Journal of Ophthalmology Research Reviews & Reports
Journal of Ophthalmology Research Reviews & Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Ophthalmology Research Reviews & Reports. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video Type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You may submit articles through online: https://srcpublishers.com/ophthalmology-research-reviews/user/register or Email: opthamologyresearch@onlinescientificresearch.info 2.02* Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Comparison of Intraocular Pressure Measurements After LASIK Using Goldmann Applanation Tonometry and CorVis ST: A Prospective Clinical Study
Background: Accurate measurement of Intraocular Pressure (IOP) is essential for the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of glaucoma. Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) alters corneal thickness and biomechanical properties, which may affect the accuracy of IOP measurements obtained by conventional methods such as Goldmann Applanation Tonometry (GAT). The CorVis ST, a Scheimpflug-based device, has been proposed as a more reliable alternative for assessing IOP after refractive surgery. Objective: To compare changes in IOP measurements before and after LASIK surgery using Goldmann Applanation Tonometry and CorVis ST, and to evaluate the influence of Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) on these measurements. Methods: This prospective comparative clinical study included 50 eyes of 50 myopic patients aged 20-40 years who underwent LASIK surgery between February 2024 and June 2025 at Al Baha Health Cluster, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia. IOP was measured preoperatively and two months postoperatively using both GAT and CorVis ST. Central corneal thickness was assessed using Pentacam and CorVis ST. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Mean preoperative IOP measured by CorVis ST and GAT was 16.02 ± 2.01 mmHg and 16.22 ± 2.30 mmHg, respectively, with no significant difference between methods. Postoperatively, IOP significantly decreased with both devices (p < 0.001). However, GAT showed a greater reduction (11.44 ± 2.02 mmHg) compared with CorVis ST (14.72 ± 1.87 mmHg). Average IOP underestimation after LASIK was approximately 6.5 mmHg with GAT and 1.6 mmHg with CorVis ST. Significant positive correlations were found between CCT and IOP measurements both preoperatively and postoperatively. Conclusions: CorVis ST demonstrated strong agreement with GAT before LASIK and provided more reliable postoperative IOP measurements. Compared with GAT, CorVis ST was less affected by LASIK-induced corneal changes and showed substantially lower IOP underestimation, making it a preferable tool for postoperative IOP assessment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Ophthalmology Research Reviews & Reports
Comparative Analysis of Pre- and Post-Operative Central Corneal Thickness and Corneal Endothelial Cell Density in Uneventful Phacoemulsification: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Phacoemulsification is the gold standard surgical technique for cataract extraction. Despite technical refinements, the procedure is associated with measurable loss of corneal endothelial cells and transient increases in Central Corneal Thickness (CCT). Understanding the magnitude and predictors of these changes is essential for optimizing surgical outcomes. Aim: To compare pre- and post-operative CCT and corneal Endothelial Cell Density (ECD) in patients undergoing uneventful phacoemulsification, and to correlate these parameters with phacoemulsification power and duration. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study enrolled 100 patients with senile nuclear sclerosis grade II–III cataract at a tertiary care centre in Indore, India (September 2022–March 2024). All patients underwent phacoemulsification with the divide-and-conquer technique and Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens (PCIOL) implantation by a single surgeon. Preoperative and one-month postoperative assessments included ECD, Coefficient of Variation (CV), polymegathism, and CCT measured using non-contact specular microscopy (Tomey EM-4000) and ultrasound pachymetry (PACSCAN-300), respectively. Intraoperative phacoemulsification power and duration were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test and Spearman's rank correlation (SPSS v22). Results: The mean patient age was 61.93 ± 9.50 years (range: 42–82 years). Mean preoperative ECD was 2428.59 ± 337.39 cells/mm², which decreased significantly to 2174.99 ± 417.74 cells/mm² postoperatively (10.44% reduction; p < 0.001). Mean CCT increased significantly from 508.68 ± 34.82 μm to 525.21 ± 40.41 μm (3.24% increase; p < 0.001). CV increased from 39.15 ± 6.13% to 41.96 ± 8.51% (p = 0.001) and polymegathism from 43.80 ± 6.96% to 45.78 ± 6.30% (p = 0.014). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between phacoemulsification power and endothelial cell loss (rho = 0.267; p = 0.007). No significant correlations were identified between phacoemulsification duration and any corneal parameter (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Uneventful phacoemulsification with standardized technique produces statistically significant but clinically modest changes in corneal endothelial parameters and CCT at one month. Higher phacoemulsification power correlates significantly with greater endothelial cell loss, underscoring the importance of energy-minimizing surgical strategies. Postoperative corneal changes appear transient, with expected recovery over subsequent months.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Ophthalmology Research Reviews & Reports
