Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Political Sciences & International Relations. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of Research, Review, Case Reports, Analysis, Magazines, Editorials, Opinion, Communications, Mini-Review, Short Communications, Picturized, Book Review, Video type and Power Point Presentations (PPTS). You can submit articles thorough online: https://srcpublishers.com/political-sciences-international/user/register or through E-mail attachment: politicalsciences@onlinescientificresearch.info 0.35 Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Literary Narratives of Social and Environmental Change: A Reviewof Palm Oil Imagery in Global Fiction
The global palm oil industry has become a central point of debate due to its far-reaching environmental and social consequences, yet its cultural and literary representations have only recently gained systematic scholarly attention. Literature, as a medium of ecological imagination, transforms abstract issues such as deforestation, labor exploitation, and cultural displacement into narratives that shape public understanding of sustainability and justice. This study aims to: (1) provide a structured synthesis of scholarly contributions examining palm oil in global fiction, (2) analyze how literary narratives frame palm oil as a site of environmental, cultural, and political contestation, and (3) highlight systemic insights drawn from these representations for advancing interdisciplinary debates on sustainability and ecological justice. The research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) as a qualitative method. Data were collected through the Scopus database using targeted keywords, yielding 1,142 initial results. After multi-stage screening based on thematic focus, publication years (2020–2025), and accessibility, 35 peer-reviewed articles were selected for analysis. Thematic synthesis was used to identify recurring patterns and crossregional trends. Findings reveal five dominant thematic clusters: environmental degradation, labor exploitation, colonial legacies, cultural identity and indigenous resistance, and sustainability narratives. These themes demonstrate the multifaceted role of literature in connecting ecological realities with social struggles and in critiquing global capitalist structures. In conclusion, palm oil imagery in fiction serves as both a mirror of systemic crises and a resource for envisioning alternative futures. Future research is encouraged to expand cross-regional comparisons, especially in underexplored African and Latin American contexts, to strengthen global perspectives on ecological justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
State-Capitalism and People’s Welfare: A Review of Prerequisitesto Succeed
State-capitalist models are increasingly recognized for their potential to influence public welfare, yet the conditions under which they succeed remain insufficiently understood. This study systematically reviews and synthesizes empirical evidence to identify the key prerequisites enabling state-capitalist systems to achieve measurable improvements in people’s welfare. The research aims to clarify how institutional quality, state capacity, strategic management of state-owned enterprises (SOEs), industrial policy, and redistribution mechanisms interact to shape welfare outcomes across diverse governance contexts. This research employs a qualitative, systematic literature review (SLR) methodology. Data were collected through a structured search of the Scopus database, which initially yielded 1,428 articles using the keywords “State Capitalism” and “Welfare”. Refinement with targeted terms focusing on governance, institutional quality, policy effectiveness, and state capacity reduced the corpus to 129 articles. Further screening of the publication period 2019–2025 and open-access availability identified 37 peer-reviewed studies eligible for inclusion. The review identifies five major thematic clusters: (1) Institutional Quality and Governance Integrity, (2) Strategic SOE Performance and Welfare Spillovers, (3) State Capacity, Policy Coherence, and Bureaucratic Competence, (4) Industrial Policy, Economic Diversification, and Inclusive Structural Transformation, and (5) Redistribution, Welfare Regimes, and Social Protection Effectiveness. Collectively, these factors explain variations in welfare outcomes, highlighting that state ownership alone is insufficient without strong governance, coherent policies, and effective redistributive systems. In conclusion, state-capitalist systems deliver meaningful welfare improvements when these prerequisites converge, underscoring the need for multidimensional policy design. Future research should examine the longitudinal impacts of statecapitalist strategies and explore sector-specific SOE contributions to welfare to deepen understanding of causal mechanisms.
