Journal of Oil, Petroleum and Natural Gas Research
Journal of Oil, Petroleum and Natural Gas Research Journal of Oil, Petroleum and Natural Gas Research is an open access peer reviewed journal, At the forefront of energy research, our journal serves as a comprehensive platform for disseminating ground breaking studies in the fields of oil, petroleum, and natural gas. We aim to bridge the gap between academia and industry, providing a forum for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to share knowledge, insights, and advancements that drive the energy sector forward. Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/oil-petroleum-and-natural-gas-re/user/register or can send through an E-mail with attachment to naturalgas@onlinescientificresearch.net or petroleumtechnology@onlinescientificresearch.info 0.35 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Prediction of Two-Phase Flow Regime in Oil Wells Using Hybrid Models
This study investigates the application of hybrid machine learning techniques, including boosting, bagging, voting, and stacking for flow regime prediction in twophase vertical pipe flow. We propose a decision tree-based ensemble classifier utilizing algorithms like Random Trees (RT), J48, Reduced Error Pruning Trees (REPT), Logistic Model Trees (LMT), and Decision Trees with Naive Bayes (NBT). The effectiveness of the chosen hybrid algorithm was assessed using a comprehensive suite of metrics, including classification accuracy, precision, recall, confusion matrix, F1-score, and PRC area. Our investigation revealed that ensemble methods, particularly boosting (AdaBoost, LogitBoost, MultiBoosting) and, achieved superior prediction accuracy compared to individual classifiers. Notably, MultiBoosting exhibited the most promising performance within the boosting category. These findings conclusively demonstrate the superiority of ensemble algorithms over single classifiers in predicting flow regimes. By leveraging this approach, the accuracy of flow regime prediction was demonstrably increased, reaching a level as high as 96%. The study introduces a superior method for predicting two-phase flow regimes in vertical flows, achieving high accuracy and reducing complexity and cost, resulting in reliable results under various operating conditions.
Flow Pattern, Two Phase Flow, Vertical Pipe, Machine Learning, Hybrid Model
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Oil, Petroleum and Natural Gas Research
Combination (Mixture) of Carbon Negative Fuel Isobutanol (54 Vol%)with Extra Virgin Olive Oil (3 Vol%), Fuel Carbon Negative Diacetyl Alcohol (3 Vol%) and Carbon Negative Fuel N-Butanol (40 Vol%) for Powering of both Types of the Engines, Gasoline and Diesel FuelInternal Combustion Engines of Cars and Trucks
The Author has described herein the Carbon Negative fuel mixture composed of the Carbon Negative fuels Isobutanol, n-Butanol and Dicetone Alcohol made from the air CO2 using Author’s proprietary technologies along with the Carbon Negative Extra Virgin Olive Oil. His Carbon Negative fuel mixture with the Extra Virgin Olive Oil is much less expensive compared to the fuels manufactured from petroleum. It is suitable as the Author has found for powering both types of the internal combustion engines: originally powered by Gasoline and by Diesel fuel.
Fuel Isobutanol, Fuel Diacetone Alcohol, Fuel n-Butanol, Fuel Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Professor Dr. M.V. Tyurin Professor Dr. M.V. Tyurin
Autothermal Reforming of Methane into Syngas and its Conversion into Methanol, Powered by Combustion of Excess Hydrogen or Excess Carbon Monoxide
The proposed technical solution harnesses the Autothermal Methane Reforming (ATR) as an industrial process for “Blue” hydrogen (H2) production from natural gas, by converting of methane (CH4) into synthesis gas / syngas (CO + H2) using oxygen (O2) and either carbon dioxide (CO2) or steam (H2O) in an Exothermic Reaction with methane (CH4), the released heat of exothermic reaction satisfying heat requirements of the steam-reforming part of the ATR, so that the outlet temperature of the produced syngas is between 950–1100°C, while the outlet pressure is about 100 bar. Such high syngas pressures and temperatures employed in the ATR process are obtained by pressurization of atmospheric air and oxygen (contained in the air and extracted from it using an air separation unit) and the natural gas / methane (the main feedstock for the ATR reaction), by means of an air/oxygen compressor and a methane/ natural-gas compressor, respectively. High-pressure steam necessary for the ATR process is raised by harnessing of a huge (thermal and mechanical) energy potential of the waste heat contained in the stream of products (syngas). The proposed technical solution thus envisions conversion of a suitable amount of the waste heat contained in the produced syngas, so that the temperature of the syngas products reduces up to an optimum temperature for the process of Methanol Synthesis (~250°C) and also conversion of the heat of combustion of the excess hydrogen or excess carbon-monoxide (remaining after methanol synthesis of the syngas products) into the mechanical energy/ power using a simple-reheat-cycle steam-turbine power plant, so that after satisfying/covering of the mechanical energy needed to drive the process compressors (for air, oxygen and methane), eventual surplus of mechanical energy remains that can be converted into an extra electrical energy. Thus, methanol is here produced without combustion of any additional external fuel (natural gas, fuel oil, coal or any other) and hence without any GHG emissions.