Evaluation of Antiglaucoma Eyedrop Administration Techniques Among Glaucoma Patients at Mongolia Japan Hospital: A Hospital Based Cross Sectional Study
Globally, 2.2 billion people suffer from distance and near vision impairment, of which 1 billion approximately half have vision loss that could have been prevented. The causes of this preventable vision loss include cataracts (94 million), refractive errors (88.4 million), agerelated macular degeneration (8 million), glaucoma (7.7 million), and diabetic retinopathy (3.9 million) [1]. Glaucoma is a group of disease caused by various factors that result in optic nerve degeneration due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Approximately 70 million people worldwide are affected by glaucoma, and more than 10% of them experience blindness or low vision [2]. This condition is a significant public health issue, ranking second only to cataracts as a cause of irreversible vision loss, and it greatly diminishes quality of life [3]. The economic burden on patients increases with the number of eye drops required to reduce Intraocular Pressure (IOP), and this burden grows as the disease progresses [4]. According to Raghav et al., 9 out of 10 glaucoma patients used proper drop instillation technique, and the effectiveness of treatment was found to be directly dependent on the method of eye drop administration [5].
CCTV as an Effective Low Vision Aid in a Child with Bilateral Microcornea: A Case Report
Background: Microcornea is a rare congenital anomaly characterised by a corneal diameter of less than 10 mm, often associated with high hyperopia and significantly reduced visual acuity. Low vision rehabilitation in paediatric patients with such structural anomalies presents unique challenges. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 10-year-old child with bilateral microcornea presenting with Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) of 6/60 in both eyes despite full spectacle correction of +11.00 DS. Colour vision and visual fields were within normal limits. The child experienced significant difficulty in near-vision tasks, particularly reading standard-print books. A Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) magnifier was trialled as a low vision device. functional near vision. Outcome: With the aid of CCTV magnification, the patient was able to read printed material independently, demonstrating marked improvement in Conclusion: CCTV magnifiers are an effective and practical low vision intervention in paediatric patients with high hyperopia secondary to microcornea. Early rehabilitation with assistive technology is essential for educational inclusion and quality of life.
Triad for Ocular Surface Bowen Disease: Surgical Excision Adjuvant Topical Mitomycin C and Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in One-Year Outcomes A Case Report
A 52-year-old man with remote HBV positivity presented with a recurrent, circumferential right-eye conjunctival lesion and underwent wide excision with intraoperative 0.02% mitomycin C (MMC)–soaked sponges, amniotic membrane grafting, and subsequent topical MMC 0.02% in alternating-week cycles; histopathology showed squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease), an entity within the ocular surface squamous neoplasia spectrum managed effectively with surgery and topical chemotherapy to reduce recurrence risk. Early postoperative recovery was favorable, with re-epithelialization under a bandage contact lens, complete amniotic membrane resorption, and later conjunctival autografting to cover temporal bare sclera. No tumor recurrence was observed during short-term follow-up; longer surveillance was curtailed due to death from systemic causes unrelated to the ocular disease. This case aligns with literature supporting adjuvant topical MMC (commonly 0.02–0.04% in cyclic regimens) for conjunctival–corneal intraepithelial neoplasia to achieve high resolution rates while balancing risks such as delayed corneal epithelial erosions and limbal stem cell deficiency.
The Significance of Glaucoma Screening in Children Diagnosed with Singleton-Merten Syndrome
Singleton-Merten Syndrome (SMS) is a rare genetic disorder that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and is characterized by the presence of glaucoma, psoriasis, and abnormalities in dental, skeletal, and cardiac structures, as reported in the scientific literature [1-7]. This is attributed to mutations in DDX58 and IFIH1, which produce proteins that are part of the RIG-I- like receptor family and play a role in the type I interferon pathway [1-4]. In this case report, we provide a detailed clinical course of glaucoma in an individual who was found to have a pathogenic variant of the IFIH1 gene, along with symptoms of SMS.
