Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You submit your article through online https://srcpublishers.com/material-sciences-manufacturing-/user/register & Email attachment materialsciences@onlinescientificresearch.info or jmsmr@onlinescientificresearch.net 1.023 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
GenAI-Augmented Diagnostic Reasoning for Diesel Engine Fault Triage: A Large Language Model Framework for Technician DecisionSupport at Scale
Diesel engine maintenance is critical for on-road safety and operational efficiency, yet technician capability is a current bottleneck. Working with a major manufacturer, data on Diesel Engine fault triage are collected and curated to address a key maintenance issue: Given observed symptoms, what faults are likely candidates? Strong performance in Diagnostics is therefore a logical path, but development in this area is complicated by four factors: heterogeneity and incompleteness of the data; the need for results in diagnostic timeframes; the requirement to minimize risk to life and limb; and the need for results that can be understood and trusted by staff. A Generalized-Gen AI approach is adopted to Evidence-Based Decision Support across the full breadth of Diesel Engine Maintenance. The diagnostic triage task is just one of the areas where Gen AI plays a role; other roles range from ingestion of multiple data sources to sensor data interpretation (e.g., audio analysis). A large language model architecture, Google’s T5, is used for the first time to provide Evidence-Based Triage Support for Diesel Engine Faults. A Gen AI approach is essential to support the effective combination of disparate datasets into a reliable triage support system. Results on a held-out test set are highly promising, and evaluations in the required real-world setting (effectively an audit of triage decisions) show diagnostic completions that are correct when present in the recorded training data. The combination of strong diagnostic performance across the test set and a high-confidence low-latency real-world validation indicates that Engine Fault Triage can be assisted by this system. Further confidence in the overall approach arises from earlier, well-founded GenAI Applications across virtually all Diesel Maintenance Areas. The triage task’s solid performance, therefore, lends further indirect support to these other tasks.
Large Language Models (LLMs) for Diesel Diagnostics
Predictive Maintenance for Diesel Engines
Scalable Diagnostic Assistance for Heavy Machinery
Explainable AI for Engine Troubleshooting, Automated Diesel Engine Failure Analysis
Industrial Generative AI for Maintenance Operations
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Nanomaterials for Effective Industrial Fire Control
Nanomaterials are materials engineered at the nanoscale, where they exhibit unique physical and chemical properties such as high surface area, enhanced reactivity, and improved thermal stability. These characteristics make them highly effective in improving industrial fire control systems and safety measures. One of the most important applications of nanomaterials in fire control is in the development of advanced fire-resistant coatings. Nanoparticles such as silica, alumina, and clay are incorporated into paints and coatings to enhance their fire-retardant properties. These coatings form a protective barrier when exposed to high temperatures, slowing down heat transfer and preventing the spread of fire. This is particularly useful in industries such as petrochemical plants, power stations, and textile manufacturing. Nanomaterials also play a key role in improving fire extinguishing agents. Traditional extinguishing materials like foam, dry chemicals, and water can be enhanced by adding nanoparticles. For example, nano-sized metal oxides and carbon-based nanomaterials increase the efficiency of fire suppression by improving heat absorption and interrupting the chemical reactions of combustion. Nano-enhanced fire extinguishers require less material and act more quickly compared to conventional ones. Carbon nanotubes and metal oxide nanoparticles are widely used in these sensors due to their excellent electrical and thermal properties. Early detection helps in preventing large-scale industrial fires and reduces damage to life and property. Despite their advantages, the use of nanomaterials also raises concerns regarding cost, environmental impact, and health risks due to nanoparticle exposure. Proper handling, regulation, and further research are necessary to ensure safe and sustainable use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Synthesis of Polyesters Using Surfactant Catalysts in Microemulsions: The Role of Micelle Shape
In this study, we explored traditional methods commonly found in the literature to analyze how surfactants and polymers interact during the synthesis of polyester in emulsion systems. The study justifies its focus on micellar catalysis by exploring its effectiveness and suggesting methods for enhancing the synergy among surfactants, reactants, and catalysis. We looked at factors such as surface tension, critical micelle concentration, micelle shapes, aggregation numbers, and interfacial phenomena in the process of macromolecular packing in emulsion polycondensation. A surfactant-water system consisting of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was employed. Polyesters were prepared from glycerol (GLY), ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and dicarboxylic acids in a surfactant-water system under mild conditions ranging from 70–150°C. FTIR and ¹H NMR confirmed the esterification. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated no crystallinity and a glass transition temperature range of –53 to –46°C, typical of soft matter. The resulting polymers had molecular weights ranging from 1180–6800 g/mol. We found that these polymer aggregate shapes can respond by changing their sizes, both in bulk and at the air-solution interface, when the concentration of surfactants is increased above the critical micelle concentration. The results showed narrow spherical and ellipsoidal polymer aggregates.