Geodynamics and Seismicity of the Anatolian-Caucasian-Arabian Region and the Earthquakes in Turkey on February 6, 2023 and on April 23, 2025
A magnitude 7.8 earthquake occurred in southeastern Turkey on February 6, 2023. The earthquake’s location is associated with the triple junction of the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plates and is confined to the East Anatolian Fault, which forms the boundary between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The North Anatolian Fault separates the Eurasian and Anatolian tectonic plates, which slide relative to each other at a rate of 2 cm per year. Earthquakes occur regularly along this fault, and activity is gradually shifting further west, into the Sea of Marmara, toward Istanbul. The segment of this zone adjacent to the city has not been active for 250 years. The development of geodynamic models of the deep structure of disaster-prone areas is an important contribution to the study of active continental margins, which is necessary for earthquake prevention, prediction, and forecasting, geoecological risk assessment, and disaster preparedness. The geodynamic model of the Anatolian-Caucasian-Arabian region is determined by mantle flow rising from the core surface and propagating beneath the lithosphere, creating complex surface velocities in Anatolia to the west, in the Arabian Plate to the east, and in the Caucasus to the north. This flow will continue to transport material along the North Anatolian and East Anatolian Faults. The frequency of strong earthquakes varies along the faults, due to the varying crustal thickness and rheology of the fault environment. The Moho depth of the East Anatolian Fault is approximately 40 km, while that of the North Anatolian Fault is approximately 50 km. Along the North Anatolian Fault, strong earthquakes occur every 1-10 years (1939, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1953, 1957, 1966, 1967, 1971, 1992, 1999) with hypocenters spaced approximately 100 km apart and pointing west. Since the 1999 Izmit earthquake occurred 80 km east of Istanbul, an earthquake in the Istanbul area can be expected within a few years (1-10 years). Because the East Anatolian Fault produced strong earthquakes in 1789 (M 7.2), 1795 (M 7.0), 1872 (M 7.2), 1874 (M 7.1), 1875 (M 6.7), 1893 (M 7.1), 2020 (M 6.8), and 2023 (M 7.8, M 7.7), therefore, the recurrence interval of these groups (1790–1880–2020) is approximately 100 years. However, within these groups, there are typically 2–4 strong earthquakes occurring close in time. It can be predicted that a strong earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault, if not occurring within 1–2 years after 2023, will occur only in 100 years.
Earthquake, Geodynamics, Lithosphere, Caucasus, Turkey, Modeling
Towards a Just Transition Insurance Mechanism Integrating Climate Risk, Social Protection and Green Finance
“Here we are, the cleverest species ever to have lived. So how is it we can destroy the only planet we have?” with these words [1]. Dr Jane Goodall who dedicated her life to the protection of nature until her passing at the age of 91 powerfully reveals humanity’s paradox in the face of the climate crisis. Despite possessing an unprecedented accumulation of knowledge and intelligence in science and technology, we are simultaneously generating a destructive impact severe enough to threaten the Earth’s climate system and biodiversity. Goodall’s striking question serves as an invitation to both ethical and political confrontation with the consequences of the climate crisis on nature and humanity. Today’s increasingly frequent extreme weather events, ecosystem destruction, and deepening global inequalities are clear indicators of environmental devastation caused by human hands.
A Mathematical Model for Green Emulsion Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Batch and Semi-Batch Reactors
Emulsion polymerization is a green and sustainable process, as it employs water as the reaction medium, enables high monomer conversion at low viscosity, provides efficient heat removal, and minimizes the use of organic solvents, thereby reducing environmental impact and energy consumption. Owing to lower process temperatures, enhanced heat transfer, and the elimination or significant reduction of volatile organic compounds, emulsion polymerization also contributes to reduced process-related carbon dioxide emissions, supporting pathways toward net-zero carbon manufacturing when coupled with renewable energy sources and solvent-free downstream processing. In this work, a mathematical model is developed to simulate the isothermal, well-mixed batch and semi-batch emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate using a monodisperse particle size approximation. For batch operation, the model predicts the temporal evolution of monomer conversion, rate of polymerization, total particle surface area, and volume-average particle diameter at different initiator concentrations. Model predictions for the total number of particles are compared with experimental data reported in the literature, demonstrating continuous nucleation behavior. For unseeded semi-batch operation, the effects of monomer feed rate on monomer conversion and particle number are investigated. Good agreement between model predictions and experimental observations is obtained, particularly under monomer-starved operating conditions.
