Journal of Otolaryngology Research & Reports
Editor-in-Chief: Kartoosh Heydari Professor Director of Cancer Research Laboratory University of California, Berkeley USA ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3304-0095 Journal of Otolaryngology Research & Reports is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing research and clinical knowledge in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (ENT). The journal provides an international platform for researchers, clinicians, surgeons, academics, and healthcare professionals to share innovative findings and developments across the field of otolaryngology. The journal publishes original research articles, review articles, systematic reviews, clinical studies, case reports, case series, short communications, editorials, perspectives, mini-reviews, and other scholarly contributions relevant to otolaryngology and related disciplines. Key areas include ear and hearing disorders, rhinology, nasal and sinus diseases, laryngology, voice and swallowing disorders, head and neck surgery, pediatric otolaryngology, otology and neurotology, audiology, sleep-related disorders, airway diseases, salivary gland disorders, head and neck oncology, facial plastic surgery, and emerging technologies in ENT care. As an open-access journal, published articles are made freely available online to facilitate broad dissemination, accessibility, and academic exchange among researchers and healthcare professionals worldwide. The journal welcomes high-quality contributions that promote evidence-based clinical practice, innovative research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of disorders affecting the ear, nose, throat, and head and neck. Special Issues: Innovations in Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery Articles can be submitted through from https://srcpublishers.com/otolaryngology-research-reports/user/register or can send through an e-mail with attachment for otolaryngology@onlinescientificresearch.info or jolrr@onlinescientificresearch.net 0.35 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 70% Acceptance
CO2 Laser Surgical Management of Laryngeal Diplegia in Adduction: A Series of 46 Cases
Introduction: Bilateral vocal fold paralysis in closure (BVFP) can lead to suffocating respiratory distress and various techniques for glottic enlargement have been developed in recent years to replace tracheotomy. Endo-laryngeal surgery with CO2 laser has a central place in this therapeutic arsenal. Objective: The aim of this work is to prove the effectiveness of our techniques of treatment of BVFP with the CO2 laser, the durability of long-term success, and to compare the rates of failure, complications and recurrence of our methods by analysing the postoperative breathing, phonation and swallowing. Method: This is both a retrospective and prospective study on a series of 46 patients treated with CO2 laser either by subtotal arytenoidectomy (SA), or Dennis and Kashima or Reker posterior cordectomy (PC). Results: The mean age was 56 years with 98% female. 44 patients presented with dyspneic BVFP secondary to thyroidectomy, total in 38 patients, and whose indication was a benign goitre in 82% of cases. Respiratory distress led to tracheotomy in 21 cases with an average delay of 10 months. Postoperatively, the tracheostomised patients were decannulated on average 5 months later, the non-tracheotomised patients were successful after extubation with the disappearance of their dyspnoea. The voice was satisfactory according to the patient's feeling, and the subjective reception. There were no postoperative false airways. Recurrence occurred mainly in patients who had undergone PC and had insufficient glottic expansion or cord regrowth with a return to the clinical presentation of laryngeal stenosis. The overall recurrence time was a maximum of 14 months. Conclusion: Endo-laryngeal laser surgery is better than external surgery with a lower cost than a simple tracheostomy. SA and PC are equally effective in improving the breathing of the BVFP patient, although PC often requires revision surgery to achieve definitive success, but in the long term the success rates are equivalent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Otolaryngology Research & Reports
Anatomical and Functional Outcomes after Surgical Management of Tympanic Membrane Retraction Pockets: A Retrospective Study
Background: Tympanic membrane retraction pockets (RPs) are localized invaginations resulting from chronic Eustachian tube dysfunction and progressive loss of tympanic membrane elasticity. Without timely management, they may progress to ossicular chain erosion, conductive hearing loss, or secondary cholesteatoma. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 74 patients with non-cholesteatomatous tympanic membrane RPs managed surgically at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 20 August 1953 Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco. Cases with cholesteatoma, incomplete records, or follow-up < 12 months were excluded. Primary outcomes were anatomical success (tympanic membrane closure) and postoperative air–bone gap (ABG) at 12 months. Results: The mean age was 35 years, with a female predominance (65%). The leading symptoms were hearing loss (82.4%) and otorrhea (89.2%). RPs were most commonly located at the attic (39.2%) and in the posterior quadrants (31.1%). Conductive hearing loss was present in 59.5% of patients and mixed hearing loss in 32.4%. Ossicular chain disruption was identified intraoperatively in 55.4% of cases, predominantly involving the incus. Anatomical success was achieved in 93.2% of patients. The mean ABG in improved from 25.6 dB preoperatively to 17.3 dB postoperatively (mean gain: 8.3 dB). Secondary cholesteatoma occurred in 1.4% of cases. Conclusion: Non-cholesteatomatous RPs are progressive lesions with a significant risk of ossicular damage and secondary cholesteatoma. Cartilage tympanoplasty achieved anatomical success in 93.2% of cases. However, functional recovery remained modest overall, given the high rate of ossicular chain disruption observed intraoperatively, underscoring the importance of early surgical intervention before irreversible ossicular damage occurs.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Flood-Displaced Persons in Oguta, Southeastern Nigeria
