international engineering firm specializing in energy infrastructure, and explores how it integrates circular economy principles into sustainable maritime logistics. The paper also investigates Port Tampa Bay’s current and potential initiatives related to circular economy practices, including the prospective adoption of Onshore Power Supply (OPS) systems. By focusing on solutions such as OPS systems, reverse logistics, digitalization, port symbiosis, modular design, and waste valorization, VINCI Energies offers a replicable model for reducing emissions and optimizing resource use. This study employs case analysis, comparative literature review, and feasible recommendations to connect global best practices with local opportunities. It concludes with a roadmap that Port Tampa Bay and similar ports can adopt to improve circularity, efficiency, and environmental sustainability.
Sustainability, Circular Economy, Maritime Logistics, Onshore Power Supply, VINCI Energies
Biosorption Of 4,4-Ddt from Aqueous Solution Using MoringaOleifera Pods
The effectiveness of chemical and thermal pre-treatments on moringa oleifera pod was employed in this investigation as a potent bio-sorbent for Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) for removal from aqueous solution. The surface chemistry of the Moringa Oliefera pod was characterized using pH at point of zero charge, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption experiments were conducted in batch at 25, 30 and 45 0C, both kinetics and equilibrium adsorption tests were performed. Pesticide removal was pH-dependent and found to be maximum at pH 3.5. Adsorption kinetics confirmed that 4,4-DDT adsorption follows a pseudo second - order adsorption kinetic model. The thermodynamic study allows concluding the spontaneous and endothermic character of the adsorption process.
Adsorption Isotherms, Pesticides, Moringa Oleifera Pods, Kinetics, 4,4-DDT
Revolutionizing Urban Mining: Solvent Extraction for Sustainable Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste
Urban mining offers a transformative solution to the growing challenge of electronic waste (e-waste) by recovering valuable metals sustainably. E-waste is a rich reservoir of critical metals, including lead, indium, gallium, gold, silver, copper, and platinum, which can be effectively extracted using solvent extraction techniques. This method leverages specific solvents to selectively isolate metals, enabling industrial-scale operations with high efficiency. Advanced extractants like calix [4] arene and pseudo calix [3] arene have demonstrated exceptional capability in recovering metals such as lead, indium, and gallium from acidic media (e.g., 0.1 N HCl). Key factors influencing extraction success include solvent selection, solution concentration, and metal composition. Integrating solvent extraction into e-waste recycling minimizes landfill accumulation, reduces environmental impacts, and promotes resource sustainability. By adopting this approach, urban mining not only addresses the environmental burden of e-waste but also advances the circular economy by reclaiming precious metals for future use.
Calix [4] Arene, Acidic Medium, Recycling, Rare Metal, Electronic Waste
Crystalline Phase Change Due to High-Speed Impact on Steel
Standard alloy steels have many industrial applications because they are easily machined and welded. The alloy contains less than 0.3% carbon by weight and is considered a low-carbon alloy. Because of this low carbon content, the alloy is helpful as a general-purpose steel. It is extreme, tough, ductile, weldable, and malleable. It is used to build bridges, buildings, cars, heavy equipment, and the construction industry. A36 steel contains small elements, including manganese, sulfur, phosphorous, and silicon. so, these elements give the alloy steel the desired mechanical and chemical properties. The steel alloy A36 gets the number 36 on its name due to its yield strength. Steel has a minimum strength of 36,000 pounds per square inch. However, the effect of impact at high velocity on the crystalline structure and phase material is unspecified and the aim of this study. The physical properties and molecular structure of steel from the effect of high velocity on grain structure and unknown properties are being studied in this research. The primary measure of the impact changes in the interconnected mineral crystal structure at various locations around the impact crater. The effect of super-projectile velocity on the crystalline grain structure near the target effect in almost all formations. This strength shows high some sites at all post-impact stages. This study also found that the crystal structure of BCC remained the dominant phase after impact. This result is realistic with all test samples and all levels of shock