Harnessing Plant Physiology and Nanotechnology to Transform Agriculture and Urban Green paces: Pathways to Net-Zero
Achieving sustainable and climate-resilient systems requires innovative approaches that bridge scientific discovery with practical application. Plants, as the cornerstone of both agriculture and urban ecosystems, have a profound role in carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and ecosystem services. Yet, their potential is often limited by environmental stresses, nutrient inefficiencies, and suboptimal management practices. This presentation explores cutting-edge strategies combining plant physiological insights and nanotechnology-based interventions to enhance crop resilience, optimize yield, and improve urban green space performance. Recent research demonstrates that foliar application of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, B), biostimulants such as Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract, and silicon nanoparticles can significantly increase stress tolerance, nutrient efficiency, and productivity in major crop species. Beyond agriculture, these strategies inform sustainable urban landscaping practices, enabling cities to maximize ecological benefits, improve carbon capture, and create greener, healthier environments. By showcasing concrete examples and measurable outcomes, this talk aims to inspire participants-from researchers to urban planners-to adopt science-driven, practical approaches that simultaneously advance plant performance, urban sustainability, and global net- zero goals. Participants will leave with actionable insights, highlighting how integrating physiology, nanotechnology, and thoughtful green space management can transform both farms and cities into resilient, carbon-smart ecosystems.
James Halluk is an international expert for strategy design of green fiscal policy governance in relation to the decarbonisation of the energy industry, carbon neutral investments, and environment regulatory requirements for federal/regional/municipal governments in regions where FPSOs operate and for waterway transportation routes. Designing bespoke methodologies for comprehensive ESMP frameworks, creating carbon neutral transition frameworks, advised on BAP, new Technology adoption and Program Management for sensitive offshore industry development.
Compact and Efficient CO₂ Capture with OASE® Technology
In all industries like ammonia, blue hydrogen, natural gas processing, CO2 capture unit is gaining more and more interest in meeting environmental and sustainability targets. BASF’s OASE portfolio offers two optimized solutions for this challenge: OASE white, applied for pre-combustion CO2 capture, and OASE blue, applied for post-combustion CO2 capture. OASE blue is specifically designed for low-pressure applications, delivering superior absorption kinetics that enable smaller circulation rates and a more compact unit design compared to conventional systems. This makes it ideal for retrofits and space constrained installations. Even when air enrichment is used instead of pure oxygen, OASE blue maintains high performance, ensuring flexibility across different operating scenarios. By combining proven gas treatment expertise with advanced formulations, OASE blue provides a sustainable pathway for reducing CO2 emissions in natural gas processing. Its adaptability to post-combustion environments and compatibility with carbon capture and storage (CCS) strategies position it as a key enabler for decarbonization in the gas industry.
High‑Voltage Eco‑Corridor: A Proposal for Urban Ecological Carbon Capture
Urban residential areas generate continuous low level diffuse CO2 emissions from traffic, buildings, and neighbourhood industries—sources that conventional industrial CCUS systems cannot directly address. This proposed study introduces the High Voltage Eco Corridor, a conceptual linear ecological carbon-capture and research corridor to be established beneath high-voltage transmission lines. It aims to address a gap in CCUS application by exploring ecological solutions in underutilized urban-edge infrastructure, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The project plans to integrate deep-rooted, low-lying, high-sequestration plant species with soil-carbon monitoring, microclimate sensors, EMF–plant interaction studies, and biodiversity assessments. Data on vegetation growth, soil quality, and ecological performance will be collected to evaluate potential carbon capture and co-benefits. Anticipated outcomes include increased soil and biomass carbon, enhanced biodiversity, improved microclimate regulation, and actionable datasets to guide urban planning. By proposing a scalable, low-cost approach, the Eco-Corridor is designed to complement industrial CCUS strategies and contribute to climate mitigation, urban resilience, and sustainable land use. While piloted in the UAE, the model is intended to provide transferable insights for cities worldwide.
Net Zero Carbon: Conceptual Framework and Assessment Approaches
The concept of Net Zero Carbon and carbon neutrality has emerged as a central pillar in global climate mitigation strategies, aiming to balance anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions with removals within defined system boundaries. Despite widespread adoption of net zero targets across sectors, inconsistencies in definitions, accounting boundaries, and assessment methodologies continue to pose significant challenges for transparent and comparable evaluations. This presentation provides a concise overview of the conceptual foundations of carbon neutrality and net zero carbon, highlighting their evolution from early standards. The study reviews key international standards and frameworks governing net zero and carbon neutrality assessments, including PAS2060, ISO 14064-1,2,3, ISO 14067, ISO 14068, the GHG Protocol, and emerging voluntary carbon market guidelines. Particular emphasis is placed on the progression of these standards toward prioritizing emission reductions, robust baseline definition, transparent reporting and credible carbon credits. To demonstrate the practical application of these frameworks, a case study of a tea estate is presented. The assessment integrates activity-based emission accounting across Scopes 1, 2, and relevant Scope 3 categories, alongside quantification of biogenic carbon sequestration from plantation biomass and associated land-use systems. The net carbon balance is evaluated to determine whether the estate meets net zero or carbon neutrality criteria and to assess its eligibility for carbon credit generation under prevailing verification requirements. The case study illustrates key methodological considerations, data uncertainties, and decision thresholds that influence net zero claims. Overall, the presentation aims to bridge conceptual frameworks and applied assessment approaches, offering insights relevant to academia, policymakers, and industry stakeholders engaged in credible net zero transitions.