Prevalence of Ocular Morbidity and Causes of Visual Impairment among Elders in Geriatric Centres in Dares Salaam and Tanga
Purpose: To assess the prevalence of ocular morbidity and causes of visual impairment among elders in geriatric centres in Dar es Salaam and Tanga regions in Tanzania. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among elders in six geriatric centres in Dar es Salaam and Tanga from 1st July to 31st December 2021. Consecutive sampling was used to obtain study participants to be enrolled in the study after obtaining their informed consent, and data were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Demographic information, clinical ocular history and assessment of visual acuity, intraocular pressure, refraction, anterior and posterior segment examination were carried out to ascertain various ocular morbidities. The collected data were analysed using SPSS version 23. Results: This study involved 100 participants from six geriatric centres in Dar es Salaam and Tanga. Sixty-four percent were from 3 government geriatric centres, and 36% were from nongovernment geriatric centres. Slightly more than half (59%) of the participants were males. The mean age of the study participants was 75.20 years (SD 9.30 years). The prevalence of ocular morbidity was 100%, and the proportion of visual impairment was 58%. The most common causes of visual impairment were cataract in 32%, glaucoma in 11%, corneal scarring, optic atrophy and endophthalmitis each accounting for 3%. Advanced age was significantly associated with visual impairment, and a history of eye checkups was associated with lower odds of visual impairment. Conclusion and Recommendations: Ocular morbidity among elderly individuals in geriatric Centres in Dar es Salaam and Tanga is high, and most of the participants have significant visual impairment and blindness, which is largely preventable and treatable. Screening for visual loss before entry into geriatric centres and provision of appropriate services will significantly help to reduce the burden of visual impairment among elderly individuals in geriatric centres in Tanzania.
The Impact of TGF-β on Corneal Stromal Remodeling After LASIK and PRK
Laser refractive surgery- encompassing both LASIK (Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis) and PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy) - represents one of the most widely performed elective procedures for correcting refractive errors worldwide. The wound healing response following these interventions involves intricate molecular cascades, with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) playing a pivotal regulatory role in stromal remodeling. This cytokine orchestrates the transformation of quiescent keratocytes into contractile myofibroblasts, modulates extracellular matrix synthesis, and influences the development of corneal haze-a complication that can compromise visual outcomes. The present review examines the mechanistic underpinnings of TGF-β action in corneal wound healing, compares the differential stromal responses between LASIK and PRK, and analyzes the clinical implications of these processes. Understanding TGF- β-mediated pathways provides a foundation for developing targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at minimizing fibrotic responses and optimizing clinical outcomes following refractive surgery. By elucidating the molecular distinctions between these two surgical approaches, we can better predict healing trajectories and tailor interventions to individual patient needs.
Lateral Scar Dehiscence After Upper Blepharoplasty: Incidence and the Impact of Additional Tension-Relieving Sutures
Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of lateral scar dehiscence following upper eyelid blepharoplasty and to determine whether the addition of lateral subcutaneous tension-relieving sutures reduces the occurrence of this complication. Methods: A retrospective comparative study was conducted including female patients who underwent primary upper blepharoplasty during two consecutive periods. Group 1 (2022–2023; n = 404) underwent standard wound closure. Group 2 (2023–2024; n = 396) received additional buried subcutaneous tension-relieving sutures placed in the lateral third of the incision. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon using an identical technique and suture material (Vicryl 6-0). The primary outcome was the incidence of clinically diagnosed lateral scar dehiscence. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Lateral scar dehiscence occurred in 5 of 404 cases (1.24%) in Group 1 and in 1 of 396 cases (0.25%) in Group 2. The reduction was statistically significant (p = 0.048). The absolute risk reduction was 0.99% (95% CI: 0.02%–1.96%), corresponding to a relative risk reduction of 80%.. Dehiscence occurred predominantly in younger patients (mean age 36 ± 4 years in Group 1; 33 years in Group 2). Conclusions: Lateral scar dehiscence is an infrequent but clinically relevant complication following upper blepharoplasty, particularly in younger female patients. The addition of lateral buried subcutaneous sutures significantly reduces its incidence and may improve postoperative wound stability.
Automation of the Anterior Segment: Reinventing the Slit Lamp
The slit lamp is the central instrument for examining the anterior segment of the eye and has served as a standard tool in ophthalmic practice for more than seven decades. Despite advances in other areas of the specialty, this device has undergone very few significant improvements. Slit-lamp examination requires the ophthalmologist to be physically present with the patient and is, moreover, an ephemeral observation that is usually not digitally recorded. Although add-on cameras exist to document the exam, their use slows down consultations, often produces insufficient image quality, and cannot be delegated to a technician. These limitations perpetuate an essential yet inefficient process well into the 21st century.