Background: Flooding can disrupt water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) systems and increase exposure to intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among displaced populations. This study assessed the prevalence, parasite distribution, and selected factors associated with IPIs among persons displaced by the 2023 flooding in Oguta Local Government Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 flood-displaced persons residing in temporary settlements across five flood-affected communities between November 2023 and February 2024. Socio-demographic, environmental, and behavioral data were collected using structured questionnaires. Stool specimens were examined using direct wet-mount microscopy and the formal-ether concentration technique. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square tests were used to assess prevalence and bivariate associations. Results: IPIs were detected in 246 participants (54.7%). The most frequently detected parasites were hookworm (19.6%), Ascaris lumbricoides (16.0%), Trichuris trichiura (12.4%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (6.7%). Infection prevalence varied significantly by age, with the highest prevalence among participants aged 11–20 years (73.9%; p < 0.001). Prevalence was similar among males (55.0%) and females (54.3%; p = 0.88). Significant bivariate associations were observed between infection and untreated surface-water use, open defecation, and barefoot exposure (all p < 0.001). Conclusion: A substantial burden of IPIs was observed among flood-displaced persons in Oguta LGA. The findings highlight the need for integrated post-flood interventions combining safe water, emergency sanitation, hygiene promotion, parasite diagnosis and treatment, surveillance, and community health education.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Voice Outcomes after Total Thyroidectomy - A Cross-Sectional Study Using the ThyPRO-39 and Voice Handicap Index-10 in a Moroccan Cohort
Background: Total thyroidectomy is the standard treatment for multinodular goiter and differentiated thyroid carcinoma, but biochemical euthyroidism does not guarantee patient well-being. Data on patient-reported outcomes after TT remain scarce in North Africa and in populations with limited health literacy. Objective: To evaluate health-related quality of life (QoL) and voice-related handicap after TT and to identify their clinical, biological, and sociodemographic determinants. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational, analytical study of 82 adults who underwent TT (with or without neck dissection) and had ≥ 6 months of postoperative follow-up at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Hôpital 20 Août 1953, Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, Morocco (June 2024–July 2025). Because 80.5% of participants had no formal education, both the ThyPRO-39 (thyroid-specific QoL questionnaire) and the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) were administered as a structured interview using a Moroccan Arabic (Darija) linguistic adaptation rather than self-administration. Bivariate associations were assessed with Student's t-test and Pearson correlation (r). Results: The cohort was predominantly female (90.2%; mean age 51.0 ± 11.8 years). Papillary carcinoma accounted for 58.5% of final histology, and multinodular goiter was the leading indication (95.1%). Permanent dysphonia occurred in 12.2% of patients and symptomatic hypocalcemia in 4.9%. The mean VHI-10 score was 1.88 ± 5.39 (median 0), rising to 10.4 ± 11.0 in patients with permanent dysphonia. The ThyPRO-39 composite QoL score averaged 38.4 ± 27.4/100, driven chiefly by fatigue (59.0 ± 32.1/100, affecting 61% of patients). QoL correlated strongly with anxiety (r = 0.91), depressivity (r = 0.83) and fatigue (r = 0.75), and moderately with vocal handicap (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). Female sex (p < 0.001) and absence of formal education (p = 0.0058) were independent multipliers of impaired QoL, whereas age, comorbidities, extent of surgery, and benign versus malignant histology were not. A lower TSH was associated with greater fatigue and a worse composite score (r = −0.36, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Although TT achieves excellent oncological and surgical safety outcomes, a substantial subset of patients remains "biochemically cured but functionally impaired," burdened chiefly by fatigue, anxiety, and - when present - vocal handicap. Individualized TSH targets, systematic screening for fatigue and voice complaints, and simplified therapeutic education for patients with low health literacy should be integrated into routine post-thyroidectomy follow-up.
An Abnormal Case of Rhabdomyosarcoma Miming Adenoid Tonsils
Adenoid tonsils are a usual situation in the pediatric population. Their size is the only factor that leads to their surgery. The diagnostic is principally based on clinical symptoms and the endoscopic examination of the cavum. We usually don’t need a histopathological evaluation due to the frequency of the situation and also its benignity. The biopsy is needed especially when the evolution is unusual, or abnormal symptoms such as epistaxis or an irregular aspect in the endoscopic evaluation. Our case is about a 3 years old little girl who underwent an adenoidectomy, and 2 months later she developed a malignant tumor in the surgical site.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Otolaryngology Research & Reports
Cervical Nodal Status According to Tumor Location in Laryngeal Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis of 120 Patients
Laryngeal cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from the tissues of the larynx, accounting for approximately one third of head and neck cancers. These cancers represent a major medical challenge due to their high morbidity and mortality rates. Nodal status is of paramount importance in laryngeal tumors, with clinical implications that vary according to tumor location. This was a retrospective study conducted over a five-year period, from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2023, including 120 patients. The mean age of the patients was 65 years, with a marked male predominance (97.5%). Smoking was the main risk factor. Dysphonia (98.72%) and dyspnea (74.36%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Glottic tumors were the most frequent (50.83%), with 46.5% of cases diagnosed at an advanced stage (T4). Squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant histological type (98.72%). Cervical lymph node metastases were more frequent in transglottic tumors involving multiple subsites. A significant correlation was observed between the ulcero-proliferative tumor appearance and the presence of lymphadenopathy (p = 0.001). Analysis of nodal status according to tumor location allows for the adaptation of therapeutic strategies. Cervical lymph node dissemination in laryngeal cancer is strongly correlated with tumor location and extension. Tumors involving multiple subsites carry a higher risk of nodal metastasis, particularly at levels III and VIa, supporting the need for tailored neck dissection strategies.