Stability-Driven Approaches for a Sustainable and Safe Energy Transition
The global shift toward sustainable and low-carbon technologies presents major challenges, particularly due to the limited understanding of the dynamic behavior of novel process equipment. Electrified units and next-generation chemical reactors, often at low technological maturity, require careful assessment not only from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives, but also in terms of safety and controllability. In this context, stability-based methodologies emerge as powerful tools to explore the fundamental behavior of chemical systems and to define safe and reliable operating conditions. By integrating stability analysis into reactor design, optimization, and control, it becomes possible to identify intrinsically safe operating regimes and enhance process resilience—thus enabling a safer and more efficient transition toward sustainable technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Oil, Petroleum and Natural Gas Research
Sourcing and Applications of Materials with Phase Change
Phase change materials (PCMs) have recently been introduced to improve the thermal properties of building materials, including thermal mass, thermal inertia, and specific heat capacity. PCMs are substances capable of storing and releasing a large amount of heat energy when undergoing phase transitions. These are grouped into three main categories, namely organic, inorganic and eutectic mixtures. The incorporation of PCMs into materials such as concrete and gypsum significantly increases their thermal mass, which helps regulate the interior temperature of buildings. Consequently, energy conservation in buildings through Thermal Energy Storage (TES) becomes more achievable. The advantages of using PCM for the accumulation of thermal energy and cold, respectively, in construction and air conditioning installations, as well as in other fields, has led several companies to produce different PCMs for commercial applications. Based on the external climatic parameters corroborated with the comfort microclimate: indoor, the technical applications of PCM can have the following destinations: heat storage systems; cold accumulation systems; mixed heat and cold storage systems. Regardless of the field and technical method of use, PCM applications are similar to regenerative heat exchangers, being characterized by cyclic operation, the exchanger being successively traversed by thermal agents. The most widely used inorganic PCMs in the temperature range specific to buildings and air conditioning installations are: Crystallohydrates: AB∙nH2 O, are crystalline solids derived from salts containing water molecules. Crystallohydrates are similar to alloys composed of salts, in most cases inorganic and water, which form a crystalline solid; Metals and metallic binary (eutectic) solutions have low melting/solidification temperatures. The main advantage of metallic PCM is determined by the high thermal conductivity compared to the other PCMs. The bibliographic study indicated few references to metallic PCMs. The main advantages of binary solutions with PCM: variable temperature range of the phase change, depending on the composition; at eutectic concentration, the phase change is sudden, similar to pure substances; The latent heat volume is slightly higher than in the case of organic substances. Since binary solutions are a novelty in the field of technical applications, there is not enough information regarding their thermophysical properties. The advantages of using PCM for the accumulation of thermal energy and cold, respectively, in construction and air conditioning installations, as well as in other fields, has led several companies to produce different PCMs for commercial applications. The applications of phase-change materials (PCM) have become of great interest in recent years due to the beneficial effects on the thermal, mechanical and durability properties of building and paving materials. PCMs can alter the thermal mass and thermal inertia of building materials, thereby improving thermal energy storage.
The Antecedents of Consumer Attitude Towards the Use of Renewable Energy in the United Arab Emirates
UAE has a strong dedication to sustainability and environmental conservation, as evident in its varied energy production methods. While the country predominantly relies on non-renewable fossil fuels like natural gas and oil as its main energy sources, it is actively pursuing ambitious objectives to enhance the adoption of renewable resources such as solar and wind power. The Energy consumption in the United Arab Emirates residential sector has an intense relationship with consumers’ physical, demographic, and behavioural characteristics. This study aims to understand how consumers’ physical, demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioural characteristics affects their acceptance of renewable energy in the residential sector in the United Arab Emirates. This study tested the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model to predict consumers’ intentions to use renewable energy in the United Arab Emirates and included the “willingness to pay” variable. For this study, data was gathered data through a questionnaire survey, receiving responses of 400 residents from all seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates. The findings showed that the average household income in the residential sector has an important effect on consumers’ intentions to use renewable energy. In this study, the subjective norm (perceived behavioural control) and the willingness to pay construct significantly affected consumers’ intentions to use renewable energy, while attitudes toward the behaviour did not. The limitations and recommendation for the influencing consumers’ attitude towards renewable energy also discussed.