Circularization of Agricultural Debris via Poly Lactic Acid Scrutiny, Revolutionary Investigation
Agrarian wastes like eggshell are one of emergent issues in foodstuff industries owing to their disposal matter and cost. Nevertheless, it is also a prospect for the construction sectors if new usages of these unwanted materials can be ascertained. Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) approach is type of polymer that are eco-friendly with numerous benefits attached to its production if liked with other conventional polymers. Unambiguously, PLA needed about 65.5% lesser energy and created roughly 67.9% smaller greenhouse gases throughout its production period. Thus, this scrutiny utilized PLA approach in investigating Eggshell dust (ESD) and waste lactose (WL) impact on interlocking fired bricks mechanical strength. Scrutiny like X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), FTIR and Surface Morphology categorization was carried out on the materials and the samplings, before performing strength analysis. Experimental outcomes from compressive strength activity index and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were utilized in predicting studies via machine learning and validated. The outcome shows that use of 10% ESD and 4% WL leads to maximum values of UPV and compressive strength from early to latter age of the interlocking fired bricks respectively. FTIR shows sharp peaks at 694.12 and 754.14 cm−1, while XRD reveals peaks of EGD main contents of greater crystalline as CaCO3, which in turn constitute hardness part of eggshell. Eggshell crystallinity index was 76.10% and CaCO3 peak was 2θ = 29.7° indicating rhombohedral. It was also ascertained from the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) scrutiny that eggshell dust amount had a more constructive and lesser negative correlation.
Emergency Preparedness in the Oil and Gas Sector: A Survey ofSelected Companies in the Upstream Sector in Warri, Delta State,Nigeria
Emergency preparedness remains a critical requirement for safe operations in Nigeria’s upstream oil and gas industry due to the high-risk nature of exploration and production activities. This study assessed the level of emergency preparedness on selected upstream oil and gas companies within the Niger Delta in Nigeria, focusing on emergency response plans, equipment availability, staff training, organizational challenges, and overall effectiveness. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire distributed to 200 employees in selected upstream companies. A total of 180 valid responses were retrieved and analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. The findings show that 90% of respondents confirmed the existence of formal emergency preparedness plans in their organizations, while 65.6% reported that such plans are reviewed annually. In terms of training, 66.7% indicated that all staff receive emergency training, and 46.7% reported being very well trained in equipment usage. However, 20% of respondents indicated poor or no training. Regarding emergency response resources, 61.1% stated that their companies are fully equipped, while 38.9% reported partial or no equipment availability. Regular emergency drills were conducted quarterly in 54.4% of the companies, but 20% conducted drills rarely or never. A strong majority (74.4%) reported that emergency plans cover all major emergency types (security, medical, fire, and spill). Despite these strengths, 48.9% identified poor management commitment as the main challenge, followed by insufficient training (34.4%) and lack of funding (32.2%). Furthermore, 67.8% acknowledged that previous incidents exposed weaknesses in their preparedness systems. Overall, 43.3% rated emergency preparedness as “Good,” 23.3% as “Excellent,” while 33.4% rated it “Fair” or “Poor.” The study concludes that although emergency preparedness in Nigeria’s upstream sector shows moderate strength, significant improvements are required in management commitment, training consistency, equipment adequacy, and continuous system evaluation to achieve optimal resilience and safety performance.
Synergistic Application of XPS and TOF-SIMS for Accurate TraceElement Analysis in Electronic and Automotive Materials
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the combined application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ionmass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for the identification and quantification of trace elements in surface analysis. Two detailed case studies are examined: • The detection and quantification of selenium (Se) on LED lead frames, and • The analysis of boron (B) and phosphorus (P) residues on automotive aluminum components after surface cleaning. XPS provides reliable quantitative data and chemical state information, but is limited by spectral interferences and a detection limit of approximately 0.1–1.0 at%. TOF-SIMS offers superior sensitivity (ppm level) and mass specificity, but lacks inherent quantitative capability without standards. By integrating TOF-SIMS for qualitative confirmation prior to XPS quantification, we overcome the limitations of each technique, avoid analytical misjudgements, and obtain accurate quantitative results. This synergistic approach enhances analytical confidence and is applicable to surface contamination studies in microelectronics, automotive, and related high-value manufacturing industries.
Improving Expert Judgment in Scenario Simulation for ContainerTerminals and Supply Chain
This study explores the use of Modeling and Simulation (M&S) and Structured Expert Judgment (SEJ) to handle complex problems in the logistics sector, with an emphasis on container terminals. This paper focuses on expert judgment within the Generator of Logistics Flow (GOLF), a model that uses SEJ to produce synthetic logistics data sets when empirical data are incomplete, uninformative, or unavailable. Combining SEJ with a stochastic generator enables quantification of unknown parameters through uncertainty adjustment and propagating that uncertainty into scenario outputs. Partial validation shows high precision for rail container mode approximately 3%, while larger errors for transshipped containers reveal sensitivity in this submodel. Furthermore, GOLF highlights the role of strategic engineering, which integrates modeling, simulation, and data analytics in a closed loop to provide decision makers for policy implementation and strategy design. It allows decision makers to perform “What if?” analyzes to obtain a variety of useful data in different scenarios and demonstrate the potential of intelligent systems to address data scarcity, enhance operational efficiency, and foster innovation in supply chain and container terminal management.