Dentigerous Cyst with Maxillary Sinus Involvement: An Uncommon Case Affecting the Incisor-Canine Complex
Introduction: Dentigerous cysts are common odontogenic lesions typically associated with unerupted teeth. However, their occurrence within the maxillary sinus, particularly involving the incisors, is extremely rare. Although dentigerous cysts are among the most frequently encountered odontogenic cysts of the jaws, most commonly arising in the mandibular third molar region, a comprehensive review of the literature reveals only a few reported cases involving maxillary canines, and none involving the maxillary incisors to date. Case Report: We present a rare case of a dentigerous cyst involving the left incisor-canine complex, extending into the maxillary sinus, in a 47-year-old female. The patient presented with a one-year history of swelling over the left nasal cavity and maxillary region. Conclusion: Surgical enucleation remains the primary treatment modality, with particular attention to preserving adjacent anatomical structures. This case underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing and managing atypical presentations of dentigerous cysts to prevent complications and ensure optimal patient outcomes.
Safety and Feasibility of Superimposed High-Frequency Jet Ventilation In Rigid Bronchoscopy: A Multi-Centre Prospective Observational Study
Background: Rigid bronchoscopy is an established procedure that is increasingly performed under jet ventilation. Superimposed High-Frequency Jet Ventilation (SHFJV) offers potential benefits in airway management. This study aimed to evaluate the safety, feasibility and haemodynamic stability of SHFJV in patients with varying American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status risk levels (ASA I/II versus ASA III/IV). Methods: A total of 290 patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy were ventilated using SHFJV via the TwinStream™ ventilator, which delivers two jet streams. The cohort included 100 patients classified as ASA I/II and 190 patients as ASA III/IV. Total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) was administered to all patients. Continuous monitoring included arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide (etCO2), fraction of inspired oxygen in the airway (FiO2-aw), driving pressures at high (p-HF) and normal frequency (p-NF), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), blood pressure and heart rate, recorded at 5-min intervals. Results: No significant differences in SaO2 were observed between the ASA groups (p = 0.2112); however, SaO2 increased significantly over the duration of ventilation (p < 0.0001). CO2 levels did not differ significantly between the two groups, and hypercapnia was not observed. FiO2-aw was significantly higher in ASA III/IV patients (p < 0.0167). Conclusion: Rigid bronchoscopy with SHFJV is feasible and haemodynamically stable in patients with elevated ASA III/IV risk, supporting its safe application across a broad spectrum of anaesthetic risk profiles.
Superimposed High-Frequency Jet Ventilation
Juvenile otosclerosis is an uncommon but important cause of progressive conductive hearing loss in children and adolescents. Its diagnosis can be challenging because of its rarity, subtle radiologic findings, and similarities to other middle ear pathologies. We present the case of a 12-year-old girl who developed progressive right-sided hearing loss accompanied by intermittent tinnitus, without a history of recurrent otitis media or speech delay. Clinical, audiological, and high-resolution CT evaluations confirmed right-sided Type 1A otospongiosis. As her audiometric thresholds remained stable, a conservative management plan with hearing aids was chosen following shared decision-making with the patient and her family. This case highlights the value of thorough clinical and imaging assessments in diagnosing juvenile otosclerosis and emphasizes that conservative management can be appropriate for selected pediatric patients. Differentiation from congenital stapes fixation is essential given the differing treatment implications. Overall, juvenile otosclerosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pediatric conductive hearing loss, and individualized, multidisciplinary management remains key to optimizing outcomes.