Reservoir Simulation Using Synthetic Data for CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifers Using CMG Simulator
Introduction CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers is a promising solution for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. These deep geological formations offer vast storage capacities for securely trapping CO2 through multiple mechanisms: Structural Trapping (CO2 is contained beneath impermeable cap rock layers), Residual Trapping (Capillary forces immobilize CO2 in pore spaces), Solubility Trapping (CO2 dissolves into formation brine), Mineral Trapping (CO2 reacts with minerals form stable carbonate components). Understanding these mechanisms and their interactions is critical for optimizing storage efficiency and ensuring long-term security. The objective of the study is to do extensive sensitivity analysis on model of layered permeability using commercial simulator CMG, to analyse the influence of geological parameters (porosity, pressure, permeability, thickness) and other factor such as injection rate on the trapping mechanisms. These are done to determine which of the trapping mechanism is more likely effective to hold CO2 in long term storage. Method CMG builder was used to develop a basic 3D reservoir model, the parameter input are as below mentioned. A 5-spot pattern well is considered in the current study. A well is placed at the centre of model to act as injection well with well-being perforated throughout the model at each layer, it allows us to study the CO2 plume migration in all directions. Four production wells are placed at edges to simulate pressure management, preventing excessive pressure build up in the aquifer. The aquifer dimensions are 53000x53000x1000ft, with layered permeability is taken. The aquifer model is structured in a 40x40x40 grid arrangement (64000 blocks). Conclusions Based on the study, solubility trapping is dominant during the injection phase, whereas residual trapping overtakes it post-injection, particularly in high-pressure, high-permeability, and highly porous aquifers. The thickness of the aquifer plays a crucial role, with larger layers storing more CO2 and favouring residual trapping over solubility trapping. Injection rate variations also impact the trapping mechanisms, where higher rates enhance residual trapping but reduce solubility trapping efficiency. Higher porosity facilitates solubility trapping initially, while residual trapping strengthens over time. Pressure variations significantly influence residual trapping, making high-pressure environments more effective for long term CO2 storage. The permeability ratio further affects trapping efficiency, where increased horizontal permeability enhances CO2 retention. Overall, the study suggests that optimizing aquifer selection, pressure conditions, and injection rates can maximize CO2 storage efficiency, with residual trapping playing a dominant role in long-term sequestration.
Corrosion Protection of Mild Steel in Petroleum Industry Saline Medium
Corrosion is major problem with metals. When they come in contact of surrounding corrosive medium to construct a corrosion cell on their interface, metals undergo in corrosion reactions. Such environments metals can be exhibited uniform, galvanic, pitting, stress, crevice, embrittlement, intergranular corrosion etc. The corrosion of phenomenon of rebar steel studied in saline water. It creates corrosive medium for rebar steel due to availability of chloride ions. Rebar steel is used for the construction of bridge, road, airport and building. These components interact with saline medium producing corrosion reactions. Saline water chloride ions attack on rebar steel to form corrosion cell and corrode metals. Rebar steel is covered with concrete and that structure is dipped into saline water by the process of osmosis chloride ions are entered inside the structure creates dissolving and swelling chemical corrosion with nonmetallic components and electrochemical corrosion with metal. For this work synthesized electron rich organic compounds 2-(propan-2-ylidene) propane-1,3-diamine. The corrosion rate of rebar steel was calculated before and after coating by gravimetric method at different temperatures in presence different concentrations of saline water. Potentiostat technique used for the measurement of corrosion potential, corrosion current and corrosion current density in various concentrations of saline water and coating compound. The surface coverage area and coating efficiency were determined by corrosion rate uncoated and coated rebar steel. The coating compound adhered on the surface of base metal by chemisorptions and it confirmed by thermodynamical parameters like activation energy, heat of adsorption, free energy, enthalpy and entropy. The surface adsorption phenomenon completed by Langmuir, Frendlich and Temkin isotherms. The results of thermodynamical parameters and surface adsorption confirmed that coating compound formed stable passive barrier which increased physical, chemical and mechanical properties of rebar steel saline environment.
Tribological Assessment of Porous Kozeny Carman Short Bearings Under Viscosity Variation and Elastic Roughness Deformation
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of a porous, rough, elastic short bearing operating under ferrohydrodynamic lubrication with viscosity variation. Rosensweig’s viscosity formulation is incorporated to represent magnetoviscous effects, while the Neuringer–Rosensweig model governs magnetic fluid flow in a porous medium. A stochastic averaged modified Reynolds equation is developed to capture the combined influences of porosity, deformable surface roughness, viscosity variation, and elastic deformation. Numerical solutions are obtained using a finite-difference approach to evaluate the pressure profile and corresponding load carrying capacity (LCC). The results reveal that elastic deformation, porosity, and positively skewed roughness significantly reduce LCC, whereas transverse and negatively skewed roughness textures enhance performance. Viscosity variation and magnetization can partially counteract performance losses when deformation is small and the bearing aspect ratio is optimally chosen. The study highlights the complex interplay between microstructural porosity, surface topology, and magnetoviscous effects, offering design insights for optimizing advanced ferrofluid-lubricated bearing systems.