Effect of Vegetable-Derived Linoleic Acid in Passenger Car Radial(PCR) Tyre Tread, Sidewall and Ply Compound
Stearic acid, octadecanoic acid, is a primary ingredient used in the rubber industry as an activator for vulcanization. Linoleic acid, derived from vegetables, contains a similar number of carbon atoms and has a similar concentration of acid functional groups (193 mg KOH/g) with a higher unsaturation content, as indicated by its iodine number (134 g/100g) compared to stearic acid (2 g/100g). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis reveals the location of unsaturation at the 9th and 12th positions. When mixed with tread, sidewall, and ply compounds, linoleic acid exhibits lower activation energy (Ea) and a higher vulcanization reaction rate constant, and a higher order of the reaction compared to the control compounds. These unique properties of linoleic acid result in enhanced modulus at 300% strain with improved tensile strength. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the experimental tread compound achieves a higher modulus than the control compound. The fatigue properties of the experimental sidewall demonstrate a slightly longer lifespan (273 kc) compared to the control compound (268 kc), while both exhibit similar ozone protection. For the ply compound, the adhesion between the ply compound and the fabric is stronger in the experimental compound (16.25 Kgf) than in the control (15.51 Kgf).
Bioaugmentation to Treat Total Nitrogen Effluent Levels in a LeatherManufacturing Unit in South Korea
This study explores into the application of bioaugmentation as a method to mitigate total nitrogen (TN) levels in the wastewater of a South Korean leather manufacturing unit. Through a comprehensive 5-week trial, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of bioaugmentation in reducing TN levels by an impressive 53%, a notable achievement when compared to the control treatment where no significant alterations in TN levels were observed. The findings of this study hold promising implications for the field of industrial wastewater treatment. Beyond the immediate context of the South Korean leather manufacturing unit, the study suggests potential future applications of bioaugmentation as a viable and efficient approach for addressing TN levels in industrial wastewater. The primary goal is to align with local discharge standards, ensuring that treated wastewater meets regulatory requirements. This research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing efforts in sustainable industrial practices, highlighting bioaugmentation as a prospective solution to enhance environmental compliance and wastewater management.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Utilizing the Factory Method Design Pattern in Practical ManufacturingScenarios
The paper delves into the utilization of design patterns, specifically focusing on the Factory Method, within the field of software engineering. It underscores the importance of design patterns in addressing recurring problems in a flexible, elegant, and reusable manner. The document explores various categories of design patterns and their practical applications, with special attention to the Factory Method's role in streamlining object creation and enhancing system maintainability. To illustrate the practicality of the Factory Method, a real-world use case in a manufacturing context is presented, showcasing its influence on software architecture and maintainability. The study concludes by underscoring the advantages of design patterns in software development, particularly in terms of their ability to promote reusability and efficiency when dealing with common software design challenges.
Energy Harvesting Devices: A Review of Triboelectric Nanogeneratorand its Applications
A portable or self-powered power source is required to meet the current energy demand. Conventional energy sources are depleting or resulting in an environmental impact. Energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower are much studied to harvest renewable energy and storage for future use. But with emerging wearable, smart devices, and health monitoring devices the need for self-powered devices is growing rapidly. These devices can be powered using traditional batteries, but it has certain limitations and concerns. Energy harvesting devices such as nanogenerators are booming as they can generate electricity from applications for self-powered systems, sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT), medical devices, and Biomechanical energy harvesting. The invention of nanogenerators paved the way for lightweight, flexible, easy-to-fabricate, and low-maintenance devices for applications such as energy harvesting and self-powered devices. In this paper, various types of nanogenerators, their fabrication techniques, and their applications are studied and outlined.
