Journal of Virology Research & Reports is an open access peer-reviewed journal from the publishers of Scientific Research and Community (SRC) which publishes articles in the form of written, video and power-point presentations from the arena of Virology Research & Reports. The journal focuses to build up accessing the complete content of articles freely from online for reader’s perusal. Article acceptance will be in the form of research, review, case reports, analysis, magazines, editorials, opinion, communications, mini-review, short communications, picturized, book review, video type and power point presentations (PPTS). Articles can be submitted through online from https://srcpublishers.com/virology-research-reports/user/register or can send through an E-mail with attachment for virologyreports@onlinescientificresearch.info 1.5* Impact Factor 84.5% Citations 90% Acceptance
Neuro-Symbiotic Loops: Trust Calibration and Adaptive Synchronization in Human-AI Decision Making
The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into decision-support loops introduces a critical challenge: the opacity of AI reason-ing creates a gap between system capability and human trust. While Explainable AI (XAI) attempts to bridge this gap, static explanations often overwhelm users under stress or provide insufficient detail during calm phases. This paper introduces the Neuro-Symbiotic Synchro-nization (NSS) Protocol, a novel framework that utilizes closed-loop physiological feedback to dynamically calibrate trust and modulate the complexity of AI explanations in real-time. We propose a control-theoretic model where human cognitive load acts as a regulating signal for the AI’s output channel. We mathematically formulate a “Trust Oscillator” that updates trust estimates based on performance discrepancies and penalizes cognitive overload. Through a simulation study involving a Smart Grid emergency management sce-nario, we demonstrate that the NSS framework significantly improves decision accuracy (by 7.4%) and reduces cognitive workload (NASA-TLX) by 35% compared to static interfaces. Our results suggest that symbiotic Human-AI collaboration requires biologicallyinformed adap-tation rather than purely logic-driven transparency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Virology Research & Reports
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Enterovirus in Clear Cerebrospinal Fluid Meningitis at Brazzaville University Hospital
Introduction: Clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) meningitis represents a major public health problem in resource‑limited countries. It is characterized by CSF pleocytosis with a macroscopically clear appearance, and its etiologies are mainly viral, tuberculous, or undetermined. Objective: This study aimed to analyze clear CSF samples from a cytological and biochemical perspective, identify the main pathogens, and assess the diagnostic yield of examinations performed at the Brazzaville University Hospital laboratory. Methods: An analytical cross‑sectional study with prospective data collection was conducted from April 1 to September 30, 2021, including all clear CSF samples received at the bacteriology‑virology‑immunology laboratory of CHU‑B. Analyses included cytology, biochemistry, and PCR detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HSV‑1, and Enterovirus. Results: The frequency of clear CSF meningitis was 48.6%. Patients under 5 years accounted for 67.9% of cases, with a slight male predominance (sex ratio 1.03). Cytology showed a mean of 245 leukocytes/mm³, with lymphocytic predominance. Protein levels were elevated (2.02 g/L) in all cases, while hypoglycorrhachia was observed only in tuberculous meningitis. The pathogens identified were mainly Enterovirus (20.3%), followed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (5.8%) and HSV‑1 (11.6%). A large proportion of cases (63.8%) remained of undetermined etiology. Diagnostic yield was higher among infants (<1 year, 53.6%) and young adults (20–40 years, 61.5%). Conclusion: Clear CSF meningitis is frequent in Brazzaville, predominantly affecting young children. Cytological and biochemical CSF profiles were consistent with the identified etiologies. Improving laboratory capacity, particularly through systematic integration of multiplex film array nucleic acid amplification tests, is essential to reduce the number of undetermined cases and strengthen diagnostic and therapeutic management.
Cerebrospinal fluid, Enterovirus, HSV‑1, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Brazzaville
Therapeutic Outcomes of an Herbal Remedy in Treating and Preventing African Swine Fever: A Real-World Evidence Report
Backgound: African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease characterized by a 100% case fatality rate in domestic pigs, for which there is currently no effective treatment. Recent studies suggest that Marecipe AV, an herbal therapeutic may provide significant therapeutic benefits against severe viral infections. Methods: This study involved treating domestic pigs diagnosed with African swine fever (ASF) or exposed to the African swine fever virus (ASFV) with Marecipe AV herbal medicine. Mortality rates were recorded in both the treated group and an untreated control group to evaluate efficacy. Results: Oral administration of Marecipe AV herbal medicine significantly reduced mortality in infected domestic pigs, with rates declining from 100% in the control group to between 0% and 28.6% in treated animals (P < 0.001). All survivors exhibited full clinical recovery and viral clearance. Furthermore, prophylactic treatment afforded 100% protection against ASF challenge, resulting in 0% mortality and 0% disease incidence, compared to 100% in the untreated control group. Conclusion: Marecipe AV herbal therapeutics has shown potent effectiveness in both treating and preventing African swine fever in domestic pigs, achieving complete containment of the disease.