Prognostic Impact of Primary Tracheostomy in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Comparative Study
Background: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a prevalent head and neck malignancy with significant morbidity and mortality. Primary tracheostomy is frequently required for acute airway obstruction; however, its prognostic implications remain poorly characterized, particularly in North African settings where advanced-stage presentation is prevalent. Objectives: To compare oncological and postoperative outcomes between LSCC patients who underwent primary tracheostomy and those who did not. Methods: Retrospective comparative study of 100 patients operated on for histologically confirmed LSCC at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 20 August 1953 hospital, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco (January 2017–December 2023). Patients were stratified by tracheostomy status. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests (IBM SPSS v20; p < 0.05). Results: The cohort was 97% male, mean age 63 ± 10 years; 82% were active smokers. Primary tracheostomy was performed in 58% of patients, all of whom subsequently underwent total laryngectomy. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in the tracheostomy group (46.6% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.002), and disease-free survival was markedly lower (48.3% vs. 81.0%, p = 0.001). Pharyngocutaneous fistula (8.6% vs. 0%, p = 0.018) and radiomucositis (19.0% vs. 4.8%, p = 0.037) were significantly more frequent in tracheostomized patients. Conclusion: Primary tracheostomy is associated with significantly poorer oncological and postoperative outcomes in LSCC, reflecting advanced tumor burden at presentation. Early diagnosis, timely adjuvant radiotherapy, and multidisciplinary management are essential to improve prognosis in this high-risk population.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy Following Thyroid Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis of 100 Cases
Introduction: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is one of the most feared complications of thyroid surgery due to its functional repercussions on phonation, respiration, and patients quality of life. Despite advances in surgical techniques and improved anatomical knowledge, the risk of nerve injury persists. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after thyroid surgery and to identify factors that may influence its occurrence. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the ENT head and neck surgery department in 20 august hospitals involving 100 patients operated for thyroid pathology. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and outcome data were collected from medical records and direct patient interviews. All patients underwent laryngeal assessment by nasofibroscopy, allowing analysis of vocal cord mobility at rest and during phonation. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The study population was predominantly female (84%) with a mean age of 50 years. Total thyroidectomy was the most frequently performed procedure (80% of cases). Histopathological examination revealed benign pathology in 55% of cases and malignant pathology in 45% of cases, predominantly papillary carcinoma. Vocal cord paralysis was observed in 8% of patients. Involvement was predominantly right-sided (75%) and remained asymptomatic in nearly half of cases. Postoperative dysphonia was the main clinical symptom. Analysis of associated factors showed a higher frequency in patients with malignant pathology and in procedures performed in a training context. Discussion: Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy remains a significant complication of thyroid surgery, with variable incidence in the literature. In our series, the observed rate remains comparable to that reported in several international studies. The occurrence of this complication depends on multiple factors, including the extent of surgery, the nature of the thyroid pathology, and surgeon experience. Systematic identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and mastery of surgical technique are essential elements for reducing the risk of nerve injury.
Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy with Transcanalicular Illumination: How We Do It
Background: The endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endo-DCR) is replacing the external approach in many centres and it is also preferred by patients to avoid external scar. Proper detection of the lacrimal sac is one of the most important keys to obtain successful results. Transcanalicular illumination is a new technique which facilitates the endoscopic detection of the lacrimal sac precisely and shorting the time of surgery. Objectives: This article outlines the standard technique used at our facility for performing endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) with a transcanalicular illumination. We describe the intraoperative techniques and postoperative follow up to present what we consider the standard procedure in our hospital. Methods: Twenty tow case of Primary Nasolacrimal Duct obstruction has been operated with Endoscopic DCR with a transcanalicular illumination assistant. Results and Conclusions: Transcanalicular Illumination DCR showed to have fewer intraoperative complication and short operative time with precisely lacrimal sac detection and high successful rate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Otolaryngology Research & Reports
We present a case of acute otitis media complicated by zygomatic-malar abscess in a 25-year-old patient with no previous medical/otorhinolaryngological history, who comes to consultation due to large left temporozygomatic swelling. Its atypical clinical presentation and the applied medical-surgical procedures are reported.
CSF Rhinorrhea – A Rivulet from the Skull Base – Otolaryngologist’s Perspective in Endoscopic Repair – Role of Tissue Glue in ‘Titanic Trickles
Introduction: Endonasal endoscopic CSF leak repair has now become the primary modality of management for patients with CSF rhinorrhea. The aim of this article is to emphasise on the factors responsible for the success of the surgery and the advantages of using fibrin/tissue glue in closure CSF leak defects. Materials & Methods: A retrospective study was done on a group of 10 patients diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea who have been surgically managed with endonasal endoscopic multilayered CSF leak repair with the help of tissue glue (fibrin glue/sealant). All 10 patients were reviewed regularly postoperatively over a period of 1 year, in order to assess the success in closure of the defect and to assess the recurrence rate in case of failed closure. Results: Out of 10 patients, 7 had CSF leakage from left nasal cavity, 2 from right nasal cavity, 1 from both nasal cavities. 90 % of the study population was female, 10 % male. Among the 10 patients, 7 had spontaneous CSF leaks (1 associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension) and 3 were post traumatic. Multilayered leak repair approach was utilized in all the cases which significantly reduces the chances of recurrences and fibrin glue expresses adhesive sealant property that is one of the most important factors contributing to the success of surgery, especially in cases with leaks associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Conclusion: Multilayered closure involving 3 or more layers and the usage of fibrin glue proves to be an excellent augmentative adhesive sealant especially in cases with multiple sites of leak and/or in spontaneous leak with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
Different Graft Materials used in Middle Ear Reconstruction
Middle ear reconstruction is a surgical intervention employed to reinstate auditory function in individuals experiencing conductive hearing loss. Several different graft materials have been used to fix holes in the tympanic membrane, such as temporalis fascia, cartilage, perichondrium, periosteum, vein, fat, and skin. This study compares the effectiveness of these graft materials in achieving successful hearing outcomes. The results show that cartilage grafts offer improved durability and resistance to reabsorption, while temporalis fascia grafts have lower-dimensional stability. Palisade cartilage and cartilage island techniques enhance graft strength but may compromise hearing restoration. The success of graft depends on factors such as patient smoking habits, perforation size and location, surgeon expertise, and middle ear mucosa status. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of graft materials in middle ear reconstruction, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each material to inform surgical decision-making
Multimodal Therapeutic Effects of Sound Masking Combined with Electromagnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Tinnitus
Tinnitus is defined as the perception of a sound in the absence of an external source that generated it [1]. It is usually described by those who experience it as a hissing, buzzing, beeping, ringing sound, or a sound synchronous with the heartbeat [2].