The Impact of Price Hikes on Consumer Behavior: Assessing thepurchasing habits of consumers in Trishal Upazila
This paper focuses on the effect of price increases on the consumer behaviour with the center of study being the purchasing habits in the Trishal upazila in Bangladesh. Quantitative research design was used and data was gathered using structured questionnaire to 150 randomly selected respondents in four Union Parishads (Trishal, Balipara, Dhanikhola, and Mathbari). To examine the impact of increasing prices on consumer choices, consumption and household budgets, descriptive and inferential statistics analyses were done. The findings revealed that the majority of respondents (59%) cut down on the amount of necessary goods they bought, and others resorted to more affordable options or tried to find what other markets and the Internet offered. Rice, meat, cooking oil, and vegetables were being reported as having significant price increases which directly impacted household spending and the shopping habits. Affordability, quality, and necessity were pointed out by the respondents as main determinants when making decisions in the case of inflationary pressures. Furthermore, they insisted on local governments to control prices, raise subsidies and promote production locally to minimize the reliance on imports. The research finds that increases have a important impact on the purchasing power of rural consumers and their market decisions, which can be helpful to policy makers and companies in designing effective measures to stabilize the economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
Widowers and Cash Transfers in Eastern Africa: ComparativeInsights from Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Uganda(2005–2014)
This study investigates widowers’ participation in cash transfer programs across Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Uganda between 2005 and 2014. It documents enrollment trends, compares delivery mechanisms, and assesses the adequacy of support using secondary data and comparative analysis. The framework draws on testimonial justice and gender equity to situate widowers’ experiences within debates on social protection and male vulnerability. Findings reveal that widowers remain largely invisible in welfare statistics and policy discourse. While women’s empowerment initiatives expanded, widowers encountered stigma around male dependency, limited institutional recognition, and feelings of diminished masculinity when accessing aid. Comparative insights show that cultural norms, delivery innovations such as mobile money, and policy frameworks shaped experiences differently across countries. Despite improved enrollment and accessibility, transfers were inadequate to meet basic household needs. The study recommends reforms that explicitly recognize widowers as a vulnerable group, align transfer amounts with household needs, and integrate testimonial justice into programme design.
Strategic Implementation of the United Nations Security CouncilResolution 1325 by International Non-Governmental Organisationsin Borno State, Nigeria
The implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCRs) 1325, particularly in conflict-affected regions like Borno State, Nigeria, often depends on the strategic involvement of International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs). Despite their linkage, the strategic mechanisms through which INGOs operationalise UNSCRs at the local level remain under-examined. This study examines the strategic implementation of INGOs in addressing relevant UNSCRs, particularly those related to peacebuilding, humanitarian response, and gender inclusion in post-conflict Borno. The study also unravels the challenges of implementing the provisions of UNSCR 1325. Guided by strategic management theory, the study employs a qualitative case study approach, relying on semi-structured interviews with INGO staff, community leaders, and government actors, as well as a review of relevant documents. Thematic and content analysis are adopted for proper analysis of the gathered information. Findings reveal that INGOs employ adaptive strategies, including cultural contextualization, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and policy advocacy to align global UNSCR mandates with local realities. However, implementation is constrained by insecurity, resource limitations, and sociopolitical resistance. The study concludes that while INGOs play a crucial bridging role between global norms and local needs, their effectiveness depends on strategic flexibility and sustained engagement. It recommends enhanced donor coordination, government support for INGO programming, and capacity-building for local actors. Policy implications highlight the need for a national framework that harmonizes UNSCR implementation efforts across INGOs and state institutions for sustainable peace and development in Northeast Nigeria.
International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs)
United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCRs)
Surprising Historical Counter-Developments in East and West-Germany. Condensed Results of a Socio-Historical Study of the1950s
The inequalities in development between East and West Germany identified in current sociological studie for example, have deep roots in the immediate postwar period [1]. It is surprising that these differences are not based on the obvious systemic discrepancies between socialism and capitalism—but rather on everyday contrasts in work and life, shaped by the specific conditions of practice during the postwar era. This can be con-vincingly demonstrated by comparing two important industrial companies: AG “Weser” in Bremen and the “Neptun” shipyard in Rostock. The presented study focuses on actor typologies and their significance for the social space of both large enterprises. The inter-nal tensions that emerge and reveal drastic deviations make current developmental dis-parities between East and West Germany more comprehensible. The study to which this essay refers is based on intensive research in the company archives and on 67 extensive biographical-narrative interviews with employees of the two shipyards.