loading. A36 steel has been studied and is predominantly a single- phase body-focused cubic (BCC) material. Impact speeds ranged between 3.54 and 6.70 km/s. Target subjects before and after impact were reviewed to determine if ductility in the material. The physical properties and molecular structure of A36 steel are also known. Portions were cut from approximately 90 x 90 square microns of test samples, in line with standards required for surface finish. These surfaces were examined and analyzed after impact. The surface portions were selected from a range of areas, including areas directly below the impact crater, to sites that were not physically affected by the impact. Three different effect speeds were applied, and the prepared samples were examined. An EBSD (Electron Backscatter Deflection) imaging microscope is used to examine the crystal structure of the test specimen after impact. Most minerals crystallize into one of three predominant structures: body-centered cubic (BCC), hexagonal closely packed cubic (HCP), or face- centered cubic (FCC). Since these crystal structures are the most predicted lattice configurations, postimpact samples are examined for changes in molecular structure assignment. The results were then tabulated according to the relative impact pit in the region. Previous research shows that post-impact inspection of HCP phase change, in iron specifically, can be entirely and rapidly reversed during impact. However, in this study, traces of HCP were found at impact conditions led to a change in the A36 phase. The methods of electron microscopy, surveying electron back diffraction and X-ray of distortions, lattice defects, twinning, and phase shift were investigated. A limited number of targets were affected. 304L and HY100 were also examined. These alloy steels contain a BCC crystal phase and face-centered (FCC) hexagonal closed beam (HCP) structures. The grain size is close as well. The impact is compressed close to the impact site. Also, the twinning was located closer to the impact zone and gradually dissipated away from the impact zone. In contrast, the increase of the effect’s momentum increased the percentage of HCP.
Sustainable Zero-Portland Cement Limecrete Produced from BinaryGround Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Natural Hydraulic Limeas an Alternative to Standardised Concrete
Concrete, a ubiquitous material in modern construction, faces several fundamental issues, including the cement industry’s 8-10% anthropogenic CO2 emissions (CO2e), that can compromise its sustainability. Therefore, this paper explores novel material combinations of lower carbon binders. Performance issues considered were: volumetric stability; durability; characteristic strengths; environmental impacts; workability; and placement. To address these issues, innovative material combinations of Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) and Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) are suggested as promising alternatives to traditional cements. Recent changes to BS8500 have allowed for further ternary systems that use GGBS and calcium carbonate thereby giving increased importance to both as ingredients. Combining NHL5 and GGBS can enhance the sustainability of concrete by reducing CO2e, improving resistance to chemical attacks, and maintain overall structural integrity, whilst preserving desirable workability and aesthetic qualities. This research shows the peak mass replacement range of NHL and GGBS in the binary cementitious system at conventional concrete mix ratios, building upon and filling some of the empirical and data gaps. GGBS was used because of its low CO2e, direct cementitious qualities, and to reduce industrial waste. The NHL5 content in concrete was replaced at 10% and 20% increments up to 100% GGBS in concrete to assess the physical properties and mechanical performance. Analysis of compressive and flexural strengths at varying curing ages of 7,14, 28, 91 and 180 days, were conducted for the standard mix ratios of 1:1:2, 1:1:3, 2:1(1:2) and 2:1(2:1). Two curing conditions were examined at 91 days of curing, being submerged in water and in ambient conditions. Increased mechanical performance was produced using a 1:1:3 mix ratio, with the optimum replacement values occurring between 40-60% replacement for all ratios, with the optimal replacement value at 48% and carbon intensity point at 32%, representing the peak mass replacement range and points thus providing evidence and supporting the assertions made from thermodynamic models. The highest compressive and flexural strengths achieved at 31MPa and 2.0MPa by 1:1:3, water cured 40/60, and air cured 60/40, NHL/GGBS samples respectively, being significant gains in strength when compared to either the pure NHL or GGBS binder control concrete samples.
