Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
type: channel
description: Editor-in-Cheif Florentin Smarandache Professor University of New Mexico USA ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5560-5926 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Physics & Optics Sciences. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Editorials, Opinion, Short Communications, Mini-Review, Book Review, Video type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). Call for Papers: Special Issue on Emerging Trends in Physics & Optics Sciences Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences invites researchers, scientists, academics, and professionals to contribute original and high-quality manuscripts to our upcoming Special Issue on Emerging Trends in Physics & Optics Sciences. Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/physics-optics-sciences-jpsos/user/register or can send through an E-mail with attachment to physics@onlinescientificresearch.info 2.02 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 63% Acceptance
publisher: Scientific Research and Community Ltd
language: en
publication name: Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
issn: 2754-4753
items: The Mission of Creativity in Digital Chaos: Lessons from D.I. Mendeleev
items: Teacher's Discomfort with the Theory of Relativity
items: Strain Uniformity and Strain Stability of Al-Glass Composites
items: The Physical Process Responsible for the Brown Effect (the Biefeld-Brown Effect)
items: Symmetric Satellites and Time Dilation: Kinematic Description vs. Dynamic Interpretation
items: Matter in the Hubble Vacuum
items: Physics and Optics in the Unitary World
items: Gnoseology of K.E.Tsiolkovsky – Instrumental-Geometrical Language of Knowledge of the Around World
items: The Universe Master Equation: Master Operator of the Trans Dimensional Unified Field Theory
items: Nature of Gravity
items: Continuous Motion Exists. It’s a Driving Force!
items: https://srcpublishers.com/physics-optics-sciences-jpsos/article/view/7631
items: Why I Think the Ideas I develop contain New Ideas that are Worthy of Being Noted Nobel Prize
items: Light’s Innovation
items: The How in Gravity
items: Relativistic Mechanisms for Entropy Reversal
items: Causes of Building Collapses
items: Determination of the Photoelectric Properties for Ammonia Concentrations using USB-2000 Spectrometer
items: New Deeper Mysteries of Double Slit Experiments: Novel Optical Experiments Demanding New Theoretical Interpretation
items: Electromagnetic Waves Traveling on a Line of Force and Gravitational Force Waves Traveling along a Line of Force
items: Determining the Mass of the Cosmos from the Mass of the Earth Using Flow Laws and Universal Gravitation, Based on the Dualistic Model of Dynamic and Static Earth
items: Relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell Simulations of the Seed Pulse Amplification in Plasmas by Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Backscattering
items: Speed of Light: Trans Dimensional Unified Field Theory
items: Aspin Bubbles and the Antimatter
items: Mathematical Model of the Meeting of Chronowaves
items: The Stacked Ring Shell Structure of Atomic Nuclei
items: Physical Process Defining the Properties of Cavity Structures with Taking into Account the Properties of Physical Vacuum
items: Natural Philosophy of Photons: On the Nature of Electromagnetic Waves and Photonic Information
items: Addendum #2 to “Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things”
items: Security in Multi-Controller Software-Defined Networks: Present Trends and Future

The Mission of Creativity in Digital Chaos: Lessons from D.I. Mendeleev
type: item
description: The article reproduces universal attempts to find a language common to everything that exists, from digitalization to the supramoralism of N.F. Fedorov, geometric and geodetic views of the first international mathematical congresses and the state of graphics at the current level.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital
  topic: keywords
subject: Epistemology
  topic: keywords
subject: Supramoralism
  topic: keywords
subject: Geometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Graphics
  topic: keywords
creator: Tolstykh Lyubov Aleksandrovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-08-17
publication date: 2026-08-17
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.47363/

Teacher's Discomfort with the Theory of Relativity
type: item
description: This essay critically examines how a theory often perceived as incomprehensible can nevertheless develop into a foundation of scientific practice with immense popularity. It first analyzes several unresolved problems of understanding from school curricula before suggesting a path to clarification that has not yet been explored in science studies. Imagine you, as a schoolteacher, are tasked with preparing a lecture on Einstein's theory of relativity. Naturally, you have no laboratory or suitable experimental equipment at your disposal, nor a scientific library, but at best a few textbooks and the local antiquarian bookshop with its selection of inexpensive old physics books. Furthermore, you still vividly recall numerous post-lesson conversations on the train ride home, such as discussions with an electrical engineer from Mercedes-Benz and an equally critical architect from the Stuttgart Regional Council, which can certainly put a physics teacher's pedagogical skills to the test. Especially when you're aware that, according to Austrian textbook author Roman Sexl, there are only twelve people in the world who understand Einstein's theory of relativity. Imagine that!
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Theory of Relativity
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Rösch
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-08-24
publication date: 2026-08-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.47363/