U.S.-Taiwan Initiative on 21st Century Trade and Asia PacificIndustrial Chain Restructuring1 US dominance, Taiwan’s Complianceand China’s Response
The first batch of agreements under the “U.S.-Taiwan Initiative on 21st Century Trade” will come into effect in December 2024, including five topics: “trade facilitation”, “good legal practices”, “internal regulations in the service industry”, “anti-corruption”, and “small and medium-sized enterprises”. The seven topics that will be negotiated in the future include labor, environment, agriculture, digital trade, etc. The Chinese government has always adhered to the One China principle, and Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. However,Due to the global trade chaos caused by Trump’s “reciprocal tariffs” as well as the huge uncertainty of the results of “reciprocal tariffs” between the United States and other countries in 2025, combined with his governing style, the shortcomings of the initiative, and the need for geopolitical games and alternative solutions, the initiative may move towards two extremes: being substantially abandoned or passively returning. If it can be retained, the U.S.-Taiwan Initiative on 21st Century Trade, as a framework for economic and trade cooperation between the US and Taiwan, will also deepen bilateral economic relations and reconstruct the Asia Pacific industrial chain. Therefore, China’s response is also crucial, and attention should be paid to both, with a focus on quickly achieving equal openness and establishing a community with a shared future for mankind, and working together with Taiwan compatriots to promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation..
U.S.-Taiwan Initiative on 21st Century Trade
Evaluating the Tumaini Initiative within South Sudan’s Fragile Transitions
South Sudan continues to grapple with escalating instability, a deteriorating security environment, and uneven peace implementation despite signing the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) in 2018. In this context, the Tumaini Initiative was launched as an inclusive mediation platform to engage hold-out groups outside the main peace agreement and to support a more comprehensive settlement. This study examined the political and security dimensions of the Tumaini Initiative and assessed whether it represents effective conflict transformation or merely a parallel peacemaking with limited legitimacy. Using qualitative analysis of recent reports and monitoring bodies, the article situates Tumaini within broader national politics, ongoing violations, and regional diplomacy. The findings show that while Tumaini reflects an attempt to broaden inclusion, its structural integration into formal peace mechanisms remains weak, raising questions about its capacity to prevent relapse into widespread violence. The conclusion calls for deeper constitutional integration and more robust support from regional guarantors.
Emerging Trends in the Era of Decolonization: The Examples ofBritish and French African Colonies
This discussion is an extensive delineation of the Emerging Trends in the Era of Decolonization: The Examples of British and French Africa. A number of significant and crucial events saw and preceded colonization in British and French Africa, and historical underpinnings, while recognizing the challenges and struggles emerging from colonization and anti-colonization, uncertainty in decolonization, and the terrains culminating in social issues and problems. The article also discusses the social change regime of modernization and post-colonial imperialism from a stakeholder perspective and achieving equality from stabilization of a modern world.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal on Political Sciences & International Relations
The Russia-Ukraine War and its Ripple Effects in South Asia: AnExploratory Analysis
The Russia-Ukraine war has profoundly impacted South Asia despite the geographical distance. This study investigates the multifaceted repercussions of the conflict on the region, encompassing economic, political, and social dimensions. The economic fallout, primarily manifested through supply chain disruptions and commodity price surges, has fueled inflation, exacerbated food insecurity, and strained fiscal balances. The war has also complicated the geopolitical landscape, forcing South Asian nations to navigate a delicate balancing act between their ties with Russia and the West, potentially intensifying regional rivalries and increasing Russia’s influence. Socially, the war has disproportionately affected marginalized communities, amplifying existing inequalities and raising concerns about social unrest and political instability. The study employs a qualitative research methodology, relying on a comprehensive review of existing literature, news articles, policy documents, and expert analyses. The findings highlight the interconnectedness of global events and their far-reaching consequences, even in regions seemingly distant from the conflict zone, underscoring the importance of understanding the broader context and the need for a global perspective. The research underscores the urgent need for regional cooperation and a nuanced, proactive approach from regional and international actors to address the multifaceted challenges posed by the war and foster a more resilient and equitable future for South Asia.
