Clinical Manifestation of Oral Tuberculosis in HIV Patient: A Review Article

Abstract

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that has become a global problem. the incidence of TB cases decreased by 9% from 2015 to 2019. In general, TB disease is divided into 2, namely latent TB and active TB. Latent TB indicates the presence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis bacteria but is in an inactive/inactive phase, but in this type of TB there is a 10% chance that these bacteria will be active. Meanwhile, active TB shows active bacterial activity so that it can infect other hosts. Objective: This literature study is to determine the clinical manifestations of tuberculosis in the oral cavity in HIV patients. Discussion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is slowly replicating intracellular pathogen in macrophages that elicits a T cell immune response mediated by antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This immune response may eliminate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but more frequently Mycobacterium tuberculosis persists in a latent form, constituting a reservoir of inactive Mycobacterium tuberculosis that under certain circumstances may become active. TB may occur at any stage of HIV disease and, as in the case presented here, may be the first indicator of HIV infection. HIV-seropositive subjects and particularly those HIV-seropositive subjects with low CD4+ T cell counts more frequently have extrapulmonary TB than do HIV-seropositive subjects or HIV-seropositive subjects with high CD4+ T cell counts. Conclusion: Patients who suffer from HIV may be associated with the tuberculosis infection. The TB infection may be known from the oral manifestation in HIV patients.