Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Physics & Optics Sciences. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/physics-optics-sciences-jpsos/user/register or can send through an E-mail with attachment to physics@onlinescientificresearch.info 2.02 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 63% Acceptance
Why I Think the Ideas I develop contain New Ideas that are Worthy of Being Noted Nobel Prize
Based on the analysis of the idea and the results obtained in my work, the following conclusions were drawn. It seems that the results I was able to obtain in my work in potentially contains highly valuable results, results that fully deserve to be recognized and nominated for a Nobel Prize.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
What is light, how did that come to be? What I mean is illumination for us to have illumination, to see things. Mere movements themselves cannot be light. It’s a mystery yes just as the color of things is a mystery since both of these come to us as mere movements. And so how do these simple movements turn into light as well as sound and color? That is what this essay is about.
The topic in this article is by revelation, not by discovery, for if any man can discover gravity for what it is, he will be the death of the human race. So, the Almighty Creator has promised us by Jeremiah 31:37. What audacity of man to think he could discover it.
Relativistic Mechanisms for Entropy Reversal
This paper argues for a Relativistic light speed limit to escape velocity and a process that will transform higher elements into H1. It proposes a Relativistic process that will free energy to decay all Periodic Table Elements into single a Proton and Electron – Hydrogen-1. The relativistic slowdown will mean that Structural energies that maintain the stability of Atoms and Molecules will slow and lose mass. That energy would be absorbed by the matter particles. So, both the mass of matter particles and their Kinetic energy would increase. This process would show how Matter and Energy could reunite and reverse an aspect of entropy.
The majority of building collapse incidents that occurred between 2021 and 2025 took place in the hottest months of the year (summer), particularly in the world's hottest regions. This indicates that the primary cause of the collapse is variations in the volumetric expansion rates of the materials that make up the building's structure. For instance, although not exactly the same, the volumetric expansion of concrete is getting close to that of the steel utilised for reinforcement. As a result, in huge buildings that use a lot of steel and concrete, the rates of expansion of the two materials differ greatly, particularly when temperatures are high. Because concrete is brittle and lacks ductility, this causes steel to expand more quickly than concrete, resulting in cracks in the concrete's microstructure that ultimately cause the building to collapse. Meanwhile, because temperature has a significant impact on chemical reactions, the rate at which water escapes from the concrete composition increases at high temperatures. This causes the concrete to become brittle, shrink excessively, and lose its original qualities. Purpose: Determine the causes of building collapses and take action to stop them. Method: Gathering information on building collapse accidents, including dates and circumstances, and examining the physical characteristics of building materials to find elements that contribute to a building's longevity. Results: Since it is now evident that global warming significantly affects building safety, building designs should incorporate the need for these emergency developments brought on by exposure to hot solar radiation. Thermal insulators are one of the key components of the basic design of buildings to lessen the effects of heat transfer from the parts that are exposed to the sun on the rest of the building, as well as to prevent the disparities in the rates of expansion of the external and internal parts of the buildings.
Determination of the Photoelectric Properties for Ammonia Concentrations using USB-2000 Spectrometer
Ammonia is an essential chemical raw material and it can be used as raw material and solutions for synthetic numerous organic compounds. Five samples of ammonia solutions were prepared in different concentrations (200, 150, 100, 50 and 7.5 mg/L), the solutions were subjected to spectrometer absorbance and transmission for wavelength between (340-540 nm) to determine the photoelectric properties of the ammonia solutions. The results showed that rapid increase of the absorption at 466 nm, compatible with the increase of photon energy, the effects of concentration on absorbance value increased with concentration decrease of absorbance values. rapid decrease in low energies and sudden decrease in special energies and it continuous with decrease at 466 nm, concentration increase refers to the decrease in transparent value. rapid increase in reflection values. The absorption coefficient (α) for all samples were found in the visible region, variation at the (K) values obtained in the visible region, meanwhile, the variation of (n) vs (λ) is revealed maximum value of (n) is (1.0022) for all samples at the same wavelength. the values of (Eg) obtained were 200 mg/L = 2.4996 eV, 150 mg/L = 2.4956 eV, 100 mg/L = 2.4929 eV, 50 mg/L = 2.4916 eV and 7.5 mg/L= 2.4902 eV. The value of (Eg) was decreased from (2.4996) eV to (2.4902) eV. The decreasing of (Eg) related to decrease in concentration.
New Deeper Mysteries of Double Slit Experiments: Novel Optical Experiments Demanding New Theoretical Interpretation
We show the following: the characteristics of the interference patterns of the optics slit experiments: (1). depend on whether the slits are parallel; (2) depend on whether the slits are straight lines or curves; (3) independent on whether there are missing segments at the intersection of, for example, cross-double-slit. The complete interpretation is a challenge and will motivate further development of optics.
Electromagnetic Waves Traveling on a Line of Force and Gravitational Force Waves Traveling along a Line of Force
This paper proposes, based on Maxwell's equations and the fundamental fields of the electric flux density vector D [As/m²] and magnetic flux density vector B [Vs/m²] in SI units, that the vector product of D and B can be defined as a quadrupled density q(h), which is equivalent to the electromagnetic impulse density ρ(I). These quantities are mathematically equivalent in unit analysis: Under the condition that the unidimensional terms satisfy an exact differential equation, and assuming that the derivative of q(h)equals that of ρ(I), the unidimensional Maxwell’s equations (based on permittivity εand permeability μin vacuum) can theoretically establish relationships among energy density ρ(E), impulse density ρ(I), and mass density ρ(m). These are expressed as: where b is the speed of wave beam with mass in itself, different from the conventional speed of the light c that is regarded a photon as a particle with no mass, equals the inverse of electromagnetic constant product of permittivity ε and permeability μ, εb=1/μb, εμb2=1. These relations correspond to Einstein’s mass–energy equation. Furthermore, integrating ρ(I)over an infinitesimal volume dV and spatial element dz leads to an electromagnetic indeterminacy, expressed as the Planck constant wave: where dV represents electromagnetic momentum. This expression corresponds to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Coexistence of Transverse and Longitudinal Electromagnetic Waves
Determining the Mass of the Cosmos from the Mass of the Earth Using Flow Laws and Universal Gravitation, Based on the Dualistic Model of Dynamic and Static Earth
Based on the dualistic model of Earth moving with the expanding universe and considered static at the same time, the total mass of the universe can be determined using the flow laws and Newton's law of universal gravitation. A concentric sphere can be drawn in three dimensions around the Earth moving in the opposite direction compared to the receding galaxies. A tubular geometric shape can be fitted into this sphere in all directions from the center to the periphery. By increasing the radius of the tube of radius h expressed from the Einstein formula to the size of the radius of the universe (i.e. H), a continuous, axisymmetric cylinder can be formed. The speed according to Hubble's law, at a redshift of 3.14, is equal to the speed of light in a volume of radius h. Maintaining, this speed with respect to the universe, we can study the changes in the parameters of the cosmos through the flow laws of matter moving in one direction in a tube of varying cross-section. This approach, together with the application of gravitational attraction, can lead to the determination of the mass of the universe.
Relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell Simulations of the Seed Pulse Amplification in Plasmas by Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Backscattering
We apply a Eulerian Vlasov code for the numerical solution of the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell equations to study the problem of the amplification of an ultra-short seed pulse via stimulated Raman or Brillouin backscattering from a long pump pulse, assumed to have an envelope with a constant amplitude, in plasmas. An analysis of the spectra of waves which participate in the amplification processes is presented, calculated by the numerical code, showing good agreement with the available predicted theoretical values. The evolution showing the pump depletion, accompanied by the counter-propagating seed-pulse amplification, compression and increased steepness of the waveform is also presented, and accurate contour plots of the distribution functions. In recent numerical simulations, it has also been shown that besides the stimulated Raman backscattering SRBS and the stimulated Brillouin backscattering SBBS, other high and low frequency kinetic instabilities can occur when evolving modes develop in the modified distribution functions during the evolution of the system. We study the wave effects of these kinetic instabilities on the stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering short pulses amplification processes. The absence of spurious noise in grid based Eulerian Vlasov codes allows to follow the evolution of the system with a fully kinetic description and accurate representation of the phase-space structures coexisting and interacting in the electron distribution function. We present results which compare favourably with what can be obtained from particle-in-cell (PIC) codes.
Speed of Light: Trans Dimensional Unified Field Theory
TDUFT is a language of Physics: Geometry is additive and wave is multiplicative; coming together at 1 (unity or particle) and 0 (separation). Phi is Velocity and Psi is time. All elements of the equation are operators, including + and – to all symbols. The negative is not as traditionally viewed and the operator can be moved around. Geometric dimensions are the whole numbers. The dimension ladder is by powers. The speed of light equation combines both geometry and wave. When phi and psi are used together, they represent the proportionality the exists. But phi can represent longitudinal and transverse waves whose numbers would exhibit the same proportion. From dimension 2 we move to adding 1 or dimension 3 by vibration or elastic collision. Lattice points on the ether are photons. The Higgs is the photon, where being a transition particle, mass emerges through motion in the 3rd dimension. After the number 3 is reached we subtract infante harmonic attenuation or entropy to get the exact speed of light number. The TDUFT ladder is infinite. The universe is an infinite fractal; there is no center. Dimensions are infinite conjugates, velocity and time. Properties are merely functions of VT combinations or products. The equation shows geometries from 2-3 and wave mechanics to dimension 8 and then entropy to infinity. No dark matter here, only infinite dimensional recursion, infinite dimensions. This extends to the atom, 1 particle per shell with sub-particles, at center 30% thereabouts empty shells to infinity or entropic infinite harmonic attenuation, squaring velocity and square root time shell to shell. And this system extends to the cosmos and planets. Th ether is a multi-dimensional lattice with lattice nodes.
In this article, we will demonstrate and verify that it is not possible to obtain antinuclei in general. Only antiparticles such as the antineutron and antiproton can be formed, and with these, only three antinuclei can be obtained. Therefore, according to Aspin Bubbles, the existence of antimatter in our universe is not possible. The present experimentation corroborates this fact, since to date only hydrogen antinuclei have been obtained.
Mathematical Model of the Meeting of Chronowaves
This paper describes a mathematical model for the encounter of a forward and backward chronowave. The proofs are based on the wave parts of dual equations derived by the author and presented in [1]. The underlying idea is to conceptualize time as two flows, each described by a forward and backward time vector. In our universe, time moves in one direction, from the past, through the present, to the future. However, the laws of physics do not change even when time flows backward. Therefore, it is logical to assume that the forward and backward directions of time can be reversed. Then, the forward direction should meet the backward direction. As a result of this encounter, an inversion of both directions of time should occur. Time that was forward becomes backward after the inversion. Conversely, backward time becomes forward after the inversion. The described process is very reminiscent of wave motion. Therefore, the author proposes considering two one-dimensional time flows as forward and backward chronowaves.
The Stacked Ring Shell Structure of Atomic Nuclei
This article proposes a stacked ring shell model that can represent the structure of atomic nuclei, and provides the nuclear structure arrangements of 349 isotopes of 112 elements in the periodic table.
Physical Process Defining the Properties of Cavity Structures with Taking into Account the Properties of Physical Vacuum
The aim of this article is to prove that energy properties of cavity structures (impact on technical devices, biological systems, other cavity structures) is carried out by spin supercurrent. The spin supercurrent arises between spins of virtual photons (spin vortices) created by quantum objects constituting a cavity structure. The concept of virtual photons was developed by a Nobel Prize Winner R. Feynman in 1949; one of the properties of virtual photons is their ability to interact with each other by spin supercurrent. A significant feature of a cavity structure is the conservation of properties of a cavity structure for several hours or even days after removing it from any area of the physical vacuum. This phenomenon is explained by the properties of physical vacuum. According to a study by Planck, Einstein and Stern, a physical vacuum free from magnetic and electric fields (without regard to gravitational energy) should be defined not as an empty space but as a state of a field that consists of some oscillators with “zero-point energy” called in this work as quantum oscillators. The quantum oscillators have precessing spins and spin supercurrent may arise between their spins, and by such way to determine “residual effect” of cavity structures.