Rapid Prototyping Technologies and Design Frameworks:Transforming Traditional Manufacturing into Smart AdditiveSolutions
This paper looks at how rapid prototyping (RP) technologies and new design methods are changing traditional manufacturing processes. By looking at the recent changes in additive manufacturing (AM), from its beginnings in the 1980s to how it is used today, we see how these technologies are changing product development and industry practices. The combination of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) has allowed for great flexibility in making complex shapes while cutting down on material waste and production time. The study shows how computer aided design (CAD) software, artificial intelligence, and rapid prototyping work well together. This combination leads to better design efficiency and allows for more customized products. The main findings show that this technology has a wide effect on many areas, like aerospace, healthcare, and automotive industries. It has helped in speeding up the prototyping process and making manufacturing more sustainable. The study also highlights how user centered design methods and generative design tools can improve product development processes. This detailed study shows that the ongoing development of quick prototyping technologies, along with improved design methods, is pushing manufacturing towards a future that is more efficient, sustainable, and innovative.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Use of Feeder Tanks and Self-Cleaning Nozzles for Glue Systemsto Maximize Productivity and Reduce Downtime in the PackagingIndustry
In the overall packaging sector, whether it is for the food or beverage industry, apparel industry, or retail industry, the goal is to deliver high-quality untampered products to consumers by ensuring that the package is intact and remains secure during production, transportation from the production line to a warehouse or from warehouse to distribution centers. To deliver products at this highest level of quality, any packaging company must research and select the best glue/adhesive system available in the market for their production lines. In this theoretical paper, we review the technologies available in the field of glue systems and the challenges faced by the companies that lead to production loss, higher operational costs, recall, and reworks. The study aims to perform a root cause analysis of the issues faced, like missing beads of glue on the packages and blockage of nozzles, to provide solutions using the new technology of using a feeder tank fill system for glue units and the use of self-cleaning nozzles to eliminate them. This paper also illustrates the advantages of utilizing this new technology and its impact on production lines.
The Proposition of Using Dimpled Surface Vibratory Conveyors inConfectionery Industries for Product Movement
The confectionery business in the overall food and beverage sector has been gaining popularity and growing at an exponential rate, with many new companies entering the market to embrace the untapped market and supply customers with higher quality products like gum, chocolate, chilling plates, candy, gummy candy, enrobers, etc. One of the significant challenges faced by all the companies in this sector is to manage the movement of the product, whether bulk or packaged, from one part of the production line to the other effectively and efficiently. Various companies traditionally rely on conveying systems procured from Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) or designing them in-house to fulfill this requirement. The capital investment in these conveying systems was kept to a minimum in the past as they were not considered critical to day-to-day operations. However, there has been a shift in the business strategy, and nowadays, companies do extensive research and allocate significant capital to deploy an effective and efficient conveying system to support their production. In this theoretical study, we explore different available conveying technologies used in confectionery companies and their challenges in day to-day operations. We also review a new and upcoming technology of using a vibratory conveying system with a dimpled surface texture of the conveyor itself to support gentle handling of the product and how it is advantageous over the traditional conveying system. This study aims to aid confectionery companies in identifying and selecting the most effective and efficient conveying solution for their production lines to move products within the facility.
Impact of Machine Overhauls on the Breakdowns in the ManufacturingIndustry
This study focuses on a new maintenance strategy called Machine overhaul, which uses the concepts of Reliability Centered Maintenance and how it is different from other traditional maintenance strategies that various manufacturing companies use to improve machine reliability and increase productivity by creating opportunities for longer production runs without suffering from breakdowns through performing minimal periodic maintenance activities and reducing overall cost. The framework of this study addresses the development of this strategy by working with different Original Equipment Manufacturers as they are the subject matter experts in their respective fields and how it is planned and executed by the Maintenance team in an organization. It helps the management and leadership team of an organization to make decisions using the data-driven approach through analysis and comparison of the impact of this strategy against traditional ones to improve reliability and productivity to achieve organizational objectives every year.
Enhancing Cybersecurity in Large Manufacturing Enterprises: AStrategic Approach to Protecting Operational Technology Systems
In the transformative landscape of Industry 4.0, the robustness of cybersecurity measures for Operational Technology (OT) systems within expansive manufacturing enterprises emerges as a paramount concern. The synergistic integration of OT frameworks with Information Technology (IT) infrastructures not only catalyzes operational efficiencies and innovation but concurrently amplifies the vector space for potential cyber threats. This scholarly paper articulates a holistic cybersecurity paradigm meticulously designed to fortify large-scale manufacturing enterprises against the specter of cyber intrusions. Anchored by a stratified security architecture, the proposed paradigm underscores the criticality of manufacturing systems’ isolation, meticulous segmentation of network architectures, and the rigorous application of established cybersecurity protocols. Through a meticulous exploration of the inherent vulnerabilities characteristic of OT systems juxtaposed against the contemporary spectrum of cyber threats, this discourse delineates a suite of potent methodologies aimed at bolstering the cyber resilience of manufacturing ecosystems. This endeavor is instrumental in safeguarding the seamless continuity and unassailable integrity of manufacturing operations, thereby insulating them from the disruptive potential of cyber adversities.
