Exosomes: Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autoimmune DermatologicDiseases

Abstract

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with bioactive substances like proteins, lipids and RNAs which are involved in cell-to-cell communication. These vehicles have the capacity to influence