Ferrohydrodynamic Lubrication (FHD), Rosensweig Magnetoviscosity (RMV), Porous Short Bearing (PSB), Deformable Roughness (DR), Load Carrying Capacity (LCC), Kozeny–Carman Model (KCM), Elastic Deformation (ED), Stochastic Roughness Modeling (SRM), Modified Reynolds’ Equation (MRE)
Composition of Oil and Layer Waters and it’s Impact on the Ecology of the Caspian Sea
The article presents a brief analysis in the field of oil chemistry: the study of microelements in oils and formation (layer) waters, as well as environmental problems arising from offshore oil and gas production. The impact of oil and gas production on the ecology of the Caspian is shown; it was noted that from an ecological point of view, the study of the microelement composition of processed oil is very important for identifying sources of environmental pollution by oil, because microelements are present in all oil fractions, starting with gasoline ones, and their amount, as a rule, increases with an increase in the boiling point of the fraction, reaching a maximum in the residues.
A Predictive Computer Model for Optimizing Biogas Production inReal Time
This research article examines computer and mathematical modeling of anaerobic digestion in livestock waste recycling. Several approaches to mathematical modeling of anaerobic digestion processes are considered, including ADM1 modeling. The creation of a computer program based on a self-developed mathematical model is described. A mathematical model of anaerobic fermentation has been proposed, which has proven its efficiency and reliability under industrial-scale conditions. This mathematical model was developed based on regression analysis and general correlation, with the identification of empirical relationships between biogas yield and 20 different process parameters that are measured by appropriate biosensors during industrial production.The mathematical model we developed, taking into account a small volume of static data, and in our case for 5 positions of measured values, showed an average approximation error equal to 5.5% and a determination coefficient equal to 0.95, which proves to us a lower error, a high-quality and accurate measurement indicator. In this regard, the computer and mathematical model of anaerobic fermentation under industrial scale conditions that we proposed is considered effective and practical. The computer program was developed taking into account the concept of online statistical data transmission, using cellular communications and the Internet, and processing large amounts of statistical data, i.e., the Big Data concept. Flexibility, scalability, and accuracy are also considered. Machine learning technologies are proposed for using with this computer program, based on Big Data concepts.
Investigating Non-Uniformity of Wax Appearance Temperature of Crude Oil in Nigeria
A significant sample of crude oil found in Niger Delta have between moderate to high wax content which makes flow process sometimes difficult at low temperatures due to the formation of gel-like structure which increases viscosity of the fluid. Removal of wax from flowlines and reservoirs can account for significant additional operating costs. To evaluate these potential costs, the operating conditions that allow waxes to precipitate at any point in the production line be identified, and deposition rates must also be estimated to determine the implications associated with removal of wax deposits. This project investigates the non-uniformity in wax appearance temperature of crude oil in the Niger delta and the flow behavior of waxy crude oil under variation in the temperature of the external environment of the flow. The temperature at which the first wax crystals appear during cooling is known as the wax appearance temperature. once below the WAT, the crude oil can form the gel like structure. Breaking down this structure to restart and maintain the flow often require energy and cost intensive approach. This project focuses on characterizing different waxy crude oil samples using thermal and compositional analysis, specifically with measurement of WAT in the context of the field of flow assurance. The test is based on the experimental design technique, and the behavior of the fluids evaluated based on the variation generated by the flow. The carbon distribution of oil samples and their corresponding wax components were analyzed by high temperature gas Chromatography. The crude oil properties determined include wax content, Aromatics, asphaltene, saturates and resin content by HPLC, pour point, wax appearance temperature by optical microscopy and paraffin carbon number distribution of whole oil and wax precipitate by GC- FID. Asphaltene and resin content were found to influence the oil cloud point, while saturates content, paraffin carbon number of crystallizing waxes and wax content control its low temperature flow properties including the wax appearance temperature. This study shows that the seven Niger delta crude oil studied have wax content between 4.5 to 22.1 weight percent with WAT in the range of -19oC to 27.5oC the results showed that the aromatics and asphaltene interaction had a significant impact on the wax appearance temperature (WAT) and hence largely responsible for the variations on the WAT of crude oil samples.
Critical Evaluation of Crude Oil and Sediments from Selected Areasof the Niger Delta
Understanding the occurrence, composition, and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) is crucial for assessing anthropogenic contributions and identifying the sources of AHCs in the environment. Therefore, this study focused on analyzing the concentrations, distribution patterns, and compositional characteristics of AHCs present in crude oil and sediments from the Udu, Ethiope East, and Ughelli North Local Government Area. A total of nine crude oil samples and ten sediment samples were gathered from the research area. The concentrations of AHCs in these samples were quantified using gas chromatography with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) following extraction with a hexane/dichloromethane mixture and subsequent purification using a silica gel/alumina packed column. Analysis of the molecular indices indicated that the aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) present in the sediments originated from marine biogenic, terrestrial biogenic, and petrogenic sources, whereas the hydrocarbons in the crude oil were derived exclusively from marine and terrestrial biogenic sources.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Pristane/Phytane Ratio, Molecular Weight
Mini Review of Strategies in Petrochemical Processes: Case of PeruvianOil
Crudes containing a high percent of impurities, such as Sulfur compounds, are less desirable than low-sulfur crudes because of their corrosivity and the extra treating cost, increasing production costs. Sulfur in crude oils is mainly present in the form of organosulfur compounds (Mercaptans, Thiophene).