African Swine Fever (ASF), African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), Viral Infectious Diseases, Herbal Medicine, Herbal Remedies, Therapy, Prevention
Epidemiological Profile of Hiv/Hbv Co-Infection among Patients Attending Hospital Consultations in Brazzaville
HIV and HBV infections remain a serious public health problem in sub-Saharan countries. From time to time, we see rapidly increasing prevalence rates, and co-infection remains a major issue that public authorities around the world, and in Africa in particular, are working to resolve. Our cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted among 130 patients who came for consultation and attended the laboratory department of the Djiri General Hospital in Brazzaville. After collecting plasma samples, rapid screening tests were used. Positive cases were confirmed using the ELISA technique. Of the 130 participants, 8.46% and 4.62% were diagnosed as HIV-positive and HBV-positive, respectively, with an HIV/HBV co-infection prevalence of 9.09%. We found no significant association between the two infections and socio-demographic characteristics. Our results showed low prevalence of both infections, with a predominance in the 12-35 age group, i.e., young people. In view of the results, it would be important to intensify actions targeting young girls, as women remain the most vulnerable sex likely to contract either HIV or HBV in the present study
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Virology Research & Reports
Background: The global HBV-HCV co-infection prevalence is estimated between 3%-30%. Such co-infected patients have a severe liver disease & and higher chances of hepatocellular carcinoma compared to mono infections. Moreover, many patients with Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C are incidentally diagnosed thus making it difficult to gauge the actual prevalence of the infection. Adding to the woes is the fact that screening hepatitis B only with Hbs Ag will underdiagnose many HBV-HCV co infected patients. It is widely believed that HCV is dominant over HBV. However, HBV can be the dominating virus in co-infections as observed in our case report. Case Presentation: Two middle-aged patients having chronic kidney disease and on dialysis with a past history of surgery and blood transfusion were diagnosed incidentally with HBV HCV co-infection. None of them had taken any treatment for either viruses prior to this. One case showed a dominance of HBV while other showed the dominance of HCV. Both patients had HCV Genotype 1a while HBV genotyping could not be done. Both patients died within 6 months of diagnosis. Conclusion: Screening must be ensured for both HBV & HCV in patients with common risk factors. Either HCV or HBV can be the dominant virus in case of a co-infection. Patients with HCV as the dominant virus may have a higher APRI and FIB-4 score.
Oncolytic Viruses: A Selective and Innovative Therapy in Cancer Treatment
Immunotherapy strategies, formulated as alternatives to conventional cancer therapies like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, provide unique techniques that align with the tumor microenvironment, enhance targeted immune responses, and minimize systemic toxicity. These advanced therapeutic techniques has the capability to selectively identify tumor antigens, modify the tumor microenvironment, and eradicate immunosuppressive processes. Oncolytic virus therapy induces direct cell lysis through tumor-specific viral multiplication and activates adaptive immunity through virus-induced immunogenic cell death. Molecules including damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) generated after immunogenic cell death stimulate dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells, facilitating the recognition and targeting of tumorspecific antigens by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This facilitates the development of an anticancer immune response in both local tumor tissue and metastatic locations. Oncolytic viruses provide a different approach for solid tumors that are resistant or refractory to traditional therapy, hence enhancing their clinical significance. This article discusses the molecular foundation of oncolytic virus therapy, the characteristics of the viral vectors employed, application tactics, clinical research outcomes, and prospective future applications in a comprehensive manner.
Oncolytic Virus, Cancer, Therapy, Mechanism
Cure of Skin Warts by Homeopathic Medicine
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the Papillomavirus family are well known to produce skin warts globally in adults; as well as in children. Warts affect about 10% of the world’s population. Although they are less common in infancy and early childhood, they are particularly prevalent in school-aged children, with rates as high as 10 to 20%. In children and teenagers, some studies indicated prevalence rates of up to 33% in these age groups. In adults, the prevalence of warts is lower, estimated to be around 3% to 5%. Important risk factors are school-aged children and teenagers’ group, persons with immunocompromised states, persons who regularly handle raw meat, skin-to-skin contact with HPV or contact with contaminated surfaces, and white race individuals.