Natural Philosophy of Photons: On the Nature of Electromagnetic Waves and Photonic Information
This paper reviews humanity’s understanding of the photon, the evolution of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics (QED), and analyzes their physical interpretations and philosophical implications. It seeks to elucidate the true nature of the photon by examining the possibility of hidden variables in the double-slit experiment. The wave-particle duality of the photon, as posited by quantum mechanics, appears to me to be less than entirely convincing. By designing a thought experiment involving a photon double-slit setup, I aim to refute the notion that photons generate Coherence, or so-called wave-function superposition, within the light field between the slits and the screen. This endeavour aims to demonstrate the pure particle nature of photons. Furthermore, by examining the wavelength of electromagnetic waves, this paper explores the intrinsic relationship between electromagnetic waves and photons, positing that electromagnetic waves are fundamentally pure particle-waves. Analysis of QED elucidates the potential influence of photon momentum on photon interactions, an effect that may profoundly impact quantum information transmission. To comprehensively describe the mathematical model of photon queues, this paper introduces the concept of a photon train. This metaphor likens photons travelling through space to a train in motion. The distance between carriages is denoted by (d), representing the wavelength of the photon。 Within the “particle train” model of the photon queue, the wavelength λ is defined as the distance d between adjacent photons. This yields a structural equivalence between wavelength λ and photon spacing The longer the wavelength (smaller f), the greater the distance d between photons (corresponding to radio waves, where photons are “sparsely” dispersed). The shorter the wavelength (larger f), the closer the distance d between photons (corresponding to X-rays or γ-rays, where photons are “focused”). f represents the frequency of light. In standard physics, frequencyf is typically defined as the number of oscillations of an electromagnetic field per unit time, expressed by the relationship: E=hf . This is directly linked to the energy of a photon. However, although mathematically and experimentally complete, this definition obscures the intuitive informational structure of frequency. In this paper, we introduce a longitudinally structured interpretation: viewing frequency as the manifestation of “front-to-back density” or “longitudinal spacing” of light quanta along their propagation direction. This understanding does not replace the standard physical definition but operates in parallel to reveal frequency’s deeper significance in energy transmission and information organization. For simplicity, we denote this approach as the “photon queue/longitudinal serialization (PQ/LS) model”. PQ/LS denotes the theoretical framework of the photon queue model. A thought experiment on the conversion rate of quantum information into biological information reveals that, under identical light intensity (equivalent total energy input), the response of living systems is not solely determined by the I, but strongly depends on the spatial arrangement of the photon queue (where λ approximates the inter-photon distance).Bacterial-level matching of visible-light queues achieves the highest information-transmission efficiency (maximum mutual information and signal-to-noise ratio), thereby enabling dual optimization of energy utilization and rhythmic synchronization. This constitutes the core prediction of the model (PQ/LS): frequency (queue spacing), rather than total power (I) alone, determines the conversion efficiency of quantum information into biological information. The paper explores the non-wave-particle duality of photons through double-slit experiments and double-slit observer experiments. The essence of photons is purely particle-like. The thought experiment of the photon double-slit is pivotal in demonstrating that photons, like other particles such as electrons, atoms, and macromolecules, are purely particle-like. In space, photons can interfere with each other’s paths based on their momentum. This can simultaneously alter the trajectory and even the velocity of photons. That is, a photon beam with higher momentum may carry a portion with lower momentum, allowing it to propagate over vast distances. The wavelength of a light wave is fundamentally the distance between consecutive photons as they propagate through space. The longer the wavelength of a light wave, the greater the distance between successive photons, causing them to diverge more widely in space, as observed with radio waves. Conversely, shorter wavelengths result in closer distances between photons, leading to denser emission and highly directional propagation, exemplified by gamma rays. Photons within the visible-light spectrum may occasionally transmit information that carries specific content. This information, conveyed through light quanta, can propagate over distances ranging from several metres to thousands of kilometres. The essence of light quanta: particle queues (PQ/LS) and the profound meaning of frequency: light is fundamentally a sequence of light quanta (photons) advancing in spatial order. Regardless of whether the propagation path is straight or curved, the propagation maintains this queued formation, akin to a continuous jet of water. Within this model (PQ/LS), the wavelength λ of light observed macroscopically fundamentally represents the average distance between successive light quanta. The frequency f (or ν) is inversely proportional to this distance: the closer two light quanta are, the higher the frequency f; the greater the distance, the lower the frequency f. It can be expressed through the classical wave velocity formula: c=fλ. Within the visible spectrum, λ≈0.5×10-⁶ metres (500 nanometres). Remarkably, this distance corresponds precisely to the typical dimensions of bacteria (approximately 0.5–5 micrometres). The evolutionary tree of life takes bacteria as its root, while the wavelength of visible light—the fundamental scale for human vision and quantum information interaction—aligns exactly with this root-level dimension. As the product of billions of years of bacterial evolution, our human perception, communication, and even consciousness may possess an intrinsic connection to this “bacterial-scale” queue distance of light quanta. Philosophically, this unification reveals a grander picture: the frequency-distance relationship of the light quantum queue (PQ/LS) not only As an information carrier, light transforms energy (E = hf) into biological signals, genetic expression, and even the emergence of consciousness—from photons stimulating retinal cells to potential quantum biological processes (such as quantum coherence in photosynthesis or brain microtubules), light weaves an information network between the microscopic and macroscopic realms. Bacterial circadian rhythms, particularly the KaiABC system in cyanobacteria, function as living fossils: they document how visible light quantum queues (PQ/LS) were transformed into ordered biological information programmes during life’s earliest stages. This experimental finding not only validates the functional significance of scale consistency but illuminates the earliest step in the evolutionary path from light to meaning—within the unicellular world, light ceased to be mere energy, becoming instead the language of time and the rhythm of information. The relatively poor correlation between archaea and most bacteria in circadian rhythms and responses to visible light, from another perspective, suggests that archaea and bacteria did not originate on Earth but rather within protoplanetary discs or planetesimals. These archaea and bacteria can survive in the harshest natural environments, unaffected by Earth’s 24-hour circadian rhythms or visible light. It further substantiates my published theory that life did not originate on Earth. From the bacterial scale to the scale of consciousness: information density remains operative. Within the Photon Quantum Queue Model (PQ/LS), the wavelength of visible light (~0.5 μm interphoton spacing) aligns remarkably with the bacterial scale, suggesting that the informational “foundation” of life’s origin is set by the interphoton spacing. As we ascend from single-celled bacteria (scale 0.5–5 μm) to multicellular organisms, nervous systems, and ultimately human consciousness (neuronal scale ~10–100 