Cooperativist Dynamics in Post-Conflict Societies: Addressingthe Rochdale Principles as a Local Framework for PeacebuildingInitiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina
In this context, cooperatives - an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise, emerge as a local agent that can offer a bottom-up approach in order to contribute to peacebuilding and social reconstruction.
Prospects and Challenges of State Capitalism as Economic Policy: A Review
The renewed prominence of state-capitalism in contemporary economic policy debates reflects increasing concerns over market failures, global economic volatility, and the limitations of liberal market–oriented models. Across diverse political economic contexts, governments have expanded their use of state-led instruments to manage strategic sectors, stabilize macroeconomic conditions, and support long-term development. At the same time, the growing role of the state has intensified debates regarding efficiency, governance quality, and global economic integration. This study systematically reviews and synthesizes the contemporary academic literature on state capitalism as an economic policy framework, with a focus on its prospects and challenges across varying institutional environments. This study employs a qualitative Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology. Data were collected through a structured search of the Scopus database. An initial search using the keywords “State Capitalism AND Economic Policy” yielded 2,098 articles. Through sequential screening based on relevance, publication period (2020–2025), language, and open-access availability, 39 peer-reviewed journal articles were selected for final analysis. The selected studies were examined using thematic synthesis to identify recurring patterns in conceptual, institutional, economic, and governance-related areas. The review identifies five dominant thematic domains: conceptual diversity and typologies of state-capitalism; policy instruments and institutional mechanisms; economic performance and developmental outcomes; governance risks and market distortions; and political and global integration constraints. The findings indicate that state-capitalism can enhance strategic coordination, crisis resilience, and early-stage development in contexts with strong institutional capacity. However, weak governance structures are associated with persistent challenges, including inefficiency, accountability deficits, elite capture, and international economic frictions. In conclusion, state-capitalism should be understood as a context-dependent economic policy framework whose outcomes are shaped by institutional design, governance quality, and political–economic conditions. Future research should prioritize comparative and longitudinal approaches to better capture the evolving dynamics and long-term implications of state-capitalist policies.
Palm Oil, Environmental Objectivity, and the Political Economyof Trade Discrimination: A Review of International Hypocrisy inAgricultural Trade Policy
This qualitative literature review examines the paradoxical treatment of palm oil in international trade policy, where the most land-efficient and productive vegetable oil faces disproportionate regulatory scrutiny compared to less efficient alternatives. Through thematic analysis of peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2025, this study synthesizes evidence demonstrating palm oil’s superior biophysical characteristics—including yields of 3.3-4.0 tons per hectare (8-10 times higher than soybean, rapeseed, or sunflower) and significant carbon sequestration capacity of 64.5 tons CO2/ha/year—while revealing how environmental narratives mask protectionist motivations. The analysis critically evaluates the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II) as a discriminatory instrument that selectively classifies palm oil as “high ILUC-risk” while exempting European-produced oilseeds, despite objective life cycle assessment data indicating palm oil’s lower overall environmental impact. Drawing on World Trade Organization dispute proceedings (DS593, DS600) and extensive empirical research, this review demonstrates that international palm oil discrimination constitutes environmental hypocrisy, driven primarily by economic interests protecting domestic farmers in importing countries rather than genuine sustainability concerns. The study concludes with policy recommendations calling for the enforcement of strict, crop-neutral trade standards based on land-use efficiency to dismantle green neocolonialism, alongside the establishment of a transnational framework that institutionalizes scientific objectivity in global vegetable oil governance.