Non-Coding RNAs in Viral Infections: Regulators of Host Response and Disease Progression
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), once considered transcriptional noise, have emerged as crucial regulators of gene expression in various biological processes, including host-pathogen interactions. In the context of viral infections, ncRNAs play multifaceted roles, influencing both viral replication and the host’s intricate immune response. This review provides an overview of the major classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), highlighting their diverse mechanisms of action in modulating viral life cycles, immune evasion strategies, and the host’s antiviral defenses. We discuss how both host-encoded and virus-encoded ncRNAs contribute to disease progression and explore their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Understanding the complex interplay between ncRNAs and viral infections offers new avenues for developing novel antiviral strategies and immunomodulatory interventions [1, 2].
Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs), Viral Pathogenesis, Host-Virus Interaction, Gene Regulation, Immune Response
A Talk with ChatGPT about the Future of Biological Science
The excitement and hype about Artificial Intelligence (AI) do not decline around us. Every day in public arenas, famous people show us how from nothing - from a sleeve or an empty top hat they can pull out a couple of real live rabbits. The audience is happy and applauds. But I do not believe in this show. Yes, these rabbits are alive and real. Yes, they appear literally out of nothing in front of the public. But I know that all this is sleight of hand and pure deceptions - you cannot create a rabbit farm based on this technology, and you cannot establish the production of rabbit meat and rabbit skins. All this is complete nonsense and garbage.
Emerging Trends in Plant Viral Diseases: Symptoms, Economic Impact, and Novel Control Strategies
In recent years, plant viral diseases have emerged as a significant global threat to agricultural productivity and food security. As the world’s population continues to rise and climate change accelerates, managing these diseases has become increasingly complex. Staple food crops such as rice, wheat, maize, and several horticultural crops are particularly vulnerable to viral infections, which lead to reduced yields, poor quality produce, and substantial economic losses. These infections commonly manifest through symptoms like yellowing or mottling of leaves, distorted vein patterns, tissue necrosis, stunted growth, wilting, and abnormalities in fruits and flowers. This review examines current and historical outbreaks of destructive plant viruses, with a focus on pandemic cases like maize lethal necrosis, rice tungro, sweet potato virus, banana bunchy top, citrus tristeza, and plum pox. It also addresses epidemic viruses such as wheat yellow dwarf, wheat streak mosaic, and tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Many of these viruses have spread across continents due to global trade in infected seeds and planting material. The paper discusses recent advances in disease detection, the role of climate in virus transmission, and the need for integrated management strategies. These include breeding virus-resistant cultivars, controlling vector populations, removing infected plants, and adopting biosecurity measures. This review underscores the urgent need for collaborative international efforts in surveillance, early warning systems, and sustainable agricultural practices. By addressing the evolving nature of plant viral diseases, it aims to support global strategies for protecting crop health and ensuring food security in a rapidly changing world.
Plant Viral Diseases, Food Security, Crop Loss, Climate Change, Pandemic and Epidemic Viruses, Symptoms (Mottling, Necrosis, Wilting), Virus Transmission, Disease Detection, Vector Control, Resistant Varieties, Biosecurity, Integrated Management, Global Trade, Sustainable Agriculture
Impact of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Activity on Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 in Pointe-Noire, Congo
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 exhibits marked clinical heterogeneity, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe complications. Viral entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins, whose activity may influence disease progression. Objective: To evaluate the association between ACE2 and TMPRSS2 activity and the severity of COVID-19 clinical manifestations. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study included 170 RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients. Demographic (age, sex) and clinical (symptom) data were extracted from medical records. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein activity was measured using immunoenzymatic assays from blood samples. Patients were stratified into moderate and severe forms according to standardized clinical criteria. Results: The average age was 31.7 ± 4.4 years (range 24–68), with a male predominance (78%). Predominant symptoms in severe forms included fever (54.6%), cough (55.6%), and ageusia (56%). A significant correlation was found between ACE2 activity and severe disease forms (p < 0.001). TMPRSS2 activity was also associated with severity, though less prominently (p = 0.029). Conclusion: These findings suggest that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 activity may serve as predictive biomarkers of COVID-19 severity. Quantifying these markers could enable early patient stratification and optimized therapeutic strategies. Prospective studies are needed to validate their clinical utility.