Prevalence and Amblyopiogenic Risk Factors of Uncorrected Refractive Errors Among School-Going Children in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Amblyopia is a major cause of one-sided vision problems in kids all over the world. Although early refractive correction can largely prevent it, Uncorrected refractive error remains a major public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, and remains a significant problem in developing countries. Bangladesh does not possess comprehensive, population-based data on childhood amblyopia, notwithstanding considerable progress in Vision 2020 initiatives. This study evaluates the prevalence and patterns of amblyopia, as well as its amblyopiogenic risk factors, in school aged children in Bangladesh, contextualizing baseline data from 2014 with regionally reported prevalence trends from published literature (2014–2024), rather than longitudinal follow-up Methods: A cross-sectional screening was conducted in schools with 3,268 children aged 4 to 10 years in the Dhaka and Narayanganj districts. We used age-appropriate Snellen and Lea symbols charts to test Visual Acuity (VA). We did cycloplegic refraction, cover tests, ophthalmoscopy, and pinhole tests. Amblyopia was diagnosed because the person's vision was insufficient (<6/12) and could not be fully corrected with refraction or because of an eye disease. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests assessed demographic and etiological distributions. Result: The total prevalence of amblyopia was 1.74% (95% CI: 1.2–2.3). The causes of amblyopia were meridional (32%), anisometropic (24%), ametropic (16%), and stimulus-deprivation (9%). Hyperopia (54%) constituted the principal refractive anomaly. No significant gender difference was observed (p > 0.05). Comparative literature (2014–2024) reveals a declining prevalence in similar Asian cohorts: India 1.5 – 1.8 %, Malaysia 1.3 %, and China 0.9 %, indicating improved school screening coverage. Among identified amblyopic children, approximately 80% were enrolled in occlusion therapy, with 62% demonstrating visual acuity improvement of two or more lines at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: The findings underscore uncorrected refractive error as a major preventable factor leading to amblyopia in children in Bangladesh. To reach the Vision 2030 goals, it is important to include regular school vision tests and low-cost optical correction in national eye health plans.
Improvement in Visual Acuity in a Patient with Nonsyndromic Retinitis Pigmentosa Following Combined Vision Therapy: A Case Report
Background: Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a progressive hereditary retinal degenerative disorder characterized by photoreceptor loss, progressive visual field constriction, and eventual central vision impairment. We report a case of a 40-year-old female patient with retinitis pigmentosa presenting with headache, bilateral blurred vision (distance and near), poor hand-eye coordination, oculomotor dysfunction, dizziness, impaired object perception, night blindness, mobility limitations, and reading fatigue. Case Presentation: The initial examination indicated that the patient's unaided distance visual acuity was 6/60 in the right eye (OD) and 6/48P in the left eye (OS). The near vision was recorded as N36P in the right eye and N36 in the left eye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed bilateral foveal thinning accompanied by fine epiretinal membranes. The Humphrey visual field analysis (HVF 10-2) showed severe generalized depression, along with significant localized defects. The patient subsequently participated in a structured three-phased vision rehabilitation program, which included a total of 173 office-based sessions. The first phase lasted for 60 days, followed by 30 days of sessions each subsequent year. Results: Following combined vision therapy, the patient demonstrated remarkable improvement. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved to 6/18+4 bilaterally, with near vision improving to N8P with reading glasses. Stereoacuity improved from flat fusion to 140 seconds of arc. Complete resolution of asthenopic symptoms, including diplopia, headache, eyestrain, and reading fatigue, was achieved. The patient reported enhanced functional independence, improved dark adaptation, better mobility, and increased reading efficiency. Conclusion: This longitudinal case study demonstrates significant visual acuity and binocularity and functional recovery in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa following structured, multimodal vision therapy. The success of combined therapy highlights the potential of tailored vision rehabilitation to restore binocularity and enhance quality of life in retinal degenerative conditions. These findings advocate for expanded research into comprehensive rehabilitation protocols for patients with progressive retinal disorders.