Navigating The 2026 Global Palm Oil Landscape: A Pestel Analysisof Structural Market Shifts, Trade Policy Dynamics, And the Riseof Eco-Protectionism
As the global palm oil industry approaches the strategic horizon of 2026, it confronts a critical juncture defined by the escalating tension between a fragile post-El Niño supply recovery and the institutionalization of non-tariff trade barriers. This study employs a rigorous Qualitative Literature Review (QLR) utilizing the PESTEL framework to dissect the industry’s outlook for 2025–2026. Synthesizing primary data from the 2026 Palm Oil Outlook Report provided by IPOSS with recent academic literature (2020–2025), the research identifies a fundamental structural shift from land-expansion-based growth to a productivity-driven paradigm, necessitated by a pervasive yield gap where Indonesian productivity (3.68 tons/ha) lags significantly behind Malaysia (4.56 tons/ha). While global production is forecasted to rebound to 83 million tons in 2026, the market is bifurcating. On one side, domestic absorption in Indonesia driven by the B40/B50 bioenergy mandates—provides a price floor but threatens to crowd out export volumes, potentially reducing foreign exchange earnings by displacing up to 2.2 million tons of exportable supply. On the other hand, the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) represents the apex of “eco-protectionism,” imposing geolocation requirements that threaten to exclude 40% of smallholders who lack formal land tenure. The analysis concludes that 2026 will be a year of “forced adaptation,” where the industry must navigate a “standards war” between Western sustainability hegemony and Global South development sovereignty. Policy recommendations emphasize the urgent need for a “One Data” policy to bridge the traceability gap and a diplomatic pivot to utilize the recent WTO DS593 victory as a lever for mutual recognition of national standards.
New Media and the Promotion of Yorùbá Cultural Values:Opportunities and Threats
This study examines the link between new media and the promotion of Yoruba cultural values, with particular attention to perceived benefits, associated challenges, and strategies for maximising the cultural potential of digital platforms. An online survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from 114 respondents. Descriptive statistics, including frequency counts, percentages, means, and standard deviations, were employed to analyse the data. The findings reveal that new media play a significant role in enhancing awareness, accessibility, and creative expression of Yoruba cultural values, particularly through social media, videos, music, drama, and storytelling. However, the study also identifies notable challenges, including the dominance of Western cultural content, declining use of the Yoruba language online, distorted cultural representations, and the erosion of traditional moral values. Despite these challenges, respondents expressed strong consensus on actionable strategies for better harnessing new media for cultural promotion, such as increased production of Yoruba-language content, integration of digital media into formal education, involvement of cultural experts and elders, institutional support for content creators, and policy regulation of misleading cultural content. The study concludes that new media represent both opportunities and risks for Yoruba cultural sustainability. When strategically guided by cultural awareness, educational mediation, and supportive policy frameworks, digital platforms can serve as effective tools for preserving and revitalising Yoruba cultural values in the contemporary media landscape.
African Diplomacy and its Utility in Handling Electoral ElicitedPolitical Crises: An Analysis of sadc and South African Diplomacyin the 2023 Electoral Dispute in Zimbabwe
African diplomacy plays a crucial role in managing political disputes and electoral crises across the continent. An example of such a crisis is the disputed election in Zimbabwe, which occurred in 2023. Following the election into office of President Emerson Mnangagwa in 2018, the election held in August 2023 was highly anticipated as a potential turning point towards a more democratic future for Zimbabwe. However, the results of the election were contested, with the opposition party, Citizen’s Coalition for Change, alleging electoral irregularities and calling the outcome into question. This sparked widespread unrest and increased tension within the country. African nations and regional organizations such as the African Union (AU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) were pivotal in addressing this dispute and attempting to find a resolution. The AU and the SADC intervened through diplomatic negotiations, urging political leaders to engage in dialogue and find a peaceful solution to the crisis. This paper will analyze the role of African diplomacy in the context of the disputed election in Zimbabwe by examining the actions and strategies employed by the AU and the SADC, as well as their effectiveness in mediating the conflict.