ACE2, TMPRSS2, SARS-CoV-2, Clinical Severity, COVID-19
Antimicrobial Activities of Polysaccharides Isolated from Some Plant Leaves
Plant leaves were found to have nutritional quality suitable for food, pharmaceutical and biomedical uses as therapy in medicine. Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) and Escherichia coli (E.coli) are responsible for infectious diseases in humans and animals. The present study aims to investigate antimicrobial activity (AMA) of polysaccharides isolated from Parsley (Petroselinum sativum), Spinach (Spinocia oleracea), Watercress (Eruca sativa), Radish (Raphanus sativus) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves against Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), Escherichia coli (E.coli), Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) and (MRSA) at different concentrations using agar diffusion method in vitro. Polysaccharides (PS) were extracted, isolated and purified from different plant leave samples separately. Chromatographic analysis of the purified PS, revealed the presence of different percentages of monosaccharides constituents per each isolated PS from different plants. In vitro study was done to estimate the activities of the obtained PS separately against 4 microbial strains (S. aureus, E. coli, B subtilis and MRSA) using agar diffusion method. PS showed AMA against S. aureus and E. coli more than that of B subtilis and MRSA at 10% concentration and inhibition zones were estimated. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of PS against S. aureus, E. coli, B subtilis and MRS were found in the range of 1-5 mg/ml. The result demonstrates the killing effect of PS against S. aureus, E. coli, B subtilis and MRSA at 10% PS within 24 hours. Inhibition zone diameters exhibited different levels of decreases with the PS concentrations decreases against S.aureus, E.coli, B.subtilis and MRSA. Inhibition effects of PS against different microbial strains were found to be depending on PS concentration. However, the lowest concentration of PS produced lower inhibitory activity against S.aureus B.subtilis E.coli and MRSA. Results of all the obtained PS showed higher AMA against S. aureus and E.coli than the other two microbial strains used in the present study. Results indicated that these PS have AMA against both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacterium at 10% concentration. According to these results the obtained PS consider important sources of antimicrobial agents for treatment of infectious diseases with minimal concentrations (100-500µg/ml).
Antimicrobial, Polysaccarides, Plant leaves, Microorganisms, InVitro
“COVID-19 - POSTCOVID SYNDROME” PANDEMIC:HARD LESSONS
The author presents an analysis of the pandemic caused by the coronavirus “COVID-19” and its consequences from two points of view: based on 20 years of scientific and practical experience in the field of virology (the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences in Virology and Biochemistry through the Higher Attestation Commission, for the development of a new generation of purified influenza vaccines). And 30 years of experience in leech therapy and hirudology. His assets include the creation of the first in Russia and the world department of leech therapy, the creation of an original technology for treatment with medical leeches – «System Method of Leeching».
A New Type of Pandemic, Problems of Coronavirus Infection Therapy, 10 Main Lessons of the Pandemic, “System Method of Leeching” (SML)
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Virology Research & Reports
A Genomic Surveillance During the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2O micron Variants in Sri Lanka
Objective: To illustrate the genomic evolution and mutation pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its sub-variants in Sri Lanka from December 2021 to March 2024, examine the association with the sample characteristics, and summarize the principle of the Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing platform. Methods: The study retrospectively analyzed 189 SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive swab samples received at the sequencing laboratory from December 2021 to March 2024. SARS-CoV-2 positive samples sequenced as the Omicron variant was considered the major inclusion criteria. The viral RNA was extracted, and the DNA library was prepared according to the ONT protocol and subjected to the Nanopore sequencing. Consensus sequences were generated and analyzed. Results: Of the total 189 Omicron cases, 8 major Omicron sub-lineages including BA.1(30.2%), BA.2(14.3%), BA.5(16.4%), BA.2.12.1(0.5%), BA.2.75(1.6%), CH.1.1(4.2%), XBB(16.9%), JN.1(15.9%) were identified, and the spike protein showed the highest number of mutations in all sub-lineages. The Omicron variant was circulated among all age groups, predominated in the 20 ≤ age <40 group and Western province reported the highest cases. Conclusion: The present study examined the genomic evolution and mutation pattern of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant locally and the principle and application of Oxford Nanopore Technology in the sequencing platform. Further, the study strongly convinced the importance of continuous surveillance systems and strengthened sequencing facilities in the country
The Resurgent Threat of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza HPAIA (H5N1) Virus: A Zoonotic Infectious Disease and Public Health Concern
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b was identified among waterfowl (wild birds and geese) and domestic poultry across Southeast Asia, Europe, and Africa in 2021. By 2022, the HPAI virus was detected in North America, signifying further global dissemination. There is no human immunity to clade 2.3.4.4b A (H5N1). With the spread of the A (H5N1) virus throughout the United States and increasing viral infection in humans, resurgence of the A (H5N1) virus is of great public health concern that it could lead to the next infectious zoonotic pandemic after Covid-19. This paper describes the characteristics of HPAI A (H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b and recommendations for clinical treatment and prevention.