μm, brain as a whole ~0.1 m), a central question emerges: does this information density, originating from the photon quantum distance, continue to operate at higher scales, bridging microscopic origins with macroscopic awareness? From bacteria to conscious scales: Implications of information density for SETI and the search for extraterrestrial life. An intuitive interpretation of light’s nature: Mainstream quantum electrodynamics (QED) views photons as quantum field excitations, where wavelength λ represents the phase oscillation scale associated with a single photon, not the physical distance between multiple photons. This theory deliberately adopts a semi-classical “particle queue” image, directly correlating λ with the average distance between adjacent photons. While not strictly valid in weak-light or single-photon experiments, the theory challenges the orthodoxy that “wavelength is solely a property of individual photons.” The theory’s stance can be summarized as one of maximizing continuity and wholeness within strict scientific boundaries. Our challenge lies in rejecting the compartmentalization of the quantum realm, the origins of life, the evolution of consciousness, and cosmic habitability into isolated modules, and instead insisting on information density as the unifying thread. QED posits that Coherence arises from the superposition of electromagnetic fields, not photon-photon interactions. However, this paper contends that QED’s theory is flawed. We propose that interference stems from interactions between light quanta. Such interactions not only explain the outcomes of the double-slit and double-slit observer experiments but also reveal the intrinsic nature of light’s quantum information transmission. Spatial interactions between photon beams: This paper posits that higher-momentum photon beams partially alter the spatial trajectories—and even the velocities—of lower-momentum beams. This constitutes one of the core tenets of this work. Specifically, when a high-momentum photon beam influences a lowmomentum counterpart, some of the latter’s photons exhibit a momentary “hesitation” before deciding whether to follow the high-momentum beam’s path (E = PC = hf). Here, we assume the speed of light C and Planck’s constant h are constants (though in reality, the speed of light C may not necessarily be a constant – an issue I shall address in future articles). Under these conditions, the energy of light is determined by its momentum and the frequency of the photon. The factor that plays the substantive role is, in fact, the frequency f. This conclusion appears to differ little in essence from QED. The higher the frequency f of a photon, the closer the spatial interval d between preceding and succeeding photons. High-energy photons, determined by their frequency f, possess greater momentum. When encountering lower-energy (E), lower-frequency (f), and thus lower-momentum (P) photons in space, they exert influence upon the trajectory of these lower-momentum photons. That is, high-energy photons exert a spatial influence on the trajectory of low-energy photons. (This includes, but is not limited to, causing some low-energy photons to follow the path of high-energy photons, thereby altering their motion trajectories.) The above conclusion differs fundamentally from QED theory. The Photon Queue Model (PQ/LS) integrates photons with information and life information. Here, we must further substantiate the validity of this theory (PQ/LS) and highlight the deficiencies of QED, thereby laying the groundwork for the subsequent chapter on photon information transmission. The issue highlighted by PQ/LS is not computational error within QED, but rather that QED has, from its inception, abandoned consideration of the “longitudinal structural problem of light propagation”. We can state unequivocally: QED lacks a “longitudinal information structure of light”; frequency = the energy label of a single photon; it does not address “the arrangement of photons along the propagation direction”; nor does it discuss “the temporal density between preceding and succeeding photons”. The QED photon is composed of discrete events, probability amplitudes, and statistical aggregates. It is not: an object possessing an intrinsic sequential structure along its propagation direction. The core innovation of the “Photonic Quantum Queue Model” (PQ/LS) lies not in metaphor, but in structure. The key proposition of PQ/LS is not that “photons are small spheres”, but that light possesses a “longitudinal sequential structure” along its propagation direction. Light is not a “simultaneously existing cluster of photons,” but rather a sequence of light quanta continuously generated/manifested along the propagation direction. This directly introduces a quantity not previously introduced in QED: d”photon” (longitudinal emergence spacing, structural density). Why do photons necessarily interact in the PQ/LS model? Within the PQ/LS framework, this is not an “additional assumption” but an inevitable inference. The pivotal logical chain is that light quanta are not isolated; they form sequences along the propagation direction. These sequences exhibit density variations (frequency differences). When sequences of differing densities encounter each other spatially, higher-density sequences yield greater structural stability, while lower-density sequences yield lesser stability. Consequently, high-frequency (high-momentum) light quantum queues will bias the paths of low-frequency (low-momentum) light quantum queues. Why does the PQ/LS model provide a natural explanation for the double-slit experiment and its observer problem? Within the PQ/LS framework, the double-slit does not arise from photons coherence with themselves (as in QED). Instead, it stems from the formation of stable/unstable longitudinal alignment regions of photon queues within space. When introducing “path information”, the measuring apparatus does not act as an abstract projection. Rather, it introduces new photon sequences or structural perturbations that disrupt the original longitudinal order. The disappearance of Coherence equates to the disruption of structural order, not a “conscious collapse”. Why is the PQ/LS model more viable for “photon information transmission”? In QED, the concept of information is quantified by statistical correlations in measurement outcomes. In the PQ/LS model, information equates to the structural state of photon sequences. It yields three decisive advantages: information is “physically” present in longitudinal spacing; it resides in sequence stability; it exists within path bias. Information can be “transmitted”; high-frequency beams alter the path probability of low-frequency beams; direct absorption/scattering is unnecessary; it permits “non-destructive information influence”; information possesses directionality and hierarchy; higher momentum influences lower momentum; high structural density dominates low-density structures. QED stands as an extraordinarily successful ‘lateral statistical theory’, yet it never established the ‘longitudinal structural physics of light propagation’. The Photon-Queue/Longitudinal Serialization (PQ/LS) model, however, unifies ‘frequency-momentum-information-path bias’ within a longitudinal causal framework for the first time. This constitutes not a ‘patch’ to QED, but rather the completion of a layer of structural reality deliberately avoided beneath QED. The Photon-Queue Model (PQ/LS) constitutes a distinct family of thought experiments clearly distinguishable from QED. These experiments require: a clear experimental structure; quantifiable, testable predictions of differences; estimable scales for effect magnitude; and a focus not on the long-standing issue of “light-light scattering” but on the longitudinal structure-path bias effect proposed within PQ/LS. The Photon-Queue Model (PQ/LS) demonstrates that light’s information resides not only in transverse field states but also in longitudinal structures along its propagation direction – namely, the photon queue as an information structure. The physical definition of information, as established in this chapter, is structural differences that can be preserved, transferred, and that influence dynamical outcomes during propagation. Within the Photon-Queue Model (PQ/LS), this structural difference manifests as longitudinal spacing distribution, serialization stability, and structural density gradient. Consequently, information is independent of observation or encoding schemes. The true mathematical formulation of the Photon-Queue/Longitudinal Serialization (PQ/LS) model has three objectives: to provide clear dynamical variables (not metaphors); to formulate the minimal expression for the “photon-photon interaction term” (which does not exist in QED); and to derive directly from the equations an observable: the angular shift Δθ. QED is not “disproved” by experiments or computations, but is constrained by its own modelling premises within a theoretical space that excludes variables from the PQ/LS model. Thus, QED’s “silence” regarding the Photon Queue Model (PQ/LS) constitutes not negation but inexpressibility. The Photon Queue Model (PQ/LS) introduces a degree of freedom explicitly absent in standard quantum electrodynamics (QED): the longitudinal structural freedom (LSDF) of light along its propagation direction. Its degree of freedom is characterized by the spatiotemporal spacing of photon events along the propagation direction and their statistical distribution. Discussion of the Physical Origin of the Photon Queue Longitudinal Structural Freedom (LSDF) Within this theoretical framework, the core feature of the photon queue is its longitudinal structural freedom (LSDF) along the propagation direction—namely, the ordered sequential arrangement defined by the queue density ρ=f/c and phase ϕ. This longitudinal structural degree of freedom (LSDF) is not a mere appendage of classical electromagnetic waves, but rather one of the most fundamental degrees of freedom inherent in the quantum nature of light. This chapter rigorously explores the physical origins of this degree of freedom, revealing its inevitability and uniqueness from multiple perspectives encompassing quantum field theory, relativity, and information physics. The longitudinal structural degree of freedom (LSDF) of the light quantum queue originates from: the relativistic light cone constraint arising from the masslessness of photons; the regular structure of gauge field quantization in travelling wave modes; and the physical necessity of stable transmission of quantum information in vacuum. It is not an accessory property of light, but the most direct manifestation of light’s quantum nature along the propagation direction. High frequencies correspond to high-density queues, signifying not merely high energy but also denser information structures. Within the vacuum, the longitudinal structure of the photonic quantum queue is the sole degree of freedom capable of maintaining absolute stability over infinite distances. Lateral modes disperse due to diffraction, whereas polarization can be decohered by the environment; the longitudinal queue density and phase are strictly conserved in non-absorbing media. Therefore, from the perspective of optimal information transmission, the longitudinal structural degrees of freedom (LSDF) of photonic quantum queues must be elevated to the primary information carrier—this constitutes the fundamental physical basis for light’s role as the most efficient information transmission medium in the cosmos. Physical Significance of Longitudinal Structure—A Theoretical Self-Consistency Analysis Based on the Photonic Quantum Queue Model (PQ/LS). Should the longitudinal structure of light carry no independent physical information, any discussion concerning structural entropy, structural entanglement, or structural information transfer would be fundamentally undefined. Yet within the Photonic Quantum Queue model (PQ/LS), these quantities are not only definable but constitute a closed, self-consistent system of information dynamics. Longitudinal structure provides a class of physical information channels in quantum optics theory that are independent of field amplitudes. The existence of this structure is not a product of mathematical formalism but a substantive feature with profound physical significance. Quantum entanglement has long been regarded as one of the most counterintuitive phenomena in quantum mechanics. Traditional theoretical frameworks describe entangled states as non-separable quantum states of many-body systems, attributing correlations during measurement to so-called “superluminal effects”. However, this description harbours profound conceptual difficulties, implying that information is attached to individual particles and that measurement triggers instantaneous non-local effects. This paper proposes a novel theoretical perspective based on the photon-queue model, fundamentally reconstructing our understanding of the essence of entanglement. Traditional quantum mechanics views entanglement as a nonlocal correlation, emphasizing its “uselessness” for information transmission—namely, that entanglement itself cannot be used for superluminal communication. Yet this perspective overlooks another form of information: structural information. Quantum entanglement itself does not enable controllable information transmission; conversely, the photon-queue (longitudinal serialization), as a structural degree of freedom in propagation, can, in principle, be associated with specific information transmission. Quantum entanglement correlates “rules of association” (probability distributions), whereas the longitudinal structure of photon queues correlates “sequences of events” causal/temporal patterns). The latter indeed provides a potential channel for transmitting specific information, such as causal relationships or sequential signals. This “train derailment” analogy can be systematically constructed into a theoretical model with testable physical implications. Core thesis: Quantum entanglement indicates that information is not attached to individual photons but resides within the correlated structure of the entire photonic queue. The photonic queue transcends the single-photon paradigm. The physical significance of queue structure: In standard quantum optics, light fields are typically described as superpositions of transverse modes. Yet light propagation inherently possesses longitudinal sequential characteristics: photons do not exist in isolation, but form queues in temporal sequences; the longitudinal structure of the queue carries structural degrees of freedom independent of field amplitudes; these structural degrees of freedom can encode information, thereby forming irreducible physical channels. The irreducibility of the longitudinal structure provides another class of physical information channels independent of field amplitudes. If the longitudinal structure were entirely devoid of physical significance, it would be impossible to define structural entropy during propagation; it would be impossible to discuss structural entanglement; it would be impossible to discuss structural information transfer. The information-theoretic interpretation of measurement, from entanglement to entropy increase, posits that measurement does not “trigger non-local interactions”. The standard interpretation holds that measuring one particle in an entangled pair “instantly” affects the state of the other particle. This description readily leads to misunderstandings about non-locality. The structural information perspective argues that measurement does not trigger non-local interactions; rather, it forces the information structure to be distributed between the local system and its environment, thereby irreversibly increasing entropy. Localized Entropy Increase Effect: In the photonic quantum queue framework, the total information of an entangled state resides in the queue’s correlated structure. Measurement disrupts this global structure, “compressing” information into localized degrees of freedom. Owing to the conservation of information, this process necessarily entails an increase in entropy within environmental degrees of freedom. The location of this entropy increase depends on the queue structure’s points of fragility, not the measurement point itself. Much like a train derailing at its rear, localized entropy increase does not necessarily occur at the “measured” photon but at the point within the queue where structural interference is weakest or coupling to the environment is strongest. The minimal effective Hamiltonian represents a crucial step in transforming PQ/LS from “an intriguing concept” into “a rigorous scientific theory”. It provides a preliminary yet rigorous theoretical framework and experimental roadmap for exploring humanity’s most profound mysteries of connection—from telepathy to collective intelligence. It reveals that, if minds can indeed be perceived, it is not by magic but through novel physical interactions based on quantum structural resonance. The rules governing these interactions are encoded within this seemingly simple Hamiltonian.