Reconstructing Public Governance in a “Multimedia Landscape”:Policy Agenda Construction in the Short Video Era
The communication ecology of short videos and their emotional mobilization are reshaping public policy agenda setting and challenging traditional governance models. Existing studies tend to focus on either media technology or governance theory, rarely integrating both to explain how digital platforms alter power structures and mobilization mechanisms. This study examines the “Pre-packaged Meals in Schools” controversy, combining media ecology and governance theories, and employs functional roles and content framing to analyze the construction of public issues. Findings show that: (1) agenda formation has shifted from official-driven processes to a grassroots-triggered paradigm, reflecting a shift from static status power to dynamic functional power; (2) emotional mobilization presents a paradox: content that most effectively sparks public interaction is not direct emotional appeals, but seemingly objective news/event frames that provide space for representing multiple social contradictions. By treating platform technology and emotional environment as endogenous to governance, this study offers a perspective on the evolution of opinion leaders, complex emotional mobilization, and collaborative governance in the digital era.
Washington Summit on Ukraine: The Return of Realpolitik andSecret Diplomacy
The organization of the summit by the White House and not by a European capital show that the real center of decision-making for the security and future of Ukraine remains in Washington. European leaders participated, but their role was more confirmatory than leading.
Five Decads Stunck in Underdevlopment: Why Angola ContinuePoor?
After five decades, Angola has proven incapable of breaking out of its cycle of underdevelopment. In this approach, I seek to highlight some evidence that contributes to the failure of the Angolan economy to prosper. Much of this evidence points to the strong contribution of political, administrative, and fiscal centralization to high levels of multidimensional poverty. The past five decades have promoted vicious circles that have contributed to the ability to generate wealth on a private basis. On the other hand, the significantly exclusive institutions that exist have led the economy to stagnation with a strong dependence on international markets, whose economy, lacking the capacity for transformation, has become an economy of expectations based on these markets in particular. On the other hand, the inability to govern naturally reveals the main driver of stagnation in marked underdevelopment, being strongly associated with the inability to generate wealth for the majority.
Spatial Turn: From Geographical to Economic Space
This paper analyzes the different meanings of the term space, which has a significant place in defining appropriate development theories. The starting point is a historical insight into the development of this concept, which was transposed from philosophy into geography), in which it is the primary subject of study. Different interpretations of space during the late 1960s in the fields of philosophy and social theory enabled the emergence of a spatial shift in the social sciences. Thus, there was a break in the development of modernity, and the postmodern period began. This gave special significance to the new methodological framework for interpreting theories of economic development, which showed different interpretations of space a more comprehensive and practical meaning in the regional economy.
The Rise of Corporate “Green Hesitancy” and “Green Hushing”
Thousands of multinational corporations have set ambitious environmental goals and implementation plans to reduce their environmental impacts. Yet analysis paralysis and fear of rebuke for missteps and insufficiency have begun impeding voluntary environmental action across corporate value chains. Corporate environmental action has become like a game of Frogger, where inaction and silence has become safer than taking a step forward to reduce emissions or environmental impacts. There is an opportunity for environmental nonprofits to tackle this commonly discussed yet underreported and veiled issue. With new incentives, user-specific solutions, and new ways to make money from environmental regeneration, environmental nonprofits can better convert corporate environmental action from the game of Frogger to simply the way that corporations do business.