Cybersecurity, Operational Technology, Manufacturing Enterprises, Network Segmentation, Factory Isolation
Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectra of 3-Amino 6-Chloro2-methyl Quinazolin-4-(3H)-one Derivative
Looking at the previous studies on quinazolinones derivatives, only limited information’s are available on their mass spectral along with the preparation of novel quinazolin-4-(3H)-one derivatives The condensation of Methyl-2-amino-4-Chlorobenzoate with acetic anhydride yielded the cyclic compound 2-methyl 7-Chloro-1, 3-benzo-oxazine-4-one (1) which further produce 3-Amino-2-Methyl 7-Chloro quinazolin-4(3H)-ones (2) via the reaction with hydrazine hydrate. The compounds synthesized were unequivocally confirmed by means of Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C), Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry and Elemental analysis. Discussion: The molecular ion of m/z 235 fragments to give m/z 220 by loss of –NH group. The ion of m/z 220 was broken to give m/z 206 by losing CH2 group and fragment to m/z 177 by loss of HCO. This fragmented to m/z 162 by loss of –CH3 group and then m/z 136 by loss of CN group. The loss of O gave m/z 120 which fragment to give m/z 93 by loss of –HCN and finally gave m/z 65 by loss of CO group. Conclusion: The electron impact ionization mass spectra of compound 2show a weak molecular ion peak and a base peak of m/z 235resulting from a cleavage fragmentation. Compound 2 give a characteristic fragmentation pattern. From the study of the mass spectra of compound 2, it was found that the molecular ion had fragmented to the m/z 220. The final fragmentation led to ion of m/z 93 and ion of mass m/z 65, respectively.
Mass spectroscopy, 3-amino-7-chloro-2-methyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one, 7-chloro-2-methyl-4H-benzo [d] [1, 3]-oxazin-4-one, Nucleophile, Quinazolin-4(3H)-one, Electron Impact Ionization Mass Spectra
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Material Sciences & Manufacturing Research
Satya’s Theory of the Age of the Universe: Manifestation and Disintegration of the Matter in Spacetime - A Geochmeical/Isotopic Perspective
One can calculate the maximum possible time of manifestation (Tm) of any unstable isotope in the Universe by assuming that all their daughter isotopes owe their existence only to the decay of their parent isotope by using the radioactivity equation: Np = Ni exp(− λTm), where Np is the total number of parent nuclides existing in the Universe at the present time, Ni is the total number of parent nuclides manifested in the Universe, and λ is the decay constant, and Tm is the time of manifestation of the parent isotope. As the decay from a parent isotope to its daughter isotope is 1 to 1, the entity Ni can be obtained by adding the parent and daughter isotope ratios existing at the present time. Thus, in this equation all the entities are known except for the time of manifestation (Tm). Calculating the time of manifestation by this equation assumes that the radioactive decay is exponential. When we find the time of manifestation (Tm) of the various isotopes in this way we see that there is no order between the time of manifestation (Tm) and their respective atomic mass. We can also calculate the time of manifestation (Tm) of any unstable isotope on an X-Y plot between the time and the daughter isotope ratio by extrapolating backwards its present-day daughter isotope ratio through its ratio at the time of formation of the Earth 4.55 Gyr ago, to the X-axis. The X-intercept (NULL Y Intercept) indicates the time when there were no daughter isotopes. In other words, this indicates the time when the parent isotopes just appeared in the Universe and started decaying. The X Intercept thus formed denotes the time of manifestation (Tm) of its parent isotope. Estimating the time of manifestation (Tm) this way assumes that radioactive decay is linear and not exponential. The Tm of the various unstable isotopes estimated this way when plotted on an X-Y plot against their respective atomic mass shows a high degree of negative correlation, and the linear array thus formed (Cosmochron) intercepts the X-axis at ~936 Gyr ago which indicates the age of the Universe. Similarly, again assuming linear decay, the time of complete decay of any unstable isotope can be estimated by extrapolating its parent isotope ratio in the Earth at the time of its formation 4.55 Gyr ago through its present-day isotope ratio to the X-axis. The X-intercept thus formed yields the time of complete decay (Td ) of the parent isotope. The time of total existence (Te) of any unstable parent isotope in the Universe thus can be obtained by adding together the time of manifestation (Tm) and time of complete decay (Td). If the Te of the various unstable isotopes is plotted against their respective atomic mass, the linear array thus formed (Dotuchron) intercepts the X-axis at ~1104 Gyr which indicates the time of total existence of the Universe since its creation. Another important point to note is that the linear array formed in both the plots intercepts the Y-axis at the atomic mass of ~242 which indicates the heaviest mass of any isotope that could exist in the Universe at the present time. The atomic mass of the Plutonium isotope is 242 which is the heaviest isotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts in association with the other actinide isotopes. Thus, the proof of this theory lies in the theory itself.