Thought Experiment of the Double Slit Experiment
Relationship between Photon Spacing and Electromagnetic Wave Wavelength
Influence of Photon Momentum on Photon Beam Motion
Photon Queue/ Longitudinal Structure Model (PQ/LS)
Longitudinal Structural Degree of Freedom(LSDF) of Photonic Queue
Equivalence of Wavelengthλ and Photon Spacingd
Comparison between quantum electrodynamics (QED) and PQ/LS
longitudinal structure of photonic queues Local entropy increase effect
longitudinal structure of photonic queues
Addendum #2 to “Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things”
The purpose of this paper is to integrate several of the concepts presented in my 2016 Book titled, “Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things” with other concepts presented in my 2026 paper that was published last month in the Physics & Optics Sciences Journal, titled “Addendum to Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things”, and then along with new concepts recently developed in the last few months. These new concepts are developed by integrating the method for calculating the Proton Mass Ratio and Neutron Mass Ratio presented in my 2016 book, with the method for calculating the Classic Electron Radius presented in the above referenced 2026 paper. Both concepts are based on developing a geometric and numerical progression for determining various particle parameters. The integration of these two concepts is accomplished by reversing the mass calculations presented in my 2016 book, by starting at Planck’s Length and then calculating upward toward the size of visible light, instead of starting at visible light and calculating downward toward Planck’s Length. Also, the 2026 addendum paper is expanded beyond the Classic Electron Radius, and further upward to the size of visible light. The two combined charts then produce a more complete understanding of waves and particles, including photons, X-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays, proton mass ratio and neutron mass ratio, and resolves the various arguments for electrons and point electron radii. Furthermore, both Proton Mass Radius and Neutron Mass Radius sizes are also defined, and therefore can be structurally calculated.
Security in Multi-Controller Software-Defined Networks: Present Trends and Future
In the digital age, the networking field has undergone a marvelous transformation in various aspects. The fundamental networks struggle to build diverse, novel hardware-centric architectures to meet increasing demands such as network agility, flexibility, security, and efficiency. As the network applications become more dynamic, rapidly adaptable network infrastructure is essential to respond to the dynamiclarge-scale environments quickly. This ground breaking solution, Software Defined Networking (SDN), is increasing due to the decoupling nature of data and control planes. A Multi Controller Software Defined Network (MC-SDN) is a revolutionary concept comprising multiple controllers and switches separated using programmable features, enhancing network availability, management, scalability, and performance. The MC-SDN is a potential choice for managing large, heterogeneous, complex industrial networks. Despite the rich operational flexibility of MC-SDN, it is imperative to protect the network deployment with proper protection against potential vulnerabilities that lead to misuse and maliciou sactivities on the MC-SDNstructure. The security holes in the MC-SDN structure significantly impact network surviv ability and performance efficiency. Hence, detecting MC-SDN security attacks is crucial to improving network performance. Accordingly, introduces and illustrates the key developments in the MC-SDN defense mechanisms proposed using the latest developments in blockchain technology and machine learning. It highlights and identifies the potential studies in SDN and its security frameworks that significantly contribute to the current literature and substantially impact the relevant research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
Gaussian Scientific Unified Number Theory
The manifold shown in my sketch below is identical to the existing complex numerical plane in polar form, except that we show the numerical magnitudes as the exponential powers of the natural base ratio e. In Gaussian scientific (polar-logarithmic) arithmetic, there is a numerical black-hole in the centre; this point represents the “beancounter’s” zero. My sketch looks down into this three-dimensional exponential manifold from directly over the black-hole “number” (zero). Except that zero is only a finite number when it is expressed upon the complex exponential number plane. The reason that people find Einstein’s General Theory hard to visualize is because they do not understand the infinite relative gravitational scalability of everything in the universe. This failing is caused by being taught about numbers by bears of very little brain who hold a doctrine that one can take something away from nothing and that zero is a finite number. Both these elements of that numerical doctrine, a doctrine that there is a real continuum on the flat numerical plane that can pass smoothly through the black hole number (zero), are catastrophically deranged.
Seamless Integration of ERP Technologies in Healthcare and Biotech: Advancing Operational Efficiency
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are critical to the efficient operation of healthcare and biotech organizations, where agility and accuracy are paramount. This research explores ERP technologies’ transformative impacts, focusing on supply chain optimization, advanced planning, and seamless integrations with third-party systems. Leveraging tools such as SAP APO, GATP, and middleware platforms, the study highlights case examples of improving data synchronization and operational workflows. Key findings include the development of scalable solutions for healthcare logistics, predictive analytics for resource management, and advanced field service support systems for remote teams. By integrating AI-driven tools and APIs, ERP systems can provide unprecedented efficiency and accuracy while reducing operational costs. This research contributes to the ongoing evolution of ERP technologies, demonstrating their potential as enablers of innovation in critical industries.