Hydraulic Lime, Concrete, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Natural Hydraulic Lime, Compressive Strength
Evaluation of Microbial Performance for Oil Recovery in Oil and Gas Production Waters in Badila-Chad
37 samples from EPPG and swamps of produced waters were collected, analyzed, cultured and isolated to produce biosurfactants capable of reducing surface and interfacial tensions measured in oil production waters in the Petrochad (Mangara) Limited field in Badila. Only 10 isolates selected and codified, showed good biosurfactant production capacities. All these 10 isolates were subjected to screening tests (drop collapse, oil dispersion, emulsion stability and surface tension measurement). Three best isolates showed very good biosurfactant production capacities and consequently better reduction of surface tension (RPG14 = 23.7mN / m, RPG18 = 22.45mN / m, RPG20 = 22.75mN / m) and interfacial tension (RPG14 = 14.35 ±0.5 mN/m, RPG18= 15.35 ±0.5mN/m, RPG20= 15.45 ±0.5 mN/m) compared to those measured in the field between 2014 and 2023.
Produced Water, Isolation, Screening, Surface Tension, Interfacial Tension, Badila, Chad
Studies on Multifunctional Nanostructured Materials
Multifunctional materials are of today’s quest. Miniaturization, i.e. development of these materials in the form of nanomaterials is of primary need considering their application in devices. Moreover, if these are obtained in nanostructured form, they can bring wonders. We have adopted a method for developing multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) with simultaneous antiferromagnetic, ferroelectric & ferroelastic behaviour in form of nanostructures like nanorods, nanowire etc. by employing Anodised Alumina (AAO) template with various pore sizes from 20nm with solution route followed by controlled vacuum filtration and sintering. Diameters of nanorods are in the range of 20-100 nm as observed by FESEM. Capacitance assayed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge discharge processes reveals a very high value of specific capacitance of 450F/gm. Capacitance has been estimated by extrapolating the charge collected at the electrode to that at scanning rate of infinity which is relevant for the charge collected at the nanorods protruding out of the template. Charging and discharging times are quite constant over a large number of cycles. This large value of specific capacitance can be attributed to the nanostructure form of BFO nanorod. The high value of specific capacitance of BFO nanorods brings forth its use as electrode in storage energy devices. Also, a high value of polarization as well as a significant magnetic susceptibility are observed in multiferroic Bismuth Ferrite (BFO) in the form of nanorods protruding out. The high values of polarization and magnetic susceptibility are attributed to the structured form of BFO nanorods giving rise to the directionality. There is no leakage current in P-E loop examined at various fields and frequencies. Magnetocapacitance measurements reflect a significant enhancement in magnetoelectric coupling also.
Increasing the Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Alloy Parts UsingComposite Coatings for Aerospace Engineering
Aluminum alloys are widely used in many arears of engineering including aerospace engineering. Unfortunately, fatigue properties of aluminium alloys are not sufficient and their increase is very important scientific and practical task. The article is devoted to the studies of the Al2O3 composite coatings’ effect on bending fatigue tests of aluminium specimens. Initially, the coatings were formed by converting the surface of aluminum alloy specimens by anodiccathodic microarc treatment to a depth of 90-110 microns. Then the resulting coating was cladded with a “Cr-CrC” surface layer of 9-14 microns’ thickness from the vapor phase. The clad layer filled the pores and cracks of the Al2O3 coating that formed after the microarc treatment. Based on the analysis of bending fatigue tests results, it is shown that the formed composite layer can be used as a reinforcing coating in aerospace engineering. The effectiveness of the developed coating depends on the part’s section thickness and the level of its loading. In the case under consideration, with cyclic bending stresses of less than 95 MPa, the increase in fatigue strength was 1.75-1.8 times.