Inherently, viruses are parasites that live inside cells. Viruses compete with their hosts to drive their own genomes and evolutionary paths, but they are evolutionarily autonomous despite their dependency on host cells. In at least two dimensions, viruses exhibit an immense diversity that surpasses that of their biological hosts. First, viruses efficiently use every information transmission scheme that is possible with the two types of nucleic acids. In contrast, cellular life forms use a consistent method of genetic information storage and expression with double- stranded (ds) DNA genome transcribed into various RNAs, including mRNAs that are translated into proteins. Secondly, virus gene sequences can span relatively larger parts of the sequence space because they usually evolve at a considerably faster rate than their biological homologs. It can be challenging to identify the deep evolutionary linkages and ancestry of virus genes because a single family of viruses might have sequence diversity greater than that of entire domains of cellular life. Identifying the deep evolutionary linkages and ancestry of virus genes can be extremely difficult. In this review, we will be highlighting the evolutionary history of viruses and their pathways alongside.
Navigating the Challenges of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV):Insights into Pathogenesis, Epidemiology and Vaccine Development
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a significant global health concern, particularly affecting paediatric and elderly populations. Despite its non-segmented genome, which mitigates large-scale pandemics, RSV’s high mutation rate presents challenges in vaccine development. RSV causes millions of infections annually, with substantial morbidity and mortality, especially among high-risk groups such as infants, the elderly, and individuals with comorbidities. The seasonal transmission of RSV varies geographically and has been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding RSV’s transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, risk factors, and diagnostic methods is crucial for effective management and prevention. While supportive care remains the mainstay of treatment, antiviral therapies like ribavirin and monoclonal antibodies are utilized in specific cases. Vaccines targeting RSV are under development, utilizing various platforms such as inactivated, live-attenuated, viral-vector-based, protein-based, nucleic acid-based, and subunit/VLP-based approaches. Recent advancements include FDA-approved vaccines and promising candidates in late-stage clinical trials, providing hope for mitigating RSV-related disease burden across diverse populations.
Study of the Prevalence of E. Coli in Poultry and Selection of Specific Bacteriophages
Avian colibacillosis is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity associated with economic losses in the industry throughout the world. The problem is enhanced by the growing resistance of pathogenic pathogens towards antibiotics. This situation has strongly stimulated a renewal of scientists’ interest in bacteriophages (phages), viruses of bacteria. They are abundant in nature, and accompany bacteria in each environment they colonize, including human microbiota. The aim of our work was to study the prevalence of pathogenic E-coli in poultry, isolate, characterize, and evaluate the potential use of isolated bacteriophages to control E. coli infections in poultry. 35 pathogenic E. coli strains were isolated from 90 sample of poultry excreta. The most common phylogenetic groups were A1 (25%), A2 (15%), B1 (35%), and B2 (25%). E. coli was 100% resistant to five antibiotics (Bacitracin, Clindamycin, Carbapenem, Cephalexin, Clarithromycin). E. coli was least resistant to oxacillin (40%), followed by tetracycline (48.6%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance was 91.4%. Such high levels of resistance in E. coli isolated from poultry excreta could pose a serious threat to humans. Five novel phages against pathogenic E. coli were isolated from sewage water and characterized in vitro. The electron microscopic analysis showed that two phages belonged to the Myoviridae family and three bacteriophages belonged to the Siphoviridae family, in the order Caudovirales.
Safety and Efficacy of Treatments for COVID-19: A Pharmacovigilance Perspective
Objective: COVID-19 has generated the development of safe and effective against viral disease. In this context, the Pharmacovigilance emerges as a crucial tool to provide detailed follow-up of treatments administered to infected patients. The objective of this review is to understand the role and progress of pharmacovigilance in the COVID-19 pandemic by supporting healthcare professionals and providing information about possible Adverse Drug Reactions in patients. Methods: A review of Pharmacovigilance related to COVID-19 was conducted, addressing aspects such as the monitoring of Adverse Drug Reactions, virus structure and therapeutic advances, since 2019 to 2022, databases such as Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct, JAMA y Redalyc were used, analyzing clinical trials, observational studies and case reports to assess the safety of drugs used in the treatments of COVID-19. Results: Pharmacovigilance provides information of risk and benefits of drugs. Reports have been implemented to detect Adverse Drug Reactions and seek pharmacological alternatives to reduce serius symptoms and complications. Conclusion: Pharmacovigilance in the COVID-19 pandemic requires efficient communication between healthcare professionals and pharmacists ensuring quality treatments and detecting possible Adverse Drug Reactions.