Criterion for Locally Inaccessible Quantum Nonlocality and Steering
It is well known that quantum correlations such as quantum nonlocality and steering can be revealed by means of the implementation of local filters or stochastic local operation and classical communication (SLOCC). This means that bipartite quantum states that are entangled but local (unsteerable), can be driven locally to quantum nonlocal (steerable) states. However, there does not exist a criterion telling us whether the revealed quantum correlation is accessible by locally implementing on a single party, or both parties are required to cooperate by implementing local filters. In this work, we proposed a criterion based on the quantum steering ellipsoid and provided examples of two-qubit states with locally inaccessible quantum correlations.
Photons and Antiphotons, Rationale for their Structure, Formation and Movement Processes
Introduction: The work relates to the basics of quantum physics, photonics and optics, in particular to photons in their two states: as photons and antiphotons. The study of these problems is necessary for a better understanding of the basics of the structure of the material world and the general development of scientific knowledge about the Universe, which is an urgent and important task, to which the works of many scientists of the world are devoted. However, all problems have not been fully solved. The elimination of this deficiency is the main goal of the work being performed. Analysis of the Problem State: It is known that within the framework of the symmetry of the material world, there are physical particles and their antiparticles. For the first time, this fundamental physical principle of the material world was substantiated by Paul Dirac, who theoretically predicted in 1928 the possibility of the existence of a positron as a paired particle to an electron. The first experimental confirmation was obtained in 1932 by the American physicist Anderson during the observation of cosmic radiation. Then, electron-positron pairs were obtained in laboratory conditions from -quanta with an energy of more than 20.511 MeV, in a strong electromagnetic field. At present, the paired nature of elementary particles is a precisely established law of nature, substantiated by a large number of experimental facts. However, the principle of pairing is difficult to detect for photons, since they do not have an electric charge - the main feature of physical particles and antiparticles, and its structure has not yet been fully studied. A photon is distinguished from an antiphoton only by the method of their production. New Results of the Work: In the proposed work, the ballistic form of the photon and the process of its motion in the form of quantum jumps of a spherical wave in a sector of 1 steradian with a length of half an arc equal to the wavelength are substantiated. In this case, the spheres have a spin of rotation relative to the longitudinal axis of motion. On this basis, a scheme of photon reflection from a mirror surface is proposed, in which the rotation (spin) remains unchanged, and the vector of ballistic motion changes to the opposite. Thus, the photon is transformed into an antiphoton, as evidenced by the change in the right and left sides during mirror reflection. In this case, there is no need to use spin to characterize the photon and antiphoton, in them only the direction of their rotation relative to the vector of motion changes automatically. Conclusions: Based on the proposed simplest scheme of formation and movement of a photon, the possibility and scheme of formation of an antiphoton are strictly substantiated. At the same time, there is no annihilation process, characteristic of the meeting of particles and antiparticles, which corresponds to the real conditions of reflection of wave photons and the light packets (rays) created by them.
Age of the Universe: Manifestation and Disintegration of the Matter in Spacetime - A Geochmeical/Isotopic Perspective
One can calculate the time of manifestation (Tm) of any unstable parent isotope by assuming that all their daughter isotopes owe their existence only to the decay of their parent isotopes by using the radioactivity equation: Np = Ni exp(−λTm), where Np is the total number of parent nuclides existing in the Universe at the present time, Ni is the total number of parent nuclides formed in the Universe, and λ is the decay constant, and Tm is the time of manifestation of the parent isotope in the Universe. In this equation all the entities are known except for the time of manifestation (Tm). When we find the time of manifestation (Tm) of the various isotopes this way we see that there is no order between the time of manifestation (Tm) and their respective atomic mass. We can also calculate the time of manifestation (Tm) of any unstable isotope by extrapolating backwards its present-day daughter isotope ratio through its isotope ratio at the time of formation of Earth 4.55 Gyr ago to the X-axis. The X-intercept thus formed would denote the time of manifestation (Tm) of their parent isotope. The Tm of various unstable isotopes if plotted against their respective atomic mass shows a high degree of negative correlation, and the linear array thus formed (Cosmochron) intercepts the X-axis at ~936 Gyr ago which indicates the age of the Universe. Similarly, the time of complete decay of any unstable isotope can also be estimated by extrapolating its parent isotope ratio in the planet Earth at the time of its formation 4.55 Gyr ago through its present-day ratio to the X-axis. The X-intercept thus formed yields the time of complete decay (Td ) of the parent isotope. The Td + Tm = Te (the time of total existence) of the parent isotope. If the Te of the various unstable isotopes is plotted against their respective atomic mass the linear array thus formed (Dotuchron) intercepts the X-axis at ~1104 Gyr which indicates the time of total existence of the Universe since its creation. Another important thing to note is that in both the plots the linear array thus formed intercepts the Y-axis at the atomic mass of ~242 which indicates the heaviest mass of any isotope that could exist in the Universe.
Dissociation of O2 Molecule ON MO4, MO3(PT, PD, RE AND NI) Clusters for PEM Fuel Cell - Study DFT
The present study focused on the adsorption and dissociation of O2 on Mo4 clusters and Mo3(M) is investigated the doping of (Pt, Pd, Re and Ni) atoms in Mo3 clusters. The dissociation of the molecule O2 on metal clusters are of fundamental interest for several reaction catalytic in the cathode of a PEM Fuel Cell. The calculations are carried out on Density-Functional Theory DFT for the adsorption and dissociation of O2 on Mo4, Mo3(Pt, Pd, Re and Ni) clusters. Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), partial density of states (PDOS), and characteristics was employed the transition states (TS) to search The Reaction Kinetics of the species. In addition, vibration frequency calculations were performed to verify whether each species is a minimum or a transition state on the potential energy surfaces; this is were employed for understanding the interaction characteristics. The calculations are carried out on Density-Functional Theory DFT - Dmol3- Material´s Studio.