Ceramics, Composite Coatings, Aerospace, Resource, Fatigue Strength
Opportunities of Air- and Water-to-PCM Batteries in Buildings
For a transparent meeting centre at the Green Village of TU Delft, the Co Creation Centre, a large air-to-air PCM battery was integrated in an air handling unit. Based on the experiences with this battery, a new battery was applied in an office building, the Office Lab. Both buildings were used as research facilities. The PCM uses of outdoor and indoor temperatures such as a flexible thermal mass with a high thermal capacity, flattening high and low indoor temperature peaks. In case of very warm of very cold outdoor night temperatures the battery can additionally be loaded with a heat pump. In this way the thermal and electrical capacity of the heat pump can be reduced significantly as well. The battery can be an economic and energetic favourable alternative. Additionally, there is a water-to-PCM battery in the crawl space with the same kind of panels. In the heating season heating energy from the heat pump with a higher temperature can be stored, making use of low, zero or negative electricity prices via solar panels or the grid. A thermal battery can reduce grid congestion as well. The performance of the PCM-batteries is evaluated with a CFD-program (Phoenics), a building simulation program (Design Builder), and additional calculations and measurements as far as possible.
Studies of XPS Technique and Application in Thickness Measurementof Ultra-Thin Film
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis technique has been widely applied in semiconductor manufacturing and failure analysis. We used it for defects analysis and thin film characterization in wafer fabrication and for XPS valence state analysis of copper materials. XPS technique is also applied jointly with TOF-SIMS technique. In wafer fab, semiconductor & LED manufacturing, it is very challenging to measure the thickness of an ultra-thin film at nano meter range. In general, TEM is widely used for ultra-thin film physical measurement but usually its lateral dimension is limited. In this paper we will study X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy analysis technique which employ a new analysis method by using angle resolved analysis technique. Furthermore, we have applied the new method in analysis of SiON film. It is achieved to measure an ultra-thin film at about 1.4nm. This method can be used for SiO2 thickness measurement, self-assembled thiol monolayer on Au and thickness of HfO2 on silicon substrate.
Failure Analysis, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Angle Resolved Analysis, Si ON, Ultra-Thin Film Analysis
Thin-Film Deposition Systems for Obtaining Conductive Textiles
Smart textiles are fabrics with technological components that perform different wearer functions. Functions can vary, but examples of use are garments that can heat cool or change colour. The idea of our project was to create a device that would stop blood flow without the injured person’s intervention. The detection of the wound is realised using a conductive textile structure made of a thin metal film on its surface. When a circuit break occurs, it will generate an electrical signal interpreted by a control unit to operate an air pumping system that activates a pneumatic tourniquet that stops the flow of blood. To accomplish conductive textile structures the EB-PVD method and the Sputtering method were applied and different metals were used, such as Cu, Ag etc. The amount of metal deposition was 4,0-7,00μg/cm2. Samples were studied on the surface and in sections by scanning electron microscopy in Low Vacuum mode, using the backscattered secondary electron (ABS) detector and the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) detector. The electrical resistivity (Ω) was determined and conductivity (S/m) was calculated for initially treated textile structures and after washing and abrasion tests.
Woven, Washing, Rubbing, Sputtering, Eb-Pvd, Resistivity
New Advances in the Analysis of Ceramic Materials
This new advance in the theory of constitution in its elaboration of ceramic materials and specifically ceramic bricks is reinforced by this new investigation with SEM, DRX and EDX electron microscopy for brick samples made with materials from two different regions in Paraguay, the Western Region and the Eastern Region. It is intended to simplify the knowledge of the process and therefore help to develop new materials with these techniques using simple raw materials such as clay, sand and silt, and may be some other and new materials that help in the production process of ceramic materials. Analysis of characterization of raw materials, processed and finished materials, physical, chemical and mechanical tests such as compression resistance, bending of small-sized specimens manufactured in the laboratory and in real sizes in the factory were carried out. This continues with the series of investigations in ceramics and showed the stages of the process that involves obtaining the raw material, the elaboration of the ceramic process, storage, drying, wetting, kneading, sintering, and the physical and mechanical testing of the pieces made. The electron microscopy of the samples made at different temperatures in the laboratory compared to each other, lead us to analyze them from the nanoscopic point of view so that it approaches the theoretical knowledge of their formation in their processing and that influence their physical and mechanical properties. analyzed in this study.
Adhesion, Compressive Strength, XRD, Electron Microscopy
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