Production of the Proinflammatory Cytokine TNF-α in Patients with Chronic Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
Aim of the Study: Study of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in patients with Chronic Epstein-Barr Viral Infection (CEBI). Material and Methods: 90 patients with CVEBI were examined. The group consisted of 66 women and 24 men. The average age of the patients was 38.37 ± 1.15 years. The duration of the course of CVEBI from the appearance of the patient’s first complaints to diagnosis was 3.73 ± 0.22 years. The amount of EBV DNA in saliva samples (PCR method) and the level of production of the cytokine TNF-α ware examined in patients. Results: The copy number of EBV DNA in saliva samples from patients was 135898.61±23196.21 cop/ml. The level of induced TNF-α in the general group was 3288.73±260.88. All patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 49) - the level of induced TNF-α was reduced - 1624.69±105.53 (pg/ ml) (95% CI: 1412.52; 1836.86) ; Group 2 (n =30) - the level of induced TNF-α is normal - 3819.19 ±427.00 (pg/ml) (95% CI: 3045.27; 4701.81); Group 3 (n =11) the level of induced TNF-α is high – 7203.00 ± 627.50 (pg/ml) (95% CI: 6135.37 - 8609.87). Patients did not differ in age, disease duration, or number of EBV DNA copies in saliva samples. The linear and exponential regression method was used to show the effect of disease duration on the level of TNF-α production in the general group of patients (R2 =0.386 F=55.925 p=0.0001 β=0.621 and R2 =0.735 F=246.808 p=0.0001 β=0.857, respectively). TNF-α influences the development of headaches in patients (Pearson correlation R = 0.223 p = 0.040) and the severity of postnasal drip (r = -0.231 p = 0.033 τ = - 0.171 p = 0.039). Conclusion: The study showed that the duration of the disease affects the level of production of induced TNF-α. TNF-α levels contribute to the development of headaches and postnasal drip in patients in the general group.
High Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Other Than HPV-16 and HPV-18 in Congolese Women Living With HIV: Implication for Cervical Cancer Prevention in a Resource Limited Setting
Background: Despite the undeniable benefits provided by antiretroviral therapy (ART) in drastically reducing AIDS-related mortality, women living with HIV (WLWH) are disproportionately affected by high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and cervical cancer. We herein assessed the distribution of HR-HPV genotypes according to HIV immunovirological prognostic parameters and their implications for the prevention of cervical cancer. Methods: Among 276 screened WLWH on ART attending the HIV outpatient treatment clinic in Brazzaville, in the Republic of Congo, 122 tested positive for HR-HPV (mean age: 43.92 ± 9.98 years) were included in a cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic and clinical information were collected and CD4+ T cells count and HIV RNA load were determined. HR-HPV genotypes distribution was determined from cervicovaginal samples using the ABBOTT Real Time High Risk HPV kit (Abbott, Chicago, USA). Results: A total of 122 (44.4%) WLWH were tested positive for any-HR-HPV, including 73.8% of HR-HPV genotypes other than HPV-16/HPV-18, while HPV-16 (14.7%) and HPV-18 (11.5%) were less frequently detected. Overall, nor CD4+ T cells count, HIV-1 RNA load or the duration of HIV diagnosis did have a significant impact in the distribution of HR-HPV genotypes in WLWH positive for cervical HR-HPV infection. However, around half of all HPV-16 infections occurred in women with the highest CD4+ T cells count (≥500 CD4+ T cells/μL). On the other hand, women with lower CD4+ T cells count (200 to 349 cells/μL) were more likely to carry HPV-18 DNA and HR-HPV genotypes other than HPV-16. Conclusion: WLWH in Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo are largely infected by HR-HPV genotypes other than HPV-16 and HPV-18, suggesting a possible reduced predictive efficacy of HPV vaccine in this population. A secondary prevention with a regular screening for cervical pre-cancerous lesions should be prioritized in WLWH living in Brazzaville, in the Republic of Congo.