Long-Term Outcomes of the Wies/Quickert Procedure with Horizontal Eyelid Shortening Versus Lateral Tarsal Strip with Everting Sutures for Involutional Entropion: A Retrospective Study
Background: Involutional entropion is a common eyelid malposition in elderly patients and is associated with horizontal and vertical eyelid laxity. Several surgical techniques are available; however, data directly comparing their long-term outcomes are limited. Objective: To evaluate and compare long-term recurrence rates following the Wies/Quickert procedure with horizontal eyelid shortening and the Lateral Tarsal Strip (LTS) procedure combined with everting sutures. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients treated for involutional lower eyelid entropion between 2010 and 2021. Group 1 included eyes treated with the Wies/Quickert procedure combined with horizontal eyelid shortening. Group 2 included eyes treated with LTS and everting sutures. Both primary and revision cases were included. Follow-up was performed at 6, 12, and 36 months in both groups, with extended follow-up to 60 months in Group 1. Results: A total of 169 eyes were included (102 in Group 1, 67 in Group 2). Group 1 demonstrated no recurrences at 6, 12, or 36 months. One late recurrence (0.98%) was observed beyond 60 months. Group 2 showed no recurrences at 6 months, one recurrence (1.49%) at 12 months, and one recurrence (1.49%) at 36 months, resulting in a total recurrence rate of 2.98%. Conclusion: Both surgical techniques provide effective correction of involutional entropion with low recurrence rates. The Wies/Quickert procedure combined with horizontal eyelid shortening demonstrated excellent long-term anatomical stability, suggesting potential superiority in patients with combined horizontal and vertical eyelid laxity.
Managing and Preventing Neurotrophic Keratopathy after Laser Vision Correction
A 45-year-old male presents for a refractive surgery consult with past medical history of a nasal tumor removal from the right sinus. His current regimen consists of icosapent ethyl (2g by mouth twice daily) for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and lisinopril (10mg by mouth once daily) for treatment of hypertension. Patient’s BCVA is 20/20 OU with a manifest refraction of -4.25 +1.00 x 157º OD and -3.00 +0.25 x 035º OS. He wore contact lenses with a defocus of -0.50 D OD for near and a full correction OS for distance. Schirmer 1 test (anesthetized) shows 14 mm OD and 12 mm OS [1]. Corneal sensation OD was depressed while the OS was normal, and the patient did not report history of dry eye disease (Figure 1).
Comparison of Visual Outcome in Senile Cataract After Phacoemulsification and Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery in a Tertiary Eye Hospital
The goal is to compare the refractive state and visual results of phacoemulsification versus manual small incision cataract surgery. Techniques: One hundred patients with age-related cataracts, ages 50 to 90, from the cataract clinic at Chevron Eye Hospital and Research Center were part of a hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study. Between October 2024 and March 2025, 100 patients had phacoemulsification and manual small incision cataract surgery. Both groups' postoperative Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) and refractive status rates were compared. Findings: Of the 100 patients who had cataract surgery, 50 had microincision cataract surgery (MICS) and 50 had phacoemulsification (PHACO). There were 30 guys in the phacoemulsification group and 26 in the MICS group. The age range of the majority of patients (phacoemulsification: 58%, MICS: 52%) was 71–90 years. Compared to phacoemulsification (DM: 16%, HTN: 18%), systemic comorbidities were more prevalent in MICS (32%, 30%). Phacoemulsification had a higher combined DM and HTN rate (36%) than MICS (8%). The majority of cases were bilateral cataracts (80% phacoemulsification, 84% MICS). 54% (MICS) and 44% (phacoemulsification) had preoperative visual acuity of 6/6–6/18 (P < 0.001). 92% (phacoemulsification) and 80% (MICS) attained 6/6–6/18 at one month. Prior to surgery, dull responses were prevalent. MICS: 90%, phacoemulsification: 88%, and decreased after surgery. The most common postoperative refractive outcome was against-the-rule astigmatism (52% with phacoemulsification and 58% with MICS). Conclusion: Phacoemulsification and microincision cataract surgery both worked well to restore visual acuity, but after one month after surgery, phacoemulsification showed better visual results, especially in patients with systemic comorbidities. Refractive outcomes were similar across groups, with the most common being anti-rule astigmatism. When it comes to visual recovery, phacoemulsification might be superior to MICS.