Strain Uniformity and Strain Stability of Al-Glass Composites
type: item
description: The impact of pressure and the effect of particle size on the mechanical property of Al-Glass composites are reported in this study. The samples area, thickness range and particle size are respectively 34.0 x 35.0 mm2 20.8 - 22.10 mm and 26.5 nm. The constituents of the same particle size were made into solids by applying constant pressure of 300 bars. Results obtained from observation showed that composition of aluminum in glass, compaction pressure and particle size greatly affected the strain-time relationship of the compacted materials. It was revealed that samples were found with strain stability between 10-40 and 80-100 % wt. of Al in composites.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pressure
  topic: keywords
subject: Particle Size
  topic: keywords
subject: Ductility
  topic: keywords
subject: Time
  topic: keywords
subject: Strain / Stress Stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Fracture / Rupture
  topic: keywords
subject: Fracture Toughness
  topic: keywords
subject: Yield Point and Structural Stability
  topic: keywords
creator: Abodunrin OW
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-08-26
publication date: 2026-08-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.47363/

The Physical Process Responsible for the Brown Effect (the Biefeld-Brown Effect)
type: item
description: On November 15, 1928, American scientist Thomas Townsend Brown was granted a British patent for discovery of the “Method and apparatus for producing force or motion by the use of electrodes”, according to which an electric asymmetric capacitor can move towards the positive pole (the smaller electrode) and maintain this movement until it is discharged. Until recently, there was no experimentally and theoretically grounded explanation of the Brown effect. It is shown in this work that the Brown effect can be a result of the electric dipole interaction of virtual photons (spin vortices) created by quantum objects of capacitors in physical vacuum, according to the hypothesis by Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman. As a result of this electric dipole interaction, a repulsive force can emerge between the opposite electrically charged electrodes of a capacitor. As the electrodes of capacitors have different masses, they acquire different acceleration under the action of the repulsive force. Thus, during the same time, the electrode with a smaller mass might move a longer distance. The fact that electric dipole interaction includes the moment allowed Brown to obtain significant results in the creation of electric motors by replacing the rectangular electrodes with disks capable to rotate.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brown Effect
  topic: keywords
subject: Virtual Photons
  topic: keywords
subject: Spin Vortices
  topic: keywords
subject: Electric Dipole Interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Vacuum
  topic: keywords
creator: Liudmila Borisovna Boldyreva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-08-31
publication date: 2026-08-31
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)385

Symmetric Satellites and Time Dilation: Kinematic Description vs. Dynamic Interpretation
type: item
description: For global navigation satellite systems to provide meter-level positioning, orbital atomic clocks must maintain nanosecond-level stability. Operational functionality requires pre-flight factory calibration to offset relativistic effects, notably a 7 μs/day kinematic delay resulting from Lorentz transformations for satellites orbiting at 14,000 km/h. This correction confirms that velocity-induced time dilation is a physical, cumulative reality rather than a perspective illusion. However, applying pure kinematic special relativity to orbital mechanics introduces fundamental conceptual paradoxes. This paper presents a thought experiment involving two counter-rotating satellites (A and B) placed in identical circular orbits. While instantaneous pass-by measurements at a relative speed of 28,000 km/h yield a reciprocal kinematic dilation of 28 μs/day, both satellites maintain complete, continuous mutual synchrony over full orbital cycles, remaining synchronized with ground-based clocks. Conventional resolution mechanisms relying on symmetry-breaking accelerations fail, as physical symmetry between the satellites is absolute. Introducing a third, transferred clock (or radioactive decay standard) exposes a severe logical deadlock in pure kinematic reciprocity. We demonstrate that these operational data are logically inconsistent when using Einstein's purely geometric kinematics and instead strongly support the physical framework of Lorentz and Poincaré, in which physical instruments dynamically deform through interaction with an underlying physical medium, masked from local observers by anisotropic signal propagation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Symmetric Satellites
  topic: keywords
subject: Time Dilation
  topic: keywords
subject: Kinematic Description
  topic: keywords
subject: Dynamic Interpretation
  topic: keywords
creator: Marcelo A Crotti
creator: Guillermo E Crotti
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-08-14
publication date: 2026-08-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)384

Matter in the Hubble Vacuum
type: item
description: This paper presents a new approach to the expansion of the Metagalaxy, based on the interaction of all matter with the mass of the Hubble vacuum. The calculations are based on a formula that explains the mechanism of gravity using a net force arising in 5-dimensional space. The calculations utilize quantities obtained by the author in his individual research related to the theory of 3-dimensional time. The moment when the newly formed matter and antimatter began to interact with the Hubble vacuum is briefly described. Further calculations using this formula allowed us to determine the key parameters of the Hubble vacuum within which the Metagalaxy began to expand.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Baryonic Matter
  topic: keywords
subject: Hubble Vacuum
  topic: keywords
subject: Gravitational Radius
  topic: keywords
subject: Force
  topic: keywords
subject: Cosmological Constant
  topic: keywords
subject: Vacuum Energy Levels
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladimir Alekseevich Romanenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-07-27
publication date: 2026-07-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)383