High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotypes, HPV16, HPV-18, Cervical Cancer, CD4 T Cells Count, HIV RNA Load, Women Living With HIV
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Virology Research & Reports
The Hallmark of HIV Infection: Comprehending the Complex Signaling Pathways and Viral Proteins Involved in Disease Progression
HIV can be transmitted from a mother to her child through various means such as blood transfusions, sharing intravenous needles, sexual contact, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. The progression of HIV infection, commonly known as AIDS, involves several stages: viral transmission, acute seroconversion, acute retroviral syndrome, recovery and seroconversion, silent chronic infection, and symptomatic HIV infection. The spread of HIV is considered a pandemic, and since its discovery, an estimated 39 million individuals have lost their lives due to HIV infection, while more than 35 million people are currently living with the disease. Improved medical advancements have led to longer survival for people with HIV, which has contributed to the increased prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Recent studies have focused on understanding the factors that contribute to the varying levels of pathogenicity of the infection, with the aim of finding potential treatments for long-lasting effects. These studies have primarily concentrated on comprehending the defining characteristic of HIV infection, namely the establishment and progression of viral infection through the utilization of its nine major proteins and the complex signaling pathways involved.
COVID-19: The Analysis, Impact and New Specified Algorithms for COVID- 19 Prevention, Cure and Possible Vaccination Path
The first part of this study deals with the different variants of covid-19, its history and geography of its history then followed by its structure and mechanism of functioning and counter co-relative measures for its cure and containment aligned with its impact on the economy as well human health in relation to weather. Now comes the second part which includes an analysis of previous algorithms developed for viral spread patterns and their impact on different age groups. The most prominent among them is the SEIR algorithm [1-5]. What we provide is a possible algorithm particularly designed for the creation of the Covid-19 Vaccine
Epidemiological and Demographic Analysis of Suspected Covid-19 Cases Confirmed by PCR at Medical Center ISSEMyM Toluca from March 2019 to December 2022
Objective: To describe the prevalence and incidence of suspected COVID-19 cases confirmed by PCR at Medical Center ISSEMyM Toluca from March 2019 to December 2022. Materials and Methods: 3226 PCR tests for suspected COVID-19 cases were analyzed to obtain epidemiological and demographic data of the population, descriptive and inferential statistics analyses were carried out to find differences between population parameters. Results: No differences between female and male respect to COVID-19 positivity were found (p-value = 0.9302). Age mean was 49 years old and the probability to get COVID-19 increase with age (p-value = 0.000). Hospitalization was the medical service with more frequency in patients with COVID-19 positive. Conclusion: Age but no gender is a risk factor hospitalization due COVID-19., nonetheless vaccination appear to an efficient method to prevent hospitalization. Moreover, the dynamic pandemic in Mexico is no homogeneous across the territory.
Alterations in Lung Carcinoma Cells and Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles after Human Adenovirus Type 5 Administration
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) affect the respiratory system of healthy individuals and people with pre-existing health conditions. These highly infectious viruses can alter a myriad of cellular and pathophysiological processes. HAdVs can modulate their infection ability and pathogenicity by regulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) formation and function. EVs are nanovesicles that facilitate intracellular communication, cell signaling/trafficking, and immune regulation. We propose that HAdVs can exploit EV formation, secretion, and release various pathways to promote infection and transmission between neighboring cells. In the present study, we explored the impact of HAdV serotype 5 (HAdV-5) on the A549-epithelial carcinoma cells and EVs derived from A549 cells. A549 cells were cultured in an exosome-depleted medium and administered different concentrations of HAdV-5 at varying time points. The effect of HAdV-5 infection on A549 cells and A549-derived EVs was determined by 4’,6-diamidino2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, electron microscopy, particle size, zeta potential analysis, immunosorbent analysis, total RNA levels, and total protein content. Our findings illustrated that HAdV-5 reduces A549-cell viability and promotes variations within the protein content of A549 cells. Our data explicitly demonstrated that HAdV-5 significantly altered EV numbers, biogenesis, and composition. These findings suggest that HAdV-5 modulates EVs’ biological properties and physiological functions in human lung carcinoma cells.
Evaluation of the Immune Response by TNFα During Cervico-Uterine HPV Infection in Congo
Introduction: The anti-tumour cytokine TNFα is involved in signalling apoptosis of infected cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response mediated by TNFα during HPV infection in women with precancerous and cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix in a Congolese population. Method: A total of 181 women underwent cervico-vaginal sampling for cervico-vaginal smears and HPV testing. A blood sample on EDTA tube was also taken to measure plasma TNFα concentrations. Papanicolaoum staining was used for the cervicovaginal smear. HPV testing was performed by real-time PCR on the CFX 96 automated system using the Anyplex II HPV28 kit (Seegene).Third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to etermine plasma TNFα concentrations using the “Elisa TNFα Pars Biochem” Kit (Nanjing Pars Biochem Co., LTD China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: The mean age of the women was 39.8 ± 12.7 years, with a raté of 22.7% of anormal cytologies. The prévalence of HPV was 66.2%. TNFα Levels in patients with précancéreuse and cancers lésions ère signifiant hier thane in women with normal cytologie (p<0.0001). Mean TNFα concentrations ère 76.1ng/l for HPV-positive and 35.9 nm/l for HPV-négative (p<0.0001). TNFα concentrations ère élevâtes in sujets with high-ris HPV génotypes (82.6ng/l) compare with loris génotypes (72.6ng/l). Conclusion: Our résulte shoge élevâtes plasma TNFα Levels in patients with précancéreuse and cancers cervical lésions. This élévation was alto corrélâtes with oncogénique HPV génotypes.