Review of Deep Learning Applications in Myopic Choroidal OCT Segmentation
The incidence of myopia among Chinese children has been rising annually, with a notable trend towards younger onset. The choroid, a critical vascular structure for ocular homeostasis, exhibits a significant relationship between variations in its Thickness (ChT) and the pathological advancement of myopia. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), with its high resolution and non-invasive characteristics, has emerged as an essential instrument for assessing myopic choroidal lesions. Automated choroidal segmentation underpins the quantitative analysis of OCT images, necessitating precise identification of Bruch's Membrane (BM) and the Choroid-Sclera Interface (CSI). Traditional manual annotation is labor-intensive and susceptible to considerable subjective bias, but Deep Learning (DL) offers a novel solution to this problem. This article evaluates the advancements in research within this domain: Among core models, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) enhance boundary localization but experience spatial information loss; Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) facilitate end-toend segmentation yet lack instance-level segmentation capabilities; U-Net and its variants (e.g., Bio-Net, ADU-Net) are particularly adept at addressing the attributes of medical images. Mask R-CNN attains precise pixel-level predictions and demonstrates significant clinical applicability. In practical applications, targeting typical pathological changes such as ChT thinning, DL models enhance robustness through multi-directional optimization. Specifically, ADU-Net and GCS-Net tackle the problem of blurred boundaries, while multi-task models simultaneously perform segmentation and calculation. Comparative studies have shown that Mask R-CNN demonstrates the best performance in OCT image segmentation.
Mental Effects Aside, We Got to Handle Physical Dangers Too When it Comes to Digital Devices Like a Phone
In today’s digital age, mobile phones have become an integral part of daily life, often used during rest or while lying in bed. However, what seems like a harmless habit can lead to significant injuries, especially involving the eyes. When a mobile device is held above the face in a reclining or supine position, the risk of accidental drops increases. During sleep or rest, muscle tone and grip strength naturally decrease, which can cause the phone to slip and fall. Such accidents, although seemingly minor, can result in ocular trauma, sometimes serious. This case underscores the real and growing risk of mobile phone-related eye injuries, calling attention to a widely overlooked issue in both public health and clinical practice.
After 15 years of mental, physical, and financial exhaustion, I FINALLY figured out how and why I was blinded by an Optometrist for four years starting in 2002, as well as why Dyop testing is superior to Snellen testing.
Regional Burden of Cataract in Adult Population in Punjab
Introduction: Cataract is a major public health concern in India, especially among older people. There is an increase in backlog of blind eyes due to cataract especially in North India. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in rural and urban areas in Punjab region from August 2023 to July 2024 at Sankara eye hospital Ludhiana. The study included male and female participants aged above 40 years with cataract. Patients with severe redness, some other pathological conditions, and also were unwilling to participate, and pediatric patients were excluded. The examination included demographic data, visual acuity measurement, refraction, and anterior segment examination. Cataract was graded by type and severity of opacity using the Lens Opacity Classification System III (LOCS III). Results: Total of 3003 individuals was screened in various camps, out of which 385 individuals were included in the study. Out of subjects, 20.11% were diagnosed to have cataract. Out of the 385 patients, 196 (51%) are male and 189 (49%) are female. Immature cataract was found to be most common (51%). The prevalence of cataract increased for aged 60 years and above. 40 individuals (10%) working indoor were diagnosed with cataract and around 152(40%) individuals were working in outdoor conditions. Univariate analysis of selected socioeconomic, demographic, dietary, and other variables suggested that a higher prevalence was associated with low education, working outdoors and non-vegetarian diet. Conclusion: The study found significant difference in cataract under intense UV radiation and a strong positive correlation between UV radiation and cataract. Workers exposed to bright light should have regular eye check up to prevent ocular problems. Geriatric population, outdoor workplace, low socioeconomic status was major risk factor for cataract.
Optic nerve gliomas are rare, typically low-grade tumors that arise from the glial cells of the optic nerve. They are most commonly diagnosed in children and are often associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). This case report discusses the clinical presentation, diagnostic process, treatment, and outcomes of a patient with optic nerve glioma.