Indian Sugar Industry: Towards Self-Reliance & Carbon Free Societyfor A Sustainable Future
Sugar industry is an agro-based industry which impart significant contribution in the socio-economic development of the nations to fulfil one of the necessities of human survival. India’s sugar industry produces vast amounts of by-products such as molasses, press-mud, bagasse etc. To support the economic viability, predominant by-products of the sugar industry - molasses is utilized by distilleries and generate revenue from alcohol, where this process generates 10 -15 m3 distillery wastewater/m3 alcohol produced, and press-mud approximate 3-4% of the weight of the cane crushed [1]. Conversion of these by-products/ waste into valuable Biogas to Compressed Biogas (CBG) through bio-methanation and Fermented Organic manure (FOM) & Liquid Fermented Organic manure (LFOM) from press-mud digestate. Sugar and Distillery Industries can generate a significant additional income stream, improve waste management practices and contribute to a greener future. This not only stabilizes their financial health but also contributes to environmental sustainability. This invention enables utilisation of indigenous greener fuel & potassic resource while addressing critical environmental concern to enhance the zero-waste economy for a sustainable future.
Bio-Methanation, Biogas, Compressed Biogas (CBG), Press-Mud, Potash, Bioenergy, Sustainability, Fermented Organic Manure (FOM), Liquid Fermented Organic Manure (LFOM), Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Geochemistry of Oil and Oil–Source Rock Correlation in Kareem-Rudeis Formations in the Central Gulf of Suez, Egypt
The present study focuses on organic geochemical studies of source rock and crude oil in Kareem and Rudeis rocks in GG85-1, WFA-1 wells in the central Gulf of Suez. The objectives of this study are the correlation between the two crude oil samples from Kareem Formation and Rudeis Formation and their extracts. The physical and geochemical studies revealed that the the generated oil from Kareem and Rudeis formations are classified as mature and paraffinic oils generated from mixed organic source under suboxic depositional conditions. Meanwhile, their extracts show different maturity level and organic source. Both the geochemical and chemometric analyses (HCA) reveal no affinity between the generated oils of kareem and Rudeis formations and their organic matter. This indicates that the oils reservoired in Kareem and Rudeis formation originated from another source rock. Rudeis and Kareem formation are not the effective source rock in the central Gulf of Suez.
Oil/Source Rock Correlations, Rudeis and Kareem Formations, Biomarkers, Star Plot, HCA, Gulf of Suez
Environmental Problems in the Petrochemical Industry and GasProduction
The article provides information on the brief history of the petrochemical industry in Azerbaijan, including offshore oil and gas extraction. Sources of danger in the petrochemical and gas extraction industry and aspects of life safety in general are determined. The article shows that the safety of life depends more on the human factor and oil the effect of the application of new technologies in gas extraction on the environment, including the field of labor protection and technical safety, was investigated. In this article, we have tried to find out about the specific risks of oil and gas production, especially the work carried out in the sea. Also, measures to reduce specific risks that may occur during production and processing and general risk assessment have been reviewed.
Oil History, Labor Protection and Technical Safety, Life Safety, Human Factor, Specific Risks, Risk Assessment
Production of Bio-Oil by Pyrolysis of açaí (Euterpe Oleracea, Mart.)Seeds Fibers and Slurry [Powder]
The intensification of the search for renewable energy sources, combined with growing envi-ronmental concerns regarding the disposal of agro-industrial waste, has driven the development of sustainable technological routes, such as pyrolysis. In this context, the açaí seed, a lignocel-lulosic residue widely available in the Amazon region, stands out as a promising raw material to produce biofuels and value-added chemical inputs. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of pyrolysis of açaí seed fibers and sludge, carried out at 450°C, focusing on the production and characterization of bio-oil and aqueous phase. The preliminary physicochemical characterization of the biomass indicated low ash content and high volatile content, desirable attributes for thermochemical conversion. Pyrolysis tests revealed a bio-oil yield of 1.15% by mass for fibers and 2.13% for sludge, with observed acidity of 173.11 and 144.25 mg KOH/g, respectively. The aqueous phase showed high acidity (191.60 mg KOH/g for fibers and 181.07 mg KOH/g for sludge) and low viscosity (1.45 mm²/s and 1.348 mm²/s, respectively), suggesting a composition rich in volatile organic compounds. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of hy-drocarbons and oxygenated compounds in the bio-oils, and a predominance of organic acids in the aqueous phases. The results demonstrate the potential of pyrolysis in the valorization of agro-industrial waste from the Amazon, contributing to the development of sustainable energy alternatives and the strengthening of practices aligned with the circular economy.