Catalytic Converters Receptors of Plants. Phosphory Lation of Trees to Plants
Selective catalytic reduction converted nitrogen oxides using a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen and water. A gaseous reductant typically ammonia was added to the kinase from the host tree to the receptor of the plant. Before entering the catalyst chamber the ammonia and reductant were mixed with the gas. A clay planting pot was used because of its porosity and high surface area. The results showed ethylene was an important aspect of plant growth and development of disulfide-linked receptor of the plant. This receptor featured a small transmembrane binding region and a large cytosolic region. It can be concluded the molecular weight complexes of different ethylene receptors and cellular participants of ethylene signaling pathway.
Pandemic “COVID-19 – POSTCOVID SYNDROME”: A System Method of Leeching is a New and Effective Treatment
In March 2023 (March 11, 2023), it is 3 years since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of a new virus called “COVID-19”. As of March 21, 2023, the WHO website has reported 761,071,826 confirmed cases of “COVID-19”, including 6,879,677 deaths (0.9%). A total of 13,260,401,200 doses of various vaccines have been administered. WHO continues to collect statistics on the incidence of the disease in the world until the pandemic is stopped, despite the vaccination measures taken. What are the lessons of the pandemic that health authorities around the world have learned in three years? The mechanism of the “COVID-19” disease has become clearer. The concept of “POSTCOVID SYNDROME” or “LONG COVID” is developing. Work continues to improve vaccines, the use of which has revealed the negative aspects of vaccination. The “COVID-19” pandemic that has swept the planet has caused a serious problem for survivors of this disease called “POSTCOVID SYNDROME”. The article discusses the topic that the author designated as the pandemic “COVID - 19” - “POSTCOVID SYNDROME”. The mechanisms of pathogenesis of this disease are affected. The most proven mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the disease and the most effective methods of treatment according to the literature are considered. In comparative terms, the advantage of the “System Method of Leeching” in comparison with the proposed methods of treatment is shown. The possibility of monotherapy with medical leeches (Hirudotherapy) of this disease is shown.
Evaluation and Prediction of Anti-Malarial Activity by Ubiquinol-Cytochrome-C Reductase Inhibition of Active Constituents of Ipomoea Carnea with Marketed Drug Atovaquone
Background: In 2017, 219 million cases of malaria across worldwide were estimated by World Health Organization and there were 435 thousands deaths were expected. African countries have the most number of cases and deaths due to malaria (~90%). Atovaquone is marketed drug used in the treatment of malaria. It shows inhibition of the Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity in intra erythrocytes parasitic ETC pathway. Bush Morning Glory also known as Ipomoea carnea is a herbal medicinal plant which is used from ancient times to treat various diseases. There are various reported pharmacological activities of Ipomea carnea against various disorders. In this study using in silico drug discovery tools, the anti malarial potential is evaluated and compared with Atovaquone. Method: Anti malarial activity of active chemical constituents of Ipomoea carnea was studied with the help of In-silico passonline predication tool and molecular Protein-Ligand docking tool “swissdock”. Result: The data of anti-malarial activity and Molecular Protein-Ligand docking of chemical constituents of Ipomoea carnea was compared with Atovaquone data. It was observed that chemical constituents of Ipomoea carnea have more Pa value than Atovaquone for anti malarial activity. It was also observed that Stearic acid, Linoleic acid and Hexadecanoic acid binds to Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase with high affinity and low binding affinity energy. Conclusion: It was also observed that Stearic acid, Linoleic acid and Hexadecanoic acid binds to Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase with high affinity and low binding affinity energy. Therefore, these compounds of Ipomoea carnea have potential anti-malarial activity.
Should Children be Vaccinated Against Sars-Cov-2?
On December 19, 2019 the Public Health Department of China reported a new strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that was responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and was later also found to be responsible for acute myocarditis, arrhythmias and sudden death.