Relationship between Socio Cultural Factors and Health Seeking Behaviour of the Visually Impaired in Eket Akwa Ibom State Nigeria
Introduction: Access to quality eye care services remains a major challenge for visually impaired individuals in many rural communities, especially in Nigeria. Socio-cultural factors, such as traditional beliefs and educational attainment, often influence health-seeking behavior, leading to the underutilization of formal health services. This study investigates the relationship between socio-cultural factors and the health-seeking behavior of visually impaired individuals in Eket Senatorial District of Akwa Ibom State. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 visually impaired individuals drawn from 12 Local Government Areas in the Eket Senatorial District. Using proportionate stratified random sampling, approximately 33 to 34 participants were selected from each LGA: Onna, Ibeno, Okobo, Oron, Mbo, Urue-Offong/Oruko, Udung Uko, Eket, Esit-Eket, Eastern Obolo, Mkpat-Enin, and Ikot Abasi. The sampling frame was based on the Akwa Ibom State Traditional Edict, which lists all communities in the state. From this frame, 50 communities were randomly selected. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson Chi-square test to assess associations between socio-cultural factors and health-seeking behavior. Results: The findings showed that educational level and cultural beliefs were the most significant socio-cultural factors influencing health-seeking behavior. A statistically significant association was observed between socio-cultural factors and health-seeking behavior (χ² = 89.56, p = 0.001). Notably, over 60% of respondents with no formal education preferred alternative care such as native doctors and prayer houses, while those with at least secondary education were more likely to seek care at certified eye clinics. Discussion: The findings indicate that a lack of awareness, educational limitations, and entrenched cultural beliefs contribute to the preference for alternative treatment options such as native doctors and prayer houses over formal eye care services. This highlights the critical role of socio-cultural context in shaping health-related decisions among visually impaired individuals. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for government and health agencies to provide subsidies, establish more accessible eye care centers in rural communities, and launch public health education campaigns to encourage the use of accredited eye clinics. Addressing these socio-cultural barriers is essential for improving eye health outcomes among the visually impaired in Eket Senatorial District.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Anaemic Retinopathy in a Young Female with Thalassemia Major
Anaemic retinopathy is often managed solely from an ophthalmic perspective overlooking the underlying systemic pathology. In our report we present a case of Thalassemia Major with secondary Anaemic Retinopathy, who was referred to us with a complaint of diminution of vision. Instead of going forward with any invasive ophthalmic procedure we explored conservative treatment options with a focus on managing the systemic pathology. This collaborative approach between different medical specialities helped in achieving near complete resolution of patient’s ocular condition and regaining the lost vision over a period of six months.
Management of Post-Keratoplasty Astigmatism: A Case Report on Long-Term Visual Rehabilitation with Small Aperture Lenses in Cataract Surgery
A 67-year-old male with a history of bilateral corneal transplants for keratoconus in 1984 presented with nuclear sclerosis and posterior subcapsular cataracts in both eyes, likely secondary to prolonged topical steroid use and age.
Monocular and Binocular Visual outcomes of an Enhanced Monofocal (Mono-EDOF) Intraocular Lens and the Impact of Pre-Operative Parameters
Background: Enhanced monofocal Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) offer improved intermediate vision while maintaining high contrast sensitivity. The RayOne EMV and EMV Toric IOLs leverage controlled positive spherical aberration to enhance depth of focus, making them suitable for monovision strategies. This study evaluates the impact of preoperative parameters — corneal Spherical Aberration (SA), Higher-Order Aberrations (HOAs), and Chang Waring chord (CW-chord)-on monocular and binocular vision outcomes following implantation with primarily mini-monovision refractive targeting. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study analyzed 147 eyes of 74 patients implanted with RayOne EMV or EMV Toric IOLs. Patients were categorized into four refractive target groups (bilateral emmetropia, mini-monovision, modest monovision and full monovision). Preoperative SA, HOAs, and CW-chord were measured and classified as high or low. Uncorrected Distance (UDVA), Corrected Distance (CDVA), and Uncorrected Near Visual Acuity (UNVA) were assessed at one-month follow-up. Results: Mini-monovision patients achieved high levels of UDVA (80.4% at 6/6 or better) and UNVA (84% at N8 or better). Preoperative SA and CW-chord showed no significant correlation with postoperative UDVA, UNVA, or CDVA (p>0.05). However, higher preoperative HOAs were associated with reduced CDVA (correlation coefficient = +0.26, p<0.05), suggesting a mild impact on best-corrected visual acuity. Conclusion: SA and CW-chord had minimal influence on postoperative vision, while higher HOAs were linked to reduced CDVA. These findings support the effectiveness of enhanced monofocal IOLs and highlight the need for further research on preoperative predictors to refine patient selection and optimize outcomes. Clinical Relevance: Assessing certain preoperative parameters may enhance surgical planning and visual outcome predictability in patients receiving this enhanced monofocal IOL.