Physics and Optics in the Unitary World
type: item
description: This article describes a model of Unitary Quantum Field Theory in which a particle is represented as a wave packet. The frequency dispersion equation is chosen such that the packet periodically appears and disappears without changing shape. The envelope of the process is identified with the ordinary wave function. The equation of such a field is nonlinear, and the mass depends on velocity in the same way as under relativistic invariance, but all the schizophrenia with time dilation and line contraction disappears. Under ordinary transformations, they reduce to the Dirac, Schrödinger, and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. A number of new experimental effects are predicted for both high and low energies. The fine structure constant (1/137) was calculated in 1988, and the masses of numerous (33) elementary particles, starting with the electron, were estimated in 2007 with an accuracy of at least 1%. Two pentaquarks, the theta baryon, the Higgs boson, and the 28 GeV particle were discovered 11 years later, all calculated with high precision. The overall picture of the world is based on a unified unitary field. These equations allow for the origin of the Universe without a Big Bang. Gravity is no longer a mystery. In principle, a completely new type of energy is possible for humanity. The civilization of the future will be free of hydrocarbons and coal.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Unitary Quantum Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Standard Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantum Electrodynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: Maxwell's Equations
  topic: keywords
subject: Schrödinger Equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Solid State
  topic: keywords
subject: Higgs Boson
  topic: keywords
subject: Big Bang
  topic: keywords
creator: Sapogin LG
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-07-03
publication date: 2026-07-03
starting page: 1
ending page: 31
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)382

Gnoseology of K.E.Tsiolkovsky – Instrumental-Geometrical Language of Knowledge of the Around World
type: item
description: The philosophy of K.E. Tsiolkovsky discovers and formulates a new form of the relationship between a person and objects of the surrounding world: measuring everything with a certain measure, builds a geometric copy understandable to all consumers, engineers, printers, the term Epistemology is introduced as the cognition of objects of the surrounding world through a geometric language.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Epistemology
  topic: keywords
subject: Descriptive Geometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Topography
  topic: keywords
subject: Three-Dimensional Printer
  topic: keywords
creator: Tolstykh Lyubov Aleksandrovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.47363/

The Universe Master Equation: Master Operator of the Trans Dimensional Unified Field Theory
type: item
description: This paper presents the Universe Master Equation — the master operator of the Trans-Dimensional Unified Field Theory (TDUFT). The equation describes how the dimensional state of the universe evolves through three coupled mechanisms: cross-tier geometric mixing driven by a golden-ratio-weighted kernel, acoustic inertial decoupling, and vacuum-energy extraction via electromagnetic tier-operators. All symbols are defined within an operator-first ontology in which every quantity is an operator acting on a discrete dimensional lattice. The equation unifies gravitational, acoustic, electromagnetic, and vacuum phenomena as distinct projections of a single master operator. A complete line-by-line breakdown, full symbol table, and catalogue of structural predictions are provided.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trans Dimensional Unified Field Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: George James Ducas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)378

Nature of Gravity
type: item
description: The century-long era of formalism in physics has ended. The concept of space-time without matter is a thing of the past. Today we are reviving the simple, clear and distinct ideas of A. Einstein and T. Kaluza about the ether, set out in General Relativity. Masses themselves do not have the innate property of “curving space,” and galaxies do not fly in the void. The invisible dispersed medium of ether fills the Universe. Within the vortex disturbances of this medium, pressure gradients arise, which create gravitational forces.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ether
  topic: keywords
subject: Gravity
  topic: keywords
subject: Dark Matter
  topic: keywords
subject: De Broglie Wave
  topic: keywords
creator: Valeriy Pakulin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)379

Continuous Motion Exists. It’s a Driving Force!
type: item
description: Prior to the development of physics as a science the total absence of any friction could be assigned to the ‘void’ of space. But now, empty space is now seen as continuous motion.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Kepler’s third law
  topic: keywords
creator: Paul Schroeder
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 7
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)381