The Covid Crisis: Return of Fear and Uncertainty
Covid-19 is the news once again making headlines and announcing its comeback. It has had a profound impact since its December 2019 emergence in Wuhan, China. The 2019 outbreak was a turning point affecting nearly every country with varying degrees of severity, has led to significant worldwide mortality and morbidity, causing millions of deaths and long lasting health complications for many. The rapid spread worldwide, led to the World Health Organization calling it a “global pandemic” on March 11, 2020. Covid-19 is a viral zoonotic disease which spreads from animals-to-humans and humansto-humans. It is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Covid-19 is an enveloped, positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that attaches to the host cell through its spike protein that facilitates entry into the host cell via the ACE2 receptors. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets of an infected person when coughing, sneezing or talking. Asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals can also spread the disease. Covid-19 has caused major social, economic, business and lifestyle disruptions. Covid-19 symptoms range from mild to severe and appear between 2-14 days after exposure. The most common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle or body aches, loss of taste or smell, headache, nausea or vomiting and diarrhea. In more severe cases, it can cause pneumonia, ARDS, organ failure and even death. Covid-19 diagnosis is mainly done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - the gold standard of testing. Histologically, Covid-19 is responsible for many changes to the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver and GI tract. Symptoms lasting beyond the primary infection (“long-covid”) have shown to have a significant impact on an individual’s daily life. There are several factors that increase the risk of infection - individuals who are over 60 are at a higher risk versus younger individuals. Individuals with comorbidities, those who are immunocompromised, those who smoke, use alcohol, lack exercise or are unvaccinated have a higher risk of infection. Infected individuals with underlying health conditions can experience a host of complications such as mild to severe organ impairment (heart, liver, kidney, brain), diabetes, dementia, neurological, GI, hematological or muscular pain. The risk also increases for individuals who are lower on the socio-economic spectrum. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the use of vaccines, masks, social distancing, hygiene protocols, quarantine and isolation to reduce the transmission risk, prevent hospitalization, severe illness or death. The advent of highly efficacious vaccines using novel mRNA technology has seen the effects of the disease wane. Covid-19 infection rates are slowing and the pandemic is giving way to an endemic. However, one question remains - how well prepared are we for the next major outbreak?
The Strange Case of the Traveling Munchausen’s Earring: A Swallowed Foreign Body that Wasn’t
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (FDIA), formerly called Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, is a disorder characterized by the falsification of symptoms of illness and diagnostic testing by a perpetrator in another individual to satisfy a psychological need of the perpetrator. This case report describes the clinical course of a 14-month-old female who presented with a purported swallowed foreign body who was eventually found to be a victim of FDIA following multiple presentations to the emergency department and extensive diagnostic workup. This manuscript aims to shed light on the complexity and potential harm that FDIA can cause patients as well as the burden on the healthcare system and to discuss the challenges in diagnosing FDIA in pediatric patients.
Fungal Malignant Otitis Externa: About Two Cases
Malignant Otitis Externa (MOE) is a rare but serious infection of the external auditory canal that can extend to the skull base potentially leading to osteomyelitis and severe neurological complications. MOE occurs more frequently in older adults with diabetes mellitus and in immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV or cancer. The disease typically presents with symptoms such as severe otalgia, hearing loss, and purulent otorrhea. While MOE has traditionally been caused by bacterial infections, most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa there is an increasing incidence of fungal pathogens, which complicates both diagnosis and treatment. This condition is considered a medical emergency due to its potential for high morbidity and mortality, particularly when the infection involves cranial nerves or spreads to intracranial structures. Contributing factors to increased susceptibility in diabetic patients include poor tissue perfusion, immune dysfunction, and altered conditions within the external auditory canal.