Bio-Nanowound Dressing: A Natural Breakthrough for Burns and Chronic Wounds
This lecture focuses on the production of a 100% natural bio-nanofibrous wound dressing fabricated from natural nanopolymeric fibers with dimensions ranging from 50–100 nm and featuring an ultra-high porosity of 150–200 nm. The dressing is intended for clinical application in the treatment of burns and chronic wounds, accelerating the healing process. In parallel, silver nanoparticles are produced and applied for sterilizing burns and wounds prior to using the dressing. The bio-nanowound dressing exhibits distinctive advantages: it is semi-permeable, allowing the exchange of oxygen and water vapor while simultaneously acting as a natural barrier against bacterial penetration. Moreover, it is easy to use, replaceable, and reusable after sterilization with locally synthesized silver nanoparticles. This innovative dressing can be applied in multiple medical cases, including skin burns, skin graft donor and recipient sites, keloids, diabetic ulcers, perforated foot disease, contaminated surgical wounds, pressure ulcers, injuries following thermal cauterization or cryotherapy, and even in dental applications, such as regenerating odontogenic cells, endodontic treatments, and preventing post-extraction alveolar bone loss. This product represents the first of its kind in Syria, rivaling globally manufactured dressings, while being fully natural, flexible, tear-resistant, user-friendly, and cost effective. It can be manufactured in various sizes tailored to wound or burn dimensions. Importantly, it contributes significantly to improving patients’ quality of life by accelerating wound healing and reducing healthcare costs.
Scalable Quantum Computing with Trapped Electrons in a Planar Penning Trap
Quantum computers have the potential to solve problems far beyond the reach of classical computers by using the principles of superposition and entanglement. However, existing platforms face challenges such as short coherence times, interference from the environment, and difficulties in scaling up. Trapped electrons in a planar Penning trap offer a promising alternative. Unlike other qubits, electrons do not interact with nuclear spins, which helps maintain quantum states for much longer. Additionally, their strong confinement allows for fast and precise quantum operations. In our approach, electron spins serve as logical qubits, while their motional states are used for entanglement. Our setup consists of 2-dimensional array of micro-sized Penning traps fabricated on a ceramic chip, placed inside a 1T superconducting magnet and cooled in a dilution refrigerator to reach millikelvin temperatures. This extreme cooling reduces unwanted motion and makes it possible to entangle electron spins and perform quantum gates with high accuracy. At Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi, India, we are developing a prototype planar Penning trap. This new system offers a stable, scalable, and high coherence platform for quantum computing.
Quercetin-Loaded Banana Starch Nanoparticles: A Novel Anti-Cancer Delivery System
Nowadays, polymeric nanoparticles are one of the most chosen drug delivery systems for the treatment of life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Drug loading, drug entrapment, and drug release have been the challenges in nano formulations till now. Various researchers are working to improve these limitations. Evaluation of drug loading, entrapment, size release, and activity of prepared starch nanoparticles. In the present study, starch was isolated from a novel source, i.e., unripe banana fruit. Banana starch contains amylose and amylopectin in a certain ratio (26-28:72-74). Banana starch was selected as polymer due its unique composition and function Such as amylose is a straight- chain polymer of D-glucose linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds, while amylopectin is a branchedchain polymer of D-glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds. These structural differences impart unique drug release properties: amylose facilitates immediate release, while amylopectin provides sustained release. This dual release capability makes banana starch an intriguing candidate for drug delivery applications. Quercetin-loaded banana starch nanoparticles were prepared using the nano-precipitation method. Drug loading and drug entrapment were determined by different methods. The percentages of drug loading and entrapment efficacy were found to be 51.9 %. SEM analysis of nanoparticles reports the size of nanoparticles from 66.67 nm to 113.33 nm. In-vitro drug release was found to be 44.84 % within the first hour and 96.96 % within 12 hours. Prepared nanoparticles showed a good antioxidant effect against the DPPH radical scavenging model was found 98 percent. Percentage inhibition of cancer cells at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 µg/ml) of prepared nanoparticles and isolated quercetin were found to be 3.11, 11.52, 54.56, 57.21, 83.48, and 2.38, 2.11, 6.22, 36.92, and 72.45, respectively. Histopathological studies of tissues confirmed that burn-created wounds were healed by prepared nanoparticles within 21 days. Prepared nanoparticles suppressed the anti-inflammatory response, as confirmed by the histopathological studies.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Two-dimensional Nanoparticles for Nano Lubricant Applications: A Pathway for Enhanced Efficiency
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials synthesised by hydrothermal means have become a key technology in nanotechnology, especially for applications requiring accuracy in particle shape, crystallinity, and surface properties. This process creates welldefined nanostructures by means of chemical reactions in aqueous medium at high pressures and temperatures. The most extensively researched 2D nanomaterials produced by hydrothermal techniques are iron-based nanoparticles, zinc oxide (ZnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Advanced lubricants with better tribological properties have been developed through a revolution in the field of lubricants with the addition of nanomaterials. For the purpose of attaining homogeneous dispersion within lubricating matrix, these nanomaterials’ size, shape, and surface functionality can be precisely controlled during their hydrothermal production. These two-dimensional nanomaterials can have their surface properties precisely altered through hydrothermal synthesis, which benefits their lubricating system performance. Improved dispersion stability and efficacy of the nanomaterials in the lubricant can result in decreased wear, decreased friction, and enhanced thermal stability. This can be achieved by optimizing the particle size, shape, and surface fictionalization.