The Importance Of Social Responsibility And Ethics InOrganizational Management
Social responsibility (SR) in the healthcare sector can learn much from the evolving concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The main element of “responsibility” is by nature an ethical concept, addressing the consequences of actions when looking back to the past, and addressing responsibility for what will or must be done when looking forward to the future. Thus, it is a good guide to understanding SR. The “social” part of the term also began initially as a moral concept in interpersonal relationships. Later, society began to take an active role, and its demands began to identify the circumstances that create the right to create responsibility. Starting from the basic concepts involved in organizational management, this paper analyses the major points that motivates administrations to act in a socially responsible manner; in my opinion, social responsibility, understood as ethical responsibility based on virtue ethics may lead management to excellence.
Co-Opetition Among Palm Oil Exporting Countries to Navigatethe Complexities Dynamic Global Vegetable Oils Market
The global vegetable oils market is characterised by increasing complexity due to evolving environmental regulations, shifting consumer preferences, and intensified competition among exporting countries. This study examines the phenomenon of co-opetition among palm oil exporting nations as a strategic response to these challenges. The research aims to analyse how these countries balance cooperation and competition to sustain market positions and address regulatory and market uncertainties. This qualitative study employs a comprehensive literature review method, synthesising findings from diverse academic articles, industry reports, and policy documents. Data were collected systematically using academic databases and citation management software to ensure breadth and reliability. The analysis applied thematic coding and content analysis techniques to identify recurring patterns and critical themes related to co-opetition dynamics. Findings reveal that Indonesia and Malaysia dominate the palm oil export market, engaging in both competitive practices and collaborative initiatives such as harmonising sustainability certifications and joint diplomatic efforts. Despite institutional fragmentation and policy divergences, co-opetition enhances resilience by fostering innovation, regulatory adaptation, and collective bargaining power. The study highlights the critical role of strategic alliances in navigating regulatory complexities and market volatility. In conclusion, co-opetition emerges as a vital mechanism enabling palm oil exporters to reconcile national interests with shared sustainability goals and market challenges. Future research should focus on quantitative assessment of co-opetition impacts and the inclusion of emerging exporters to enrich understanding of global vegetable oil trade dynamics.
The Role of Social Motives in Dream Content
The fundamental social motives framework has generated several empirical findings demonstrating the activation of a motivational system that guides conscious (live) cognition and downstream behavior in functional ways. This evolutionary view of motivation describes social cognition as an inner motivational state designed to recognize, analyze, and mobilize behaviour to manage social threats or opportunities during conscious social situations. This paper revisits the role of fundamental social motives during unconscious (remote) cognition. This paper argues that the premise of fundamental motives is worth preserving during dreaming. The connections between social motives and dream content are highlighted. This paper proposes a novice perspective that serves as a generative foundation for future empirical research.
Literature Review: Implications of Early Marriage on HumanDevelopment
Early marriage is a phenomenon that has an impact on various aspects of life which then affects human development. This study aims to conduct a literature review on the implications of early marriage on human development. The method used in this study is the SLR (Systematic Literature Review) method. Data collection was carried out by documenting all literature that met the research inclusion requirements. The literature obtained as many as 25 articles from the Google Scholer database with the help of Harzing’s Publish or Perish application. From this literature study, it was found that the phenomenon of early marriage has implications for the human development index based on health indicators and life expectancy, education, and welfare. Another finding is that women are the most disadvantaged from the impact of early marriage. Things that can be done to deal with the phenomenon and impact of early marriage include formal and non-formal education, strengthening access to health and education services, creating empowerment programs, and strengthening regulations and legal protection.
The Impact of Regional Powers on South Asian Domestic Politics
This paper examines the impact of regional powers on South Asian domestic politics, a region characterized by rapid economic growth and persistent geopolitical instability. It highlights the critical need for a nuanced understanding of internal political dynamics within neighboring states, arguing that past oversights are unsustainable in today’s globalized information environment. The study is significant for moving beyond conventional analyses and critically examining how regional powers influence internal politics and stability, particularly regarding arms control behavior. Employing a qualitative, case study approach, the paper analyzes specific instances, such as the 2014 Maldivian abductions and the 2021 fall of the Afghan regime, focusing on the impact of regional actors, including India and China. Findings suggest practical regional cooperation hinges on nation-state actors reassessing political and material risks. The conclusion highlights the importance of enhancing regional connectivity through increased trade, cultural initiatives, and people-to-people interactions to promote security and welfare, while acknowledging the vulnerability of democracy to external pressures.