Pyrolysis, Acai Seed, Bio-Oil, Agro-industrial Waste, Sustainability
Ednelson Francisco Oliveira Farias Ednelson Francisco Oliveira Farias
Microbial Purification of Oil and Gas Production Water at the Petrochad(mangara) Limited Badila Field
RPG14, RPG18 and RPG20 isolates selected at the end of a screening test were subjected to optimization of physicochemical and nutritional parameters. As a result, a 3-liter extraction for each culture medium was launched. The optimal yield after 20 days of incubation is estimated for RPG14 is 68.62 g/l, for RPG18 is 60.42 g/l and for RPG20 is 69.85 g/l. Five graduated tubes containing 150 ml each of oil and gas production water and therefore 25, 30 and 50 ml of supernatant of each isolates RPG14, RPG18 and RPG20 are added to each tube. The whole is placed on an electric centrifuge heater type MPW-260RH and rotates at 300 rpm for 15 minutes. At each centrifugation under a temperature (55, 70 and 75°C), the tubes are passed to a mini-wastewater decanter type 6016-SIMOP. The volume of the oil layer in the tube is read after 20min, 40min and 60min of decantation. The purification rate is calculated. The results reveal that biosurfactants can sanitize the EPP 100%. However, the quantity of biosurfactants does not have an influence on the purification. However, the longer the residence time of biosurfactants in the EPP, the higher the purification rate. The purified EPP is collected and subjected to a physicochemical analysis, these waters comply with the IFC 2007, WHO and FAO discharge standards.
Production water, Biosurfactants, Purification, Environment
Navigating the Climate Crossroads: Exploring Africa’s Response toClimate Change Challenges and Opportunities
Climate change poses an urgent threat to Africa, a continent highly vulnerable to its impacts despite contributing minimally to global greenhouse gas emissions. The region faces increasingly frequent and severe climate events, including droughts, floods, and rising sea levels, which undermine food security, economic stability, and public health [1]. This research investigates Africa’s response to climate change, focusing on both the challenges it faces and the opportunities for adaptation and mitigation. The objectives of this study are to explore the socio- economic implications of climate change in Africa, assess the effectiveness of current policy frameworks, and identify innovative strategies that can foster sustainable development in the region. The research methodology employed is a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative data from interviews with policymakers and community leaders, alongside quantitative analysis of climate data from regional climate models and surveys on community-level impacts. The findings reveal a significant gap between climate policy formulation and implementation across various African nations, compounded by inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, and limited technological capacity [2]. Despite these challenges, the research highlights local adaptation initiatives, such as sustainable farming practices and community-based resilience projects, as effective solutions that can be scaled up [3]. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on climate change in Africa by emphasizing the need for context-specific, collaborative approaches that integrate indigenous knowledge and modern technology. Furthermore, the paper calls for a stronger African voice in global climate negotiations, advocating for increased investment in green technologies and regional partnerships to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Ultimately, the research provides policy recommendations aimed at enhancing Africa’s resilience while promoting sustainable, inclusive growth.
The benefits of the food industry compared to other sectors are much lower, which is why producers are tempted to commit fraud. Although it is a bad practice committed with a wide variety of foods, it is worth noting the case of olive oil because it is a product of great value and with a high percentage of fraud. It is for all these reasons that the authenticity of olive oil has become a major problem for producers, consumers, and legislators. To avoid such fraud, it is necessary to develop analytical techniques to detect them. This review presents a complete analysis of the available instrumentation used in olive fraud, including spectroscopic and spectrometric methodologies and analyte separation techniques such as liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Additionally, other methodology including protein-based biomolecular techniques and analytical approaches like metabolomic, hhyperspectral imaging and chemometrics are discussed.
Food Fraud, Optimum Analytical Methodology, Techniques of Spectroscopy and Spectrom- Etry, Chromatographic Methods, Recent Analytical Approaches
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Real-Time Spatial Data in Oil and Gas Asset Management andOperations
Real-time spatial data has become a cornerstone for modernizing asset management and operations in the oil and gas industry. By integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with advanced technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Remote Sensing, and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), the industry achieves enhanced decision-making, operational efficiency, and safety. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of realtime spatial data applications in upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors, supported by case studies, diagrams, and tabular data. Challenges like data integration, security, and cost are addressed alongside future prospects for adopting innovative technologies.
Real-Time Spatial Data, Oil and Gas Industry, GIS, Asset Management, Upstream, Midstream, Downstream, IoT Integration, SCADA Systems, Remote Sensing, Pipeline Monitoring, Environmental Monitoring, Logistics Optimization, Data Security, Predictive Analytics