https://srcpublishers.com/physics-optics-sciences-jpsos/article/view/7631
type: item
title: A New Confirmation of the Presence of Two Errors in Michelson's Analysis of his MMX, on the PCR Academic Website, for Riverboats Contest Times Calculation, and A New Demonstration, Contradicting the Solution in Physics
description: We developed a New Interpretation of Michelson’s analysis (NI16) of his experiments (MMX) by identifying and correcting Errors 1 and 2 (MER12) in the analysis (not in the experiment itself), including its faithful model based on the Two Swimmers Contest (TSC). In NI16, Demonstrations 1, 2, and 3 were presented, all of which proved the equality of the total times, t1 = t2 (no winner), in the Water Frame (WF). However, this result contradicts current physics textbooks (PTB), which state the inequality t2 < t1 and conclude that the transverse swimmer (SW2) wins the contest. This conclusion is also applied to MMX. Recently, we discovered that a numerical calculation similar to that presented in NI16 appears on the Physics Classroom (PCR) website. The calculation concerns Example 1 (EX1), involving the first crossing of a river 80 m wide with a current speed of 3m/s by a motorboat (BO2) moving at 4 m/s relative to the water. This calculation faithfully follows the rules of plane vector analysis and yields a first crossing time of t2a= 20.0s. This result in PCR completely corresponds to the procedures and times obtained in NI16 within the WF. In contrast, the corresponding time given in PTB is t2a = 30.20s. The resulting round-trip time is therefore t2= 60.4s, whereas for BO1 the calculated time is t1 = 91.4s. Thus, t1 > t2, SW2 wins the TSC, and, according to our analysis, the PTB treatment should be corrected. Therefore, the PCR website provides Confirmation 4 of the correctness of NI16. Furthermore, based on a new geometric route for BO2 in the Bank Frame (BF), a trigonometric calculation yields t2 = t1, as obtained in NI16. This calculation therefore constitutes Demonstration 5 of the correctness of NI16 and, according to the authors, supports the reintroduction of the ether concept into physics, with numerous potential consequences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Errors in Michelson’s Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Traversing River Boats Contest
  topic: keywords
subject: Two Swimmers Contest as MMX Model
  topic: keywords
subject: New Correct Calculus of Boat Contest
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Physics Website
  topic: keywords
subject: Physics Textbook Errors Correction
  topic: keywords
creator: Ioan Has
creator: Simona Miclaus
creator: Aurelian Has
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)376

Why I Think the Ideas I develop contain New Ideas that are Worthy of Being Noted Nobel Prize
type: item
description: Based on the analysis of the idea and the results obtained in my work, the following conclusions were drawn. It seems that the results I was able to obtain in my work in potentially contains highly valuable results, results that fully deserve to be recognized and nominated for a Nobel Prize.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nobel Prize
  topic: keywords
creator: Altaev Namaz Karabalayevich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)375

Light’s Innovation
type: item
description: What is light, how did that come to be? What I mean is illumination for us to have illumination, to see things. Mere movements themselves cannot be light. It’s a mystery yes just as the color of things is a mystery since both of these come to us as mere movements. And so how do these simple movements turn into light as well as sound and color? That is what this essay is about.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Light
  topic: keywords
subject: Movement
  topic: keywords
subject: Waves
  topic: keywords
creator: Leonard van Zanten
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-05-30
publication date: 2026-05-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)374

The How in Gravity
type: item
description: The topic in this article is by revelation, not by discovery, for if any man can discover gravity for what it is, he will be the death of the human race. So, the Almighty Creator has promised us by Jeremiah 31:37. What audacity of man to think he could discover it.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gravity
  topic: keywords
subject: Movements
  topic: keywords
subject: Precession
  topic: keywords
creator: Leonard van Zanten
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-05-30
publication date: 2026-05-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)373

Relativistic Mechanisms for Entropy Reversal
type: item
description: This paper argues for a Relativistic light speed limit to escape velocity and a process that will transform higher elements into H1. It proposes a Relativistic process that will free energy to decay all Periodic Table Elements into single a Proton and Electron – Hydrogen-1. The relativistic slowdown will mean that Structural energies that maintain the stability of Atoms and Molecules will slow and lose mass. That energy would be absorbed by the matter particles. So, both the mass of matter particles and their Kinetic energy would increase. This process would show how Matter and Energy could reunite and reverse an aspect of entropy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Relativity
  topic: keywords
subject: Escape Velocity Limit
  topic: keywords
subject: Entropy Reversal
  topic: keywords
subject: Boson slowdown
  topic: keywords
subject: Universal Matter Decay
  topic: keywords
subject: CMB
  topic: keywords
subject: Dark Matter
  topic: keywords
subject: Dark Energy
  topic: keywords
creator: David Grant Taylor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-05-20
publication date: 2026-05-20
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.47363/

Causes of Building Collapses
type: item
description: The majority of building collapse incidents that occurred between 2021 and 2025 took place in the hottest months of the year (summer), particularly in the world's hottest regions. This indicates that the primary cause of the collapse is variations in the volumetric expansion rates of the materials that make up the building's structure. For instance, although not exactly the same, the volumetric expansion of concrete is getting close to that of the steel utilised for reinforcement. As a result, in huge buildings that use a lot of steel and concrete, the rates of expansion of the two materials differ greatly, particularly when temperatures are high. Because concrete is brittle and lacks ductility, this causes steel to expand more quickly than concrete, resulting in cracks in the concrete's microstructure that ultimately cause the building to collapse. Meanwhile, because temperature has a significant impact on chemical reactions, the rate at which water escapes from the concrete composition increases at high temperatures. This causes the concrete to become brittle, shrink excessively, and lose its original qualities. Purpose: Determine the causes of building collapses and take action to stop them. Method: Gathering information on building collapse accidents, including dates and circumstances, and examining the physical characteristics of building materials to find elements that contribute to a building's longevity. Results: Since it is now evident that global warming significantly affects building safety, building designs should incorporate the need for these emergency developments brought on by exposure to hot solar radiation. Thermal insulators are one of the key components of the basic design of buildings to lessen the effects of heat transfer from the parts that are exposed to the sun on the rest of the building, as well as to prevent the disparities in the rates of expansion of the external and internal parts of the buildings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Building Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Varying Rates of Expansion
  topic: keywords
subject: Thermal Insulators
  topic: keywords
creator: Armen Ohan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-05-25
publication date: 2026-05-25
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)372