Socioeconomic Diagnosis a Tool for Strategic Planning of PublicAuthority Actions
This paper proposes the use of Socioeconomic Diagnosis as a tool for the elaboration of the Multi-Year Planning of public management. The research methodology used was descriptive and applied with a qualitative approach. The research instruments involved were field research and document analysis. During the document analysis, it was identified that the form of planning popularly used in the Municipality of Matelândia is built based only on meetings, held mandatorily and randomly in communities in the municipalities, resulting from the “Inherited State”, remnants of times gone by. The results of the research highlighted the need to migrate to the “Necessary State”, with the intention of not only resolving existing demands, but also creating new demands and opportunities. To this end, planning with the use of concrete data becomes essential, and based on the case of the Municipality of Matelândia, it is proposed to use the tool to obtain these data, which is the Socioeconomic Diagnosis.
The Relationship between Criminology and Auxiliary CriminalSciences
This paper examines the relationship between criminology and its auxiliary criminal sciences, specifically focusing on forensic psychiatry, forensic medicine, forensic criminal investigation, and criminal policy science. The objective is to explore how these interdisciplinary connections contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of crime, criminal behavior, and effective justice practices. Forensic psychiatry provides insights into offenders’ mental health, aiding in assessments for sentencing and rehabilitation. Forensic medicine offers biological evidence critical to understanding violent crime, while forensic criminal investigation supplies empirical data through evidence collection and crime scene analysis, enriching criminological research. Criminal policy science translates criminological findings into actionable policies, promoting crime prevention and public safety. Together, these fields enhance the precision and impact of criminology, enabling a multifaceted approach that addresses the psychological, biological, social, and policy related dimensions of crime. This interdisciplinary framework supports criminal justice systems in making informed, evidence based decisions, fostering a more adaptive and responsive approach to crime prevention, investigation, and rehabilitation. By highlighting the value of integrating criminology with auxiliary sciences, the paper underscores the importance of collaborative efforts to advance the effectiveness and fairness of the criminal justice system.
The Identity of Criminology and Its Applications in Palestinian Correctional and Rehabilitation Centers: Between Reality andAspiration
The purpose of this study was to investigate the definition of criminology and its applications in Palestinian prison and rehabilitation institutions using a quantitative methodology. Out of the 591 total study population, which included every employee working in these centers, 175 workers were selected at random. The study examined how staff members’ understanding of criminology concepts, the accessibility of training programs, and the incorporation of criminology into reform activities affected these centers’ overall performance. The results showed a significant positive link between staff members’ criminology expertise and their ability to interact with inmates and assist in their rehabilitation. Additionally, by ensuring that employees had access to the most recent knowledge, the availability of criminology training programs was crucial in enhancing the effectiveness of daily operations. The greatest effect was shown when criminology was included to reform initiatives, highlighting the need of aligning institutional policies with criminology principles to enhance rehabilitation results and reduce recidivism. The study concluded that increasing staff understanding, providing more opportunities for training, and integrating criminology into reform programs are essential steps toward improving the effectiveness of Palestinian jails and rehabilitation centers.
The Enduring Impact of Diversity Leadership Training on Educational Equity: A Decade of Insights
This research article examines the long-term impact of diversity leadership training on educational equity, drawing on the findings of Dr. Berdine Gordon- Littréan’s 2014 action research study. The study, conducted within a diverse educational setting, highlighted the importance of continuous professional development, reflective practice, and specific leadership skills in promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). A decade later, these findings continue to influence contemporary DEI initiatives, providing valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and leaders. This article explores the enduring relevance of the study’s methodologies and findings, offering practical recommendations for sustaining and advancing DEI efforts in education.