Open VQE – Empowering Quantum Education and Collaboration
Open VQE (Open Variational Quantum Eigen solver) is an open-source platform designed to make quantum computing accessible for education, research, and global collaboration. Built around the Variational Quantum Eigen solver, a cornerstone algorithm in quantum chemistry, Open VQE provides learners with a pathway to incrementally master quantum methods while fostering innovation in a shared space for students, educators, and researchers. Developed by Mohammad Haidar, a senior researcher at Sorbonne University, Open VQE integrates seamlessly with leading quantum frameworks like Qiskit, Cirq, and QASM, promoting interoperability and collaboration. The platform empowers users to tackle real-world challenges in material science, drug discovery, battery development, and CO₂ capture, while exploring the transformative integration of AI with VQE. At the Conference, Mohammad Haidar will discuss the technical details of Open VQE, its role in revolutionizing quantum computing education and research, and its applications in quantum chemistry and industry research. Attendees will also gain insights into the state-of-the-art quantum computing technologies being employed in quantum chemistry. Discover More About OpenVQE • Published Article (14 citations): https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcms.1664 • Community Participation: https://openvqe.netlify.app/ OpenVQE offers a unique, accessible pathway to mastering quantum computing while fostering collaboration and driving innovation to address global challenges.
On Quantum Physics without Schrödinger Equation
In the early 20th century, Planck, Einstein, Bohr, Sommerfeld, and de Broglie became the pioneers of quantum physics. Because the Schrödinger equation used the wrong energy relationship, it misled people’s understanding of quantum theory. Newtonian mechanics and Leibniz dynamics are correct. But Newton’s first law was tampered with by the British mathematician Mott during his translation, which excluded uniform circular motion from inertia; Leibniz’s kinetic energy mυ2 was modified by French engineer Coriolis to an engineering approximation of mυ2/2. Hamilton mistakenly applied the approximate kinetic energy formula of Coriolis in engineering mechanics to the dynamic analysis in theoretical physics, and established an incorrect Hamiltonian energy equation. Schrödinger ignored Sommerfeld’s research on the constant velocity of electrons in atoms, υ = αc, and thus the constant momentum and constant kinetic energy of electrons. He expressed the constant kinetic energy term of electrons as an operator that hides the velocity variable, and established the wave equation based on the incorrect Hamiltonian energy relationship. The Schrödinger equation deals with the ground state of hydrogen atoms, where electrons die when they reach twice the Bohr radius, which contradicts the stable existence of atoms. The Schrödinger equation has been around for almost a century, and the quantum physics of the new millennium should be a new quantum physics without the Schrödinger equation.
VUV Spectroscopy of Metal Oxide Thin Films: Bridging Structure and Photonic Applications
This presentation explores the structural and electronic transformations of sol-gel-derived metal oxide thin films, focusing on the interplay between annealing-induced phase evolution and photonic properties. Using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin films as a model system, we examine the transitions that occur as the films progress from an amorphous phase to anatase, then to mixed anataserutile, and ultimately to rutile phases as the annealing temperature increases. These phase changes are characterized using advanced vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy (< 200 nm), which reveals critical information about the material’s electronic structure. Key spectral features, such as the σ → π* transition, which is associated with bonding to antibonding orbital excitations, as well as the π → π* and t2g(π)→t*2g(π*) transitions, are observed. These features highlight the material’s intrinsic electronic states and the effects of defects on its optical behavior. The findings emphasize the crucial role of understanding the relationship between material structure and optical properties in the development of photonic and optoelectronic technologies. By mapping these structural and electronic transitions, the study provides a deeper understanding of how annealing parameters can be used to tune the photonic properties of TiO₂ thin films, advancing their potential applications in a range of optoelectronic devices.
Quantum Computing Approach to Future Real-Time Control of Buildings and Cities
Buildings contribute to more than 70% of overall U.S. electricity usage and greenhouse gas emissions. The future building control optimizes more connected devices and renewable energy equipment, which requires a rapid and accurate response. It also poses the challenge of solving non-linear problems with discrete variables in real time. In one study, we developed a novel optimization using quantum annealing for MPC of rooftop units in buildings. Our approach demonstrated significant improvements in computational speed from hours to seconds by considering day-ahead demand response signals. Our findings highlight the potential of quantum computing in solving large-scale non-linear discrete optimization problems for building energy systems. The other research presented a new framework for building-to-grid integration. We developed MPC for a commercial distribution grid for cost reduction. With similar solutions to traditional algorithms, quantum computing reduced computational time to less than 1.1%. We proved its potential to solve large-scale discrete optimization problems for urban energy systems.
Reappraisal of QED Mathematical and Physical Fundamentals
The Quantum Electrodynamics fundamental drawbacks are revisited and analyzed. It is question of the photon vector potential amplitude operators, the electromagnetic field harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian with the associated zero-point energy singularity and the electron-vacuum interaction Hamiltonian. Without stating postulates or advancing any hypothesis it is shown that the QED ambiguities can be readily overcome by enhancing the quantization of the vector potential amplitude to a single photon level. This process does not compromise any of the QED achievements. Ensuing the single photon vector potential quantization the electromagnetic vacuum, a zero-energy universal field depending on the photon creation and annihilation operators, appears naturally complementing coherently the normal ordering Hamiltonian without involving singularities. It permits the establishment of an electron-vacuum interaction Hamiltonian which could not be defined in QED previously. Finally, it leads to the definition of a real photon wave function as a probability amplitude, normalized within an intrinsic quantization volume and satisfying Maxwell’s propagation equation as well as Schrödinger’s equation for both the photon energy and vector potential.
Engineers can find the current for a DC circuit by using Ohm’s law. But the circuit doesn’t know about equations and can’t calculate the value of current. But somehow the circuit finds the current needed to satisfy Kirchhoff’s law. A mechanical model called TPM is used to show how current finds an equilibrium that indeed satisfies Kirchhoff’s law.