Impacts of Climate Change Variability on Livelihoods of Rural Households in Agroecological Zones of Taraba State Nigeria

Abstract

This study examines the impacts of climate change variability on the livelihoods of rural households across the agroecological zones of Taraba State, Nigeria. The state’s ecological diversity, spanning Sudan Savannah, Guinea Savannah, and Montane zones, provides a critical context for understanding differentiated climate risks. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through household surveys (n=1,067), focus group discussions, key informant interviews, field observations, and secondary meteorological records. Findings reveal significant shifts in rainfall onset, cessation, and distribution, alongside rising temperatures, with marked implications for agricultural productivity and rural welfare. Perceived impacts varied across zones, with the Sudan and Northern Guinea Savannahs reporting the highest livelihood disruptions, including crop yield decline, property damage, flooding, and transportation challenges. Decline in crop yields emerged as the most severe impact, while increased temperatures and altered livelihood patterns were also widely acknowledged. Statistical analyses (Chi-square and ANOVA) confirmed significant associations between ecological zones and climate impacts, underscoring the heterogeneity of vulnerabilities. Despite widespread awareness, adaptive responses remain constrained by limited access to extension services, climate information, and financial resources. The study highlights the urgent need for zone-specific, evidence-based policies to strengthen resilience, safeguard food security, and reduce poverty among rural households in Taraba State.