Cutting-Edge Alteration of Scaffolds in Collaboration with Computational Processes for the Design of Feasible Androgen Receptor Antagonists in the Arena of Prostate Cancer Treatment
Androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are crucial for prostate growth, but excessive expression of androgenic receptors can lead to prostate cancer, making them a significant therapeutic target. The research aims to develop safer analogues of Enzalutamide (ENZ), a prostate cancer medication, while predicting its pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. It also conducts molecular docking studies to predict its biological interactions with the androgen receptor. A total of 200 analogues were designed by substituting ENZ’s amide group, with 15 bioisosteres chosen based on pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluations and docking studies. The bioisosteres had optimal physicochemical, medical, and ADMET characteristics compared to ENZ. The analogues’ drug similarity and drug score exceeded ENZ’s. Analogues ENZ2, ENZ5, and ENZ8 formed hydrogen bonds with the SER778 residue, suggesting they could be potential anti-androgen agents for prostate cancer treatment.
The presented article provides a theory of dark energy that appears to have been developed in two complementary ways. On the one hand, this theory is based on physics and mathematics and, on the other hand, it is developed on the basis of available data. This corresponds to the discovery of the laws of planetary motion in elliptical planetary orbits by JOHANNES KEPLER in the past. He developed his laws from a large amount of data. Later it was theoretically substantiated more thoroughly by ISAAK NEWTON. The focus is on deriving a formula for the equivalence of energy and time. Precursors to the presented “Theory of Dark Energy” were published in the articles. The derivation of the formula for the equivalence of energy and time provides new theoretical insights and applications in theoretical terms. This derivation leads to the discovery of a new law of nature. A formula for calculating dark energy was developed in a previous article published in the International Journal of Physics and Astronomy. It is: Ed = (h/tp2) · tu (1.2) The „The Foundations of a Dark Energy Theory “was first mentioned in my previous work” Commentary about Calculation of Dark Energy and Dark Matter”, published in the Journal of Physics and Astronomy [2]. The presented article “Theory of Dark Energy” is now completed and a physical-mathematical and theoretical derivation of the formula (1.2) is provided.
Sustainable Binder Strategies: Comparative Effects of Palm Oil Fuel Ash in High-Volume GGBS Concrete
Concrete faces persistent challenges to its durability, performance, and sustainability, including cracking from thermal and shrinkage stresses, chemical degradation, freeze-thaw damage, and the high carbon footprint of cement production; workability, curing, and maintenance further complicate its use. This study evaluates the combined use of POFA and GGBS as partial cement replacements to improve sustainability and mechanical performance, identifies methodological gaps in typical POFA characterisation, and demonstrates that modest POFA additions in high-volume GGBS binders can reduce CO2e while mitigating early-age strength limitations of latent hydraulic systems. POFA was introduced at 0-6% replacement in 1% increments within an 80% GGBS binder matrix across four secondary binders: ordinary Portland cement, Portland-limestone cement, natural hydraulic lime, and calcium air-lime. Compressive and flexural strengths were measured at 7, 14, 28, and 91 days using a 1:1:2 aggregate mix and water binder ratio of 0.40; water submersion and ambient curing were compared at 28 and 91 days. Incorporation of POFA in GGBS/CEM I composites yielded compressive strengths above C30/37 MPa, a 16.6% increase over the control, and improved workability. Optimal POFA contents for peak flexural strength were binder dependent: 2-3% for GGBS/CEM I, 5% for GGBS/CEM II and GGBS/CL90,and 6% for GGBS/NHL5, implicating filler effects, particle packing, latent hydraulicity, and secondary pozzolanic reactions in microstructural refinement. Mixes were highly curing-sensitive with strength variations up to 33% resulting in a compressive strength ranking CEM I > CEM II > CL90 > NHL5,while CEM II and NHL5 showed similar responses to POFA. Significant compositional variability in both the chemistry and morphology of POFA was evident in the literature and this sample, underscoring the need for fraction-specific chemical and mineralogical characterisation. These results indicate that carefully optimised, low-level POFA additions to high-volume GGBS binders can enhance performance and reduce clinker demand, supporting more sustainable cementitious formulations.