Study of Pelvic Bone Characteristics in Young Female Wrestling Athletes
The article presents research data on characteristics of the formation and structure of the pelvic bone from a group of young women athletes engaged in wrestling. Also shows several features associated anatomical and morphological parameters, and a number of index values and their pathological changes. According to the results of the study highlighted the existing violations of the structure and functionality. The above analysis of the survey data, presented the conclusions. Aim of the Article: The aim of the work is to study changes in the formation and structure of the bony pelvis and the anatomical values and morphological indicators associated with it in young female athletes engaged in freestyle wrestling. Research Hypothesis: During the preparation for this study, its author put forward a working hypothesis that young female athletes who have been intensively and long-term involved in martial arts may have a number of anthropometric, pelvimetric, and morpho-functional changes, such as, in particular, an anatomically narrow pelvis, the first and possibly second degree of narrowing of the bony pelvis, and even other disorders such as maturation of the pelvic bones and, possibly, even pathological forms of the pelvis. Method and Materials of the Study: The following methods were used in this study: anthropometry, pelviometry, index method, interview method, and mathematical statistics method. For statistical processing of the obtained data, the applied software package “Statistika 7.0” was used, using Student’s t-test. Data corresponding to the accuracy level of p<0.05 were considered reliable. The study was conducted at the training and sports complex “Gart” in Novaya Kakhovka, Kherson region, Ukraine. The study involved 16 female athletes of puberty and adolescence. Age categories: schoolchildren - 1 (6.25%), cadets - 8 (50.0%), juniors - 10 (62.5%). The average age of the athletes (n=16) was 16.74±0.31 years. 12 (75.0%) have been practicing freestyle wrestling for 6-8 years, the remaining 4 have been practicing it for 3-5 years. The number of training sessions is up to 5-6 per week, their duration is from 2 to 4 hours. The girls have the following sports qualifications: MS – 1 (champion of Ukraine among juniors in the weight category up to 48 kg), CMS – 1 (champion of Ukraine among juniors in the weight category up to 53 kg), 1st category – for 14 young female athletes.
Advancements in Adenoid Removal: Evaluating the Efficacy and Outcomes of Endoscopic-Assisted Coblation Adenoidectomy
Background: With the goal of enhancing accuracy and results in pediatric patients, endoscopic-assisted coblation adenoidectomy is an innovative method for removing adenoid tissue. Though successful, traditional adenoidectomy methods may come with varying degrees of healing and complications after the procedure. Objective: The effectiveness, safety, and clinical results of endoscopically assisted coblation adenoidectomy are assessed in this study. Methods: We performed a prospective cohort study on patients undergoing coblation adenoidectomy with endoscopic assistance. Important parameters included length of surgery, problems during surgery, pain after surgery, time to recovery, and rates of adenoid regrowth. With an emphasis on both quantitative measurements and patient-reported outcomes, data were gathered from medical records and patient surveys. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in both intraoperative blood loss and operating time with the endoscopic-assisted coblation approach. Following surgery, patients reported less pain and a quicker return to their regular activities. The rates of complications, such as bleeding and infection, were quite low. The technique for radiofrequency ablation of adenoid tissue with a coblator is described in this publication. Creating a bloodless field, precisely removing tissue, and causing minimal harm to neighbouring tissues are its main benefits. Conclusion: An efficient and workable substitute for traditional adenoidectomy methods is endoscopic-assisted coblation adenoidectomy. It is a good alternative for both adult and pediatric patients because of its benefits, which include shorter operating times, less bleeding, and better recuperation after surgery. Additional extended research is necessary to validate these results and evaluate the longevity of the effects
The Interdisciplinary Approach to Orofacial Pain: Bridging Dentistry and Otolaryngology
Background: Orofacial pain encompasses a broad range of conditions involving neural, musculoskeletal, and inflammatory components. It often requires multidisciplinary collaboration due to the complex anatomical and physiological overlap between dentistry and otolaryngology. Objective: This article examines the interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of orofacial pain, highlighting the scientific basis for collaboration and technological advancements. Methods: A systematic review of literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases (2018-2024) was conducted to analyze the etiologies, diagnostic advancements, and management strategies for orofacial pain. Results: Orofacial pain is frequently misdiagnosed due to overlapping symptoms across dental and ENT domains. Interdisciplinary collaboration facilitates comprehensive evaluations, precise diagnostics, and personalized treatment protocols. Emerging technologies like AI and telemedicine are pivotal in advancing care. Conclusion: Integration of dentistry and otolaryngology is essential for the effective management of orofacial pain. Collaborative approaches improve patient outcomes, enhance diagnostic precision, and foster innovative research opportunities.