Rehabilitation Journey-Vision Recovery in Acquired Strabismus Following Post-Traumatic Retinal Detachment
Background: This case report examines the rehabilitation of a 21-year-old male with acquired strabismic amblyopia and permanent retinal alterations following childhood trauma and retinal detachment surgery, a scenario rarely documented in ophthalmic literature. The patient’s complex presentation-marked by severe vision loss, constant exotropia, and suppression-highlights the challenges of restoring functional vision in post-traumatic cases with structural damage. Case Presentation: Initial evaluation revealed right-eye visual acuity of 2/60, exotropia of 45 prism diopters, and absent stereopsis, alongside a macular hole and peripheral vision loss (VFI: 66%). A structured, three-phase vision therapy protocol was implemented: 1) Monocular therapy (foveal tagging, Ambi-iNET, SVI Rotator, MIT-2) to stabilize fixation and enhance oculomotor control; 2) Anti-suppression training (MFBF, Red-Blue Binocular Reading, Brock string) to promote binocular integration; and 3) Binocular vergence therapy (HoloLens VTS4, Tranaglyph cards, Syntonics) to refine sensory and motor fusion. Results: After 116 in-office sessions, visual acuity improved to 6/18, exotropia reduced to 6–8 prism diopters, and stereopsis emerged at 200 seconds of arc. Oculomotor metrics via HoloLens VTS4 demonstrated 91% saccadic and 94% pursuit accuracy, while NPC improved to 14/17 cm. Functional gains included enhanced comfort during computer use and newfound ability to perceive 3D media. Conclusion: This case challenges conventional prognostic assumptions by demonstrating significant functional recovery despite irreversible retinal damage. The success of the multimodal approach-integrating traditional techniques with immersive technologies-underscores the potential of tailored vision therapy to restore binocularity and quality of life in complex post-traumatic cases. These findings advocate for expanded research into structured rehabilitation protocols for patients with similar structural and functional deficits.
Vision is a complex process combining the stimulus matrix of the photoreceptors, the transient acuity adjustment of the lenses of the eyes, and the pattern of the image as stored in the brain [1-3].
Determination of Propranolol HCL in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Environmental Wastewater Samples Application to Content Uniformity Testing
A Newly developed analysis method for the simple, accurate, precise, rapid, economical and sensitive Ultraviolet spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Propranolol Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations and environmental wastewater samples, which shows maximum absorbance at 290 nm in methanol. Beer's law was obeyed in the range of 2.5 -50 µg/ ml, with molar absorptivity of 5.92×103 L.mol-1.cm1, relative standard deviation of the method was less than 1.5%, and accuracy (average recovery %) was 100 ± 0.9. No interference was observed from common excipients and additives often accompany with Propranolol Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Propranolol Hydrochloride in some pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) and industrial wastewater samples. The proposed method was validated by sensitivity and precision which proves suitability for the routine analysis of Propranolol Hydrochloride in true samples.
Ancient Mysterious Herb Saffron and its Illuminative Phytochemicals Unus Herbal Luteum Pingere Pro Sanus Macula Lutea
An ancient esoteric plant, Saffron (Crocus Sativus Linnaeus) with purple flower acts as a yellow dye and it has been used for culinary, medical, spiritual, religious and industrial purposes throughout the history. Furthermore, many studies indicate that bioactive carotenoid substances of saffron such as crocin, crocetin, and safranal, might have potential therapeutic effects with high potency against various neurological or metabolic disorders.
Purpose: To report a case of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder – MOG Associated Disease (MOGAD) presented to tertiary care center at western Vidarbha region in Maharashtra Case Report: We described a case of neuromyelitis optica a 28 years old female presented to our hospital with complaints of diminution of vision in right eye since 15 days. History of cough, cold, fever, redness & watering of right eye 1 month ago. Diagnosed as case of MOGAD at a tertiary care centre with relevant investigations. She underwent conservative medical management and relieved. Results: We diagnosed case as MOGAD based on antibody assay (anti MOG-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Positive). Conclusion: Neuromyelitis optica is a chronic autoimmune disease. Anti MOG antibodies are produced in 7.4 % of patients. It is now classified as MOGAD.
Regeneration is the Strength, the Continuation and Perpetration of Life. The Regeneration of our Stem Cells is the key to explain our Life, whose length depends from their Operative Condition to repair damaged cells and substitute the dead ones, in a normal life. Real Science could face and resolve many Human Health problems. If the Researcher will study the Natural Biological Programs and try to restore and reactivate them for a Correct Biological Function.
Experimental Life Energy Machine: An electronic machine that shows over an analog-Dial the quantity of “Life-Energy”. That can be normal, ipo, iper