Hydraulic Lime, Hydrated Lime, Ordinary Portland Cement, Portland-Limestone Cement, Concrete, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Compressive Strength
Studies and Applications of EDS, AES and TOF-SIMS Analytical Techniques in Failure Analysis of Fluoride and ChlorineContamination
With the rapid development of semiconductor IC design, wafer fabrication and advanced packaging technologies, failure analysis plays a very important role. Past experience tells us that in failure analysis one must ensure the correctness of the analysis results, because wrong data are even worse than no data. As the wrong data, sometimes, may make misleading of the root cause identification. Therefore, in this paper we strongly suggest that we should follow a principle in failure analysis, that is: Yes, means yes; No, don’t say no. When analyzing an IC sample there is no detection of a certain contaminating element on the surface of the sample, it does not mean that the contaminating element does not exist! We should carefully make some considerations to review analysis methods used, parameters selected, analysis location, sample penetration and sensitivity etc. To ensure the correctness of the analysis results, in this paper, we will discuss in detail through several real failure analysis application cases, and demonstrate how to use EDS,AES and TOF-SIMSFA techniques correctly.
Failure Analysis, A FA Principle, EDS, AES, TOFSIMS
Bioactive Compound Profiling and Antioxidative Capacity of PecanProcessing Co-Products
The contemporary food industry increasingly seeks sustainable solutions for valorizing agricultural byproducts. This paper meticulously characterized the phytochemical constituents and assessed the antioxidative efficacy of aqueous extracts obtained from pecan shell coproducts, generated during commercial nut processing. Leveraging advanced extraction techniques, coupled with comprehensive spectrophotometric and chromatographic analyses, we identified and quantified key phenolic compounds responsible for their biological activity. Experimental results consistently demonstrated that these extracts possess significant radical scavenging and reducing capabilities, highlighting their inherent potential as natural antioxidants. This research underscores the viability of transforming a common food processing byproduct into a valuable source of functional ingredients, opening new avenues for developing novel food formulations and enhancing product shelf-life through a circular economy approach in food science.
Pecan Shell Byproducts, Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, Subcritical Water Extraction, Ultrasound- Assisted Extraction, Microwave Assisted Extraction, Green Extraction Methods, Agro-Industrial Waste Valorization, Bioactive Phytochemicals, Sustainable Processing, Functional Food Ingredients, Total Phenolic Content, DPPH Assay, ABTS Assay, FRAP Assay, Circular Economy
Modernized Tool for Producing Regular Reliefs on Inner Cylindrical Surfaces with GR63x25 Motor (24 V DC) and Angular Gearbox
The article presents the design and development of an improved modernized specialized tool for forming regular reliefs on the internal cylindrical surfaces of test metal samples. The method is based on Surface Plastic Deformation (SPD), which contributes to improving the structure of the surface layer and increasing operational properties. The tool was modeled and assembled using Solid Works software.
Surface Plastic Deformation, Regular Reliefs, Diamond Tool
The Impact of Short and Long-Term Ageing in Glycol Water Mixtureon Mechanical Behaviour of Polyamide 6/Glass Fibers Materials andRecovery of Properties After Desorption Process
Polyamide materials (PA) and their composites have known a widespread use that has percolated in almost all the sectors especially in automobile industry owing to their ease of manufacturing, high mechanical strength, low density, and chemical resistance.
Dynamical Symmetry Breaking and Nonlinear Rectification inInversion Symmetric Weyl Metals: A Theoretical Model Based onAxion Electrodynamics
Weyl metals, such as Bi1-xSbx, exhibit unique topological properties, including Weyl points and chiral anomalies, which enable symmetry forbidden rectification a phenomenon of converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) in inversion-symmetric systems. Recent advancements in topological materials have highlighted their potential for high-frequency electronics and energy harvesting, yet optimizing rectification efficiency remains a challenge. This study aims to propose and evaluate strategies to enhance rectification efficiency in Weyl metals using a modified van der Pol differential equation, focusing on nonlinearity (μ), driving frequency (ω), driving amplitude (F0), and magnetic field (B). A numerical simulation was conducted over 200time units, analyzing steady state behavior (100–200 units) with ω0=1.0, β=0.2, and initial conditions x(0)=0.1, x ̇(0)=0.0. The van der Pol equation incorporated topological effects, with parameters varied to map DC component (xDC) via contour plots, line graphs, and time series using Python with NumPy, SciPy, and Matplotlib. Optimal rectification (xDC=0.210) was achieved at μ=1.0, ω=1.0, F0=0.25, and B=1.0, a 4.67-fold increase over the baseline (0.075). Resonance at μ=1.0 yielded 0.045, F0=0.25 peaked at 0.013, and B=1.0 enhanced to 0.200, with synergy driving the maximum xDC. The study confirms that tuning μ, ω, F0, and B significantly enhances rectification, leveraging topological properties for efficient DC generation in Weyl metals, with potential for advanced electronics. Future research should integrate tight-binding models with multiple Weyl points and validate findings experimentally under varying conditions. Nanostructuring and hybrid systems are suggested to further boost efficiency.
Weyl Metals, Rectification Efficiency, Topological Properties, Van Der Pol Equation, Chiral Anomaly