Factors Influencing Academic Performance: Insights from Nursing Students
This study provides an in-depth overview of the factors influencing academic performance and highlights the importance of developing effective study habits, as well as academic and family support, to improve student outcomes in higher education institutions. In this context, the term “study habit” encompasses a range of behaviors and strategies that students employ during the learning process, which contribute to achieving better academic results. The study was conducted with a sample of 781 students from “Aleksandër Xhuvani” University in Elbasan and aimed to identify the factors affecting academic performance, focusing primarily on study habits and methods. The main objectives of the project were: • Identifying learning habits and behaviors, • Evaluating the impact of study habits on academic performance, • Determining the relationship between study habits and methods, and • Analyzing the influence of familiar, academic, and individual factors on students’ academic performance. This analysis is developed across two main dimensions. First, it examines students’ perceptions of the impact of familiar, academic, and personal factors on their performance. Second, it further analyzes the purpose of evaluating academic performance influenced by the same factors, but this the study provides a dual-dimensional time not based on perception. Instead, it utilizes an approximation through a quantitative variable as an indicator of academic performance, such as the Grade Point Average (GPA). approach to understanding factors influencing academic performance at “Aleksandër Xhuvani” University. The perceptions of students in Chapter 3 align closely with the statistical findings in Chapter 4, reinforcing the vital role of familiar support in shaping academic outcomes. The emotional and financial support from parents positively influence the academic achievements. Also, the results of the study indicate that academic factors, particularly support from lecturers and the quality of teaching, have the most significant impact on students’ academic performance. There is also strong alignment between perceived and actual impacts of academic support on performance. This underscores the need for universities to prioritize academic resource availability and faculty engagement to improve student outcomes. While students perceive stress as a detriment to academic performance, the objective findings in chapter 4 suggest that some personal challenges might drive students to adapt and succeed. Stress management programs could help balance these effects. Socio-demographic factors play a nuanced role in academic success. The objective analysis in chapter 4 validates many of the perceived challenges, particularly the influence of living conditions and age. Perceptions of gender differences in Chapter 3 are partially validated by Chapter 4. Tailored academic and psychological support strategies might help address stress-related disparities among female students. Technology, although it can provide support for students, has a more limited impact compared to other factors. On the other hand, time management was identified as a key personal factor closely linked to academic performance.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies play a significant role and significantly impact various sectors, including healthcare, engineering, sciences, and smart cities. AI has the potential to improve the quality of patient care and treatment outcomes while minimizing the risk of human error. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the dental industry, just as it is revolutionizing other sectors. It is used in dentistry to diagnose dental diseases and provide treatment recommendations. Dental professionals are increasingly relying on AI technology to assist in diagnosis, clinical decision-making, treatment planning, and prognosis prediction across ten dental specialties. One of the most significant advantages of AI in dentistry is its ability to analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, providing dental professionals with valuable insights to enhance their decision-making processes. The purpose of this paper is to identify the advancement of artificial intelligence algorithms that have been frequently used in dentistry and assess how well they perform in terms of diagnosis, clinical decision-making, treatment, and prognosis prediction in ten dental specialties; dental public health, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine and pathology, oral & maxillofacial radiology, orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, prosthodontics, and digital dentistry in general.
Assessment for Quality of Life for Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Studying the quality of life (QoL) for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is crucial as it provides insights into their well-being, treatment effectiveness, and healthcare needs. Understanding factors affecting QoL can lead to improved patient care and interventions tailored to enhance their overall quality of life. Objective: To examine the QoL of patients with CKD in Saudi Arabia. Method: An online survey study was conducted between December 2023 and March 2024 to collect data from CKD patients. The survey was distributed through various social media websites, targeting individuals diagnosed with CKD. Participants were asked about their demographics, CKD diagnosis, treatment, and various aspects of their quality of life. The survey aimed to gather insights into the factors influencing QoL among CKD patients. Results: A total of 302 patients participated in this study. The majority of patients with CKD rated their life in general as “Good” (63.6%). Regarding enjoyment of life, most patients reported an “Average degree” (58.3%). The aspects of life with the highest negative impact on patients with CKD are daily activities (65.9%), work or study (60.9%), and psychological condition and balance (60.9%). Aspects that were more severely affected among patients with CKD are hypertension (27.2% severe), edema (20.9% severe), and shortness of breath (8.9% severe). Conclusion: The study highlights the significant impact of CKD on patients’ quality of life. Recommendations include tailored interventions to address the negative impact on daily activities, work or study, and psychological well-being. Healthcare providers should pay particular attention to managing hypertension, edema, and shortness of breath, which were identified as severely affecting patients.
Breast Cancer in Men: An Overview of General Features and Molecular Pathology
Breast cancer is often synonymous with women - but men get it as well. Male Breast Cancer (MBC) is a rare health condition which makes up approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. MBC is characterized by the development of uncontrolled malignant cells in the breast tissue. It occurs mostly in elderly men, 65-70 years old, but it can occur at a younger age also. MBC incident rates are higher in the United State and Europe as compared to Asian and African nations. In the United States however, African Americans are at higher risk as compared to the general population. The etiology and risk factors of MBC involve a complex multifactorial interplay of hormonal imbalance (eg. estrogen), family history, lifestyle, obesity and genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Signs and symptoms include a painless lump in the chest area, discharge or bleeding from the nipple and skin color changes in the nipple. The diagnosis of MBC is similar to Women’s Breast Cancer (WBC); which involves a combination of physical examination, mammogram, ultrasound and biopsy. The histology of MBC is similar as well - mostly being invasive ductal carcinoma with hormonal receptors (estrogen receptors being predominant). The treatment of MBC involves a combination of the removal of breast tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapies. These treatment protocols are given depending on the type, status and stage of the tumor. MBC can cause significant mortality and morbidity due to old age and late diagnosis. Its impact on the affected individual, their family and society is profound. A 5-year survival of MBC is approximately 85% but can vary significantly with diagnostic stage. Although rare, MBC requires awareness, early detection and diagnosis. Considerable advancements have yet to be made in research, clinical trials, early detection and treatment for improving outcomes.
