Immunohistochemical Pattern and Diagnostic Applications of Alpha-Methyl Coa Racemase and Anti-Carcinoembryonic Antigen on Prostate Cancer

Abstract

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of malignant tumors, and its incidence rate has increased worldwide. It is the most prevalent cancer among men, most affecting older men, particularly those above 60 years of age. Notably, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment can result in improved patient outcomes, such as an improved 5-year survival rate. This study aims to evaluate the immunohistochemical pattern and diagnostic applications of alpha-methyl Co-A, racemase, and anti-carcinoembryonic antigen on prostate tumors. A total of one hundred (100) tissue blocks used in this study were collected from the archives of the histopathology laboratory at AEFUTHA and evaluated using Haematoxylin and Eosin Periodic Acid Schiff staining techniques and immunohistochemical stains. The hospital data show that a total of 132 prostate tumor samples were submitted for histological analysis from 2019 to 2021. Histologic sections of the prostatic tissues showed well-formed prostatic glands lined by two layers of low cuboidal cells to columnar epithelium, the presence of glandular secretions or corpora amylacae, and inflammatory infiltrates that were mostly made up of mononuclear cells. Also seen were poor attempts at glandular formation; glands were lined by a single layer of epithelial cells, of which the linning epithelial cells were pleomorphic with hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Furthermore, evidence of tumour infiltration and spread, which included perineural invasion and stromal desmoplastic. The immunohistochemical staining reactions of AMACR and CEA in the tissue sections show various intensities of expression. The intensity of expression was scored in four levels: negative (0/3), weak expression (1/3), moderate expression (2/3), and strong expression (3/3). This present study showed that these markers are useful in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.