Determination of the Photoelectric Properties for Ammonia Concentrations using USB-2000 Spectrometer
type: item
description: Ammonia is an essential chemical raw material and it can be used as raw material and solutions for synthetic numerous organic compounds. Five samples of ammonia solutions were prepared in different concentrations (200, 150, 100, 50 and 7.5 mg/L), the solutions were subjected to spectrometer absorbance and transmission for wavelength between (340-540 nm) to determine the photoelectric properties of the ammonia solutions. The results showed that rapid increase of the absorption at 466 nm, compatible with the increase of photon energy, the effects of concentration on absorbance value increased with concentration decrease of absorbance values. rapid decrease in low energies and sudden decrease in special energies and it continuous with decrease at 466 nm, concentration increase refers to the decrease in transparent value. rapid increase in reflection values. The absorption coefficient (α) for all samples were found in the visible region, variation at the (K) values obtained in the visible region, meanwhile, the variation of (n) vs (λ) is revealed maximum value of (n) is (1.0022) for all samples at the same wavelength. the values of (Eg) obtained were 200 mg/L = 2.4996 eV, 150 mg/L = 2.4956 eV, 100 mg/L = 2.4929 eV, 50 mg/L = 2.4916 eV and 7.5 mg/L= 2.4902 eV. The value of (Eg) was decreased from (2.4996) eV to (2.4902) eV. The decreasing of (Eg) related to decrease in concentration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Preparation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ammonia Concentrations
  topic: keywords
subject: Photoelectric Properties
  topic: keywords
subject: USB-2000 Spectrometer
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdalla Gobara
creator: Thowra Abodo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)370

New Deeper Mysteries of Double Slit Experiments: Novel Optical Experiments Demanding New Theoretical Interpretation
type: item
description: We show the following: the characteristics of the interference patterns of the optics slit experiments: (1). depend on whether the slits are parallel; (2) depend on whether the slits are straight lines or curves; (3) independent on whether there are missing segments at the intersection of, for example, cross-double-slit. The complete interpretation is a challenge and will motivate further development of optics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Double-Slit
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Parallel-Double-Slit
  topic: keywords
subject: Curve-Double-Slit
  topic: keywords
subject: Curve-Non-Parallel-Double-Slit
  topic: keywords
subject: Curve Single Slit
  topic: keywords
subject: Interference Pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Interference Pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: Point-Symmetry Interference Pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: Butterfly-Shape Interference Pattern
  topic: keywords
subject: Optics-Butterfly-Effect
  topic: keywords
creator: Hui Peng
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-05-10
publication date: 2026-05-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)371

Electromagnetic Waves Traveling on a Line of Force and Gravitational Force Waves Traveling along a Line of Force
type: item
description: This paper proposes, based on Maxwell's equations and the fundamental fields of the electric flux density vector D [As/m²] and magnetic flux density vector B [Vs/m²] in SI units, that the vector product of D and B can be defined as a quadrupled density q(h), which is equivalent to the electromagnetic impulse density ρ(I). These quantities are mathematically equivalent in unit analysis: Under the condition that the unidimensional terms satisfy an exact differential equation, and assuming that the derivative of q(h)equals that of ρ(I), the unidimensional Maxwell’s equations (based on permittivity εand permeability μin vacuum) can theoretically establish relationships among energy density ρ(E), impulse density ρ(I), and mass density ρ(m). These are expressed as: where b is the speed of wave beam with mass in itself, different from the conventional speed of the light c that is regarded a photon as a particle with no mass, equals the inverse of electromagnetic constant product of permittivity ε and permeability μ, εb=1/μb, εμb2=1. These relations correspond to Einstein’s mass–energy equation. Furthermore, integrating ρ(I)over an infinitesimal volume dV and spatial element dz leads to an electromagnetic indeterminacy, expressed as the Planck constant wave: where <img src="[binary]" /> dV represents electromagnetic momentum. This expression corresponds to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Coexistence of Transverse and Longitudinal Electromagnetic Waves
  topic: keywords
subject: Planck Constant Wave
  topic: keywords
subject: Electromagnetic Indeterminacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Electromagnetic Mass Density
  topic: keywords
subject: Impulse Density
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Density
  topic: keywords
creator: Ohki Yasutsugu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)369

Determining the Mass of the Cosmos from the Mass of the Earth Using Flow Laws and Universal Gravitation, Based on the Dualistic Model of Dynamic and Static Earth
type: item
description: Based on the dualistic model of Earth moving with the expanding universe and considered static at the same time, the total mass of the universe can be determined using the flow laws and Newton's law of universal gravitation. A concentric sphere can be drawn in three dimensions around the Earth moving in the opposite direction compared to the receding galaxies. A tubular geometric shape can be fitted into this sphere in all directions from the center to the periphery. By increasing the radius of the tube of radius h expressed from the Einstein formula to the size of the radius of the universe (i.e. H), a continuous, axisymmetric cylinder can be formed. The speed according to Hubble's law, at a redshift of 3.14, is equal to the speed of light in a volume of radius h. Maintaining, this speed with respect to the universe, we can study the changes in the parameters of the cosmos through the flow laws of matter moving in one direction in a tube of varying cross-section. This approach, together with the application of gravitational attraction, can lead to the determination of the mass of the universe.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cosmological Parameters
  topic: keywords
subject: High Redshift Galaxies
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subject: Earth
  topic: keywords
subject: Gravitation
  topic: keywords
subject: General Relativity
  topic: keywords
subject: Euclidean Geometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Flow Laws
  topic: keywords
subject: Earth’s Surface Gravity
  topic: keywords
subject: Mass of the Universe
  topic: keywords
creator: Tibor Endre Nagy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)367

Relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell Simulations of the Seed Pulse Amplification in Plasmas by Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Backscattering
type: item
description: We apply a Eulerian Vlasov code for the numerical solution of the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell equations to study the problem of the amplification of an ultra-short seed pulse via stimulated Raman or Brillouin backscattering from a long pump pulse, assumed to have an envelope with a constant amplitude, in plasmas. An analysis of the spectra of waves which participate in the amplification processes is presented, calculated by the numerical code, showing good agreement with the available predicted theoretical values. The evolution showing the pump depletion, accompanied by the counter-propagating seed-pulse amplification, compression and increased steepness of the waveform is also presented, and accurate contour plots of the distribution functions. In recent numerical simulations, it has also been shown that besides the stimulated Raman backscattering SRBS and the stimulated Brillouin backscattering SBBS, other high and low frequency kinetic instabilities can occur when evolving modes develop in the modified distribution functions during the evolution of the system. We study the wave effects of these kinetic instabilities on the stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering short pulses amplification processes. The absence of spurious noise in grid based Eulerian Vlasov codes allows to follow the evolution of the system with a fully kinetic description and accurate representation of the phase-space structures coexisting and interacting in the electron distribution function. We present results which compare favourably with what can be obtained from particle-in-cell (PIC) codes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Seed Pulse
  topic: keywords
subject: Eulerian Codes
  topic: keywords
subject: Relativistic Vlasov- Maxwell
  topic: keywords
creator: Magdi Shoucri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 20
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)362

Speed of Light: Trans Dimensional Unified Field Theory
type: item
description: TDUFT is a language of Physics: Geometry is additive and wave is multiplicative; coming together at 1 (unity or particle) and 0 (separation). Phi is Velocity and Psi is time. All elements of the equation are operators, including + and – to all symbols. The negative is not as traditionally viewed and the operator can be moved around. Geometric dimensions are the whole numbers. The dimension ladder is by powers. The speed of light equation combines both geometry and wave. When phi and psi are used together, they represent the proportionality the exists. But phi can represent longitudinal and transverse waves whose numbers would exhibit the same proportion. From dimension 2 we move to adding 1 or dimension 3 by vibration or elastic collision. Lattice points on the ether are photons. The Higgs is the photon, where being a transition particle, mass emerges through motion in the 3rd dimension. After the number 3 is reached we subtract infante harmonic attenuation or entropy to get the exact speed of light number. The TDUFT ladder is infinite. The universe is an infinite fractal; there is no center. Dimensions are infinite conjugates, velocity and time. Properties are merely functions of VT combinations or products. The equation shows geometries from 2-3 and wave mechanics to dimension 8 and then entropy to infinity. No dark matter here, only infinite dimensional recursion, infinite dimensions. This extends to the atom, 1 particle per shell with sub-particles, at center 30% thereabouts empty shells to infinity or entropic infinite harmonic attenuation, squaring velocity and square root time shell to shell. And this system extends to the cosmos and planets. Th ether is a multi-dimensional lattice with lattice nodes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trans Dimensional Unified Field Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: George James Ducas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 2
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)368

Aspin Bubbles and the Antimatter
type: item
description: In this article, we will demonstrate and verify that it is not possible to obtain antinuclei in general. Only antiparticles such as the antineutron and antiproton can be formed, and with these, only three antinuclei can be obtained. Therefore, according to Aspin Bubbles, the existence of antimatter in our universe is not possible. The present experimentation corroborates this fact, since to date only hydrogen antinuclei have been obtained.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antimatter
  topic: keywords
creator: Yoël Lana-Renault
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-04-02
publication date: 2026-04-02
starting page: 1
ending page: 43
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)365

Mathematical Model of the Meeting of Chronowaves
type: item
description: This paper describes a mathematical model for the encounter of a forward and backward chronowave. The proofs are based on the wave parts of dual equations derived by the author and presented in [1]. The underlying idea is to conceptualize time as two flows, each described by a forward and backward time vector. In our universe, time moves in one direction, from the past, through the present, to the future. However, the laws of physics do not change even when time flows backward. Therefore, it is logical to assume that the forward and backward directions of time can be reversed. Then, the forward direction should meet the backward direction. As a result of this encounter, an inversion of both directions of time should occur. Time that was forward becomes backward after the inversion. Conversely, backward time becomes forward after the inversion. The described process is very reminiscent of wave motion. Therefore, the author proposes considering two one-dimensional time flows as forward and backward chronowaves.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Direct Chronowave
  topic: keywords
subject: Reverse Chronowave
  topic: keywords
subject: Direct Time Flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Reverse Time Flow
  topic: keywords
subject: Inversion
  topic: keywords
subject: Quadrant
  topic: keywords
subject: Time Vector
  topic: keywords
subject: Chronoline
  topic: keywords
creator: Vladimir Alekseevich Romanenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-03-27
publication date: 2026-03-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)364

The Stacked Ring Shell Structure of Atomic Nuclei
type: item
description: This article proposes a stacked ring shell model that can represent the structure of atomic nuclei, and provides the nuclear structure arrangements of 349 isotopes of 112 elements in the periodic table.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Stacked Ring Shell Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Atomic Nucleus Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Isotopes
  topic: keywords
subject: Periodic Table
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiao En Wang
creator: Deng Guo Wang
creator: Yin Bo Wang
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)366

Physical Process Defining the Properties of Cavity Structures with Taking into Account the Properties of Physical Vacuum
type: item
description: The aim of this article is to prove that energy properties of cavity structures (impact on technical devices, biological systems, other cavity structures) is carried out by spin supercurrent. The spin supercurrent arises between spins of virtual photons (spin vortices) created by quantum objects constituting a cavity structure. The concept of virtual photons was developed by a Nobel Prize Winner R. Feynman in 1949; one of the properties of virtual photons is their ability to interact with each other by spin supercurrent. A significant feature of a cavity structure is the conservation of properties of a cavity structure for several hours or even days after removing it from any area of the physical vacuum. This phenomenon is explained by the properties of physical vacuum. According to a study by Planck, Einstein and Stern, a physical vacuum free from magnetic and electric fields (without regard to gravitational energy) should be defined not as an empty space but as a state of a field that consists of some oscillators with “zero-point energy” called in this work as quantum oscillators. The quantum oscillators have precessing spins and spin supercurrent may arise between their spins, and by such way to determine “residual effect” of cavity structures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cavity Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Virtual Photon
  topic: keywords
subject: Spin Vortex
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subject: Spin Supercurrent
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Vacuum
  topic: keywords
creator: Liudmila Borisovna Boldyreva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-03-23
publication date: 2026-03-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)363

Natural Philosophy of Photons: On the Nature of Electromagnetic Waves and Photonic Information
type: item
description: This paper reviews humanity’s understanding of the photon, the evolution of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics (QED), and analyzes their physical interpretations and philosophical implications. It seeks to elucidate the true nature of the photon by examining the possibility of hidden variables in the double-slit experiment. The wave-particle duality of the photon, as posited by quantum mechanics, appears to me to be less than entirely convincing. By designing a thought experiment involving a photon double-slit setup, I aim to refute the notion that photons generate Coherence, or so-called wave-function superposition, within the light field between the slits and the screen. This endeavour aims to demonstrate the pure particle nature of photons. Furthermore, by examining the wavelength of electromagnetic waves, this paper explores the intrinsic relationship between electromagnetic waves and photons, positing that electromagnetic waves are fundamentally pure particle-waves. Analysis of QED elucidates the potential influence of photon momentum on photon interactions, an effect that may profoundly impact quantum information transmission. To comprehensively describe the mathematical model of photon queues, this paper introduces the concept of a photon train. This metaphor likens photons travelling through space to a train in motion. The distance between carriages is denoted by (d), representing the wavelength of the photon。 Within the “particle train” model of the photon queue, the wavelength λ is defined as the distance d between adjacent photons. This yields a structural equivalence between wavelength λ and photon spacing The longer the wavelength (smaller f), the greater the distance d between photons (corresponding to radio waves, where photons are “sparsely” dispersed). The shorter the wavelength (larger f), the closer the distance d between photons (corresponding to X-rays or γ-rays, where photons are “focused”). f represents the frequency of light. In st…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Double Slit Experiment
  topic: keywords
subject: Double Slit Experiment with Observation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hidden Variables
  topic: keywords
subject: Photon
  topic: keywords
subject: Electromagnetic Wave
  topic: keywords
subject: Wavelength
  topic: keywords
subject: Pure Particle Nature of Photons
  topic: keywords
subject: Thought Experiment of the Double Slit Experiment
  topic: keywords
subject: Relationship between Photon Spacing and Electromagnetic Wave Wavelength
  topic: keywords
subject: Influence of Photon Momentum on Photon Beam Motion
  topic: keywords
subject: Planck’s Constant
  topic: keywords
subject: Blackbody Radiation
  topic: keywords
subject: Visible Light Wavelength
  topic: keywords
subject: Thought Experiment of I vs f
  topic: keywords
subject: SETI
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial length
  topic: keywords
subject: Photon Queue/ Longitudinal Structure Model (PQ/LS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Core Thought Experiment of PQ/LS
  topic: keywords
subject: Physical Model of PQ/LS
  topic: keywords
subject: Mathematical Model of PQ/LS
  topic: keywords
subject: Longitudinal Structural Degree of Freedom(LSDF) of Photonic Queue
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantum Information
  topic: keywords
subject: Photonic Information Propagation
  topic: keywords
subject: Minimal Effective Hamiltonian
  topic: keywords
subject: Queue Density ρ=f/c
  topic: keywords
subject: Equivalence of Wavelengthλ and Photon Spacingd
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparison between quantum electrodynamics (QED) and PQ/LS
  topic: keywords
subject: longitudinal structure of photonic queues Local entropy increase effect
  topic: keywords
subject: longitudinal structure of photonic queues
  topic: keywords
creator: Xiaoming Li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-02-27
publication date: 2026-02-27
starting page: 1
ending page: 71
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)360

Addendum #2 to “Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things”
type: item
description: The purpose of this paper is to integrate several of the concepts presented in my 2016 Book titled, “Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things” with other concepts presented in my 2026 paper that was published last month in the Physics & Optics Sciences Journal, titled “Addendum to Divine Revelations - The Essence of All Things”, and then along with new concepts recently developed in the last few months. These new concepts are developed by integrating the method for calculating the Proton Mass Ratio and Neutron Mass Ratio presented in my 2016 book, with the method for calculating the Classic Electron Radius presented in the above referenced 2026 paper. Both concepts are based on developing a geometric and numerical progression for determining various particle parameters. The integration of these two concepts is accomplished by reversing the mass calculations presented in my 2016 book, by starting at Planck’s Length and then calculating upward toward the size of visible light, instead of starting at visible light and calculating downward toward Planck’s Length. Also, the 2026 addendum paper is expanded beyond the Classic Electron Radius, and further upward to the size of visible light. The two combined charts then produce a more complete understanding of waves and particles, including photons, X-rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays, proton mass ratio and neutron mass ratio, and resolves the various arguments for electrons and point electron radii. Furthermore, both Proton Mass Radius and Neutron Mass Radius sizes are also defined, and therefore can be structurally calculated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Divine Revelations
  topic: keywords
creator: William R Hohenberger
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/2026(8)361

Security in Multi-Controller Software-Defined Networks: Present Trends and Future
type: item
description: In the digital age, the networking field has undergone a marvelous transformation in various aspects. The fundamental networks struggle to build diverse, novel hardware-centric architectures to meet increasing demands such as network agility, flexibility, security, and efficiency. As the network applications become more dynamic, rapidly adaptable network infrastructure is essential to respond to the dynamiclarge-scale environments quickly. This ground breaking solution, Software Defined Networking (SDN), is increasing due to the decoupling nature of data and control planes. A Multi Controller Software Defined Network (MC-SDN) is a revolutionary concept comprising multiple controllers and switches separated using programmable features, enhancing network availability, management, scalability, and performance. The MC-SDN is a potential choice for managing large, heterogeneous, complex industrial networks. Despite the rich operational flexibility of MC-SDN, it is imperative to protect the network deployment with proper protection against potential vulnerabilities that lead to misuse and maliciou sactivities on the MC-SDNstructure. The security holes in the MC-SDN structure significantly impact network surviv ability and performance efficiency. Hence, detecting MC-SDN security attacks is crucial to improving network performance. Accordingly, introduces and illustrates the key developments in the MC-SDN defense mechanisms proposed using the latest developments in blockchain technology and machine learning. It highlights and identifies the potential studies in SDN and its security frameworks that significantly contribute to the current literature and substantially impact the relevant research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Software-Defined Networks
  topic: keywords
creator: Abrar Alkhamisi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Physics & Optics Sciences
date: 2025-04-25
publication date: 2025-04-25
starting page: 13
ending page: 13
doi: 10.47363/JPSOS/ICWOQ2025/2025(7)13