Assessment of Mental Health, Post-COVID 19 Period, in the 15-24Age Group
Childhood is a vulnerable stage of life which emphasizes the importance of psychological interventions for children in crisis situations to prevent the development of mental health problems. The mental health problems that some authors have warned about may not be immediately apparent but may take time to unfold. This Study Aimed: to assess of mental health in the post-Covid 19 period in the 15-24 age group. Methods: This descriptive cohort study which identified mental health problems in the 15-24 age group. The study period was 1 year divided into quarters. Data were collected using a specific survey by specialists surveying 1084 students. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics. The Results Showed: a low level of parents (primary school); High level of parental unemployment (low economic level); 49% of individuals presented that they were almost never worried by the pandemic situation; in 39.1% of them they were very worried because they could not protect their relatives from infection; 34.1% of the interviewees were very concerned about the fact that our health system could not offer them a good service. Results: are reported using descriptive statistics with absolute counts and percentages. A chi-square test was used to establish associations between age- group with the fact that they could not protect their relatives from the virus, the good feeling when the vaccine against COVID-19 was discovered and approved, and the readiness to be vaccinated. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 statistical package. Conclusion: This study provides an overview of the impact mechanisms during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health along with a comprehensive overview of screening and prevention tools and interventions. We emphasize the necessary attention to children and adolescents and proactive action to develop comprehensive and credible program plans so that the mental health risks of COVID-19 to children and adolescents can be mitigated in a timely manner.
Treatment Responses of Pakistani Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Treated with Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy
Objective: To investigate the response of nasopharyngeal cancer patients to induction chemotherapy, followed by concurrent chemoradiation, in our patient population. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study Place and Duration: Institute of nucleal medicine and oncology Lahore (INMOL) and Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Rawalpindi over a period of 5 months (Between Aug 2023 to Dec 2023) on patients treated between January 2015 to Dec 2019 (5 years). Methodology: A total of 125 patients of proven nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were treated with 3 cycles of induction chemotherapy cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with weekly cisplatin to 70 Gy in 35 daily fractions over 7 weeks. Response was evaluated at 4-6 weeks of treatment completion by RECIST 1.1 criteria. Results: Male to female ratio was 3.46:1. Mean age of the patients was 37.3 years. Majority of the patients had stage III, IVA and IVB being 36.0%, 36.0% and 20.8% respectively. Grade III (n=79, 63.2%) was commonly observed grade. There was complete response (CR) in 51.2% while 30.4% showed partial response (PR). Stable and progressive disease was observed in 8.0% and 10.4% patients respectively. A CR of 100% in stage I, 57.1% in stage II, 82.2% in stage III and 46.7% in stage IV patients. Gender wise treatment response was 53.6% CR in males and 42.9% in females (p= 0.691). Conclusion: Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation has good response rates, and can be used as treatment of choice for definitive management of advanced nasopharyngeal cancer patients
Improvement of Patients with Long COVID 19
Introduction: The term “long-term Covid” is commonly used to describe signs and symptoms that persist or develop after acute Covid-19. Recovery time for these patients may vary depending on other comorbidities and the severity of the disease, severely ill patients are more likely to have a longer course than those with mild or moderate disease. Objective: The purpose of the study is the management of patients with post-Covid-19 complications, with the aim of early treatment of these complications, so that patients can return to their previous lives. Materials and Methods: This is an observational study. Data were collected from the medical records of 60 patients hospitalized in “Shefqet Ndroqi” hospital, Tirana, in the internal pathology ward, where post-Covid 19 patients are treated, were reviewed. Their demographic, clinical, physiological, laboratory and imaging data were collected. These patients were followed in the period, March 2022-June 2022. Results: From the 60 patients who were clinically followed for 10 weeks, it was found that at the end of the 10th week, 25.6% of the patients had a significant improvement, 64% of the patients had a slight improvement, and 10.4% of these patients had no improvement. no improvement, compared to their previous condition. Conclusion: The elderly and those with severe symptoms during the acute phase are at greater risk of moderate and severe sequelae, which require multidisciplinary management, according to the patient’s condition.
Cervical Adenopathy in Children: A Rational use of Investigations/Resources
It is not unusual to see a child with enlarged neck nodes and such nodes are very common in otherwise normal children. While the majority are benign and self-limiting (in acute enlargement) there is often a lingering concern that this a symptom of an underlying serious condition and that referral, investigation and perhaps biopsy or FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology) are warranted. This is especially the case when parental anxiety cannot be assuaged or there is worry over litigation. This paper aims to present a rational management plan for a child with cervical adenopathy and to suggest guidelines as to when to observe, when to investigate and or to refer such patients. It is useful to have a systematic and structured approach to this common problem, not only to provide diagnostic accuracy but also to recognize certain red flags that should prompt investigation, treatment and referral. In so doing this paper hopes to encourage rational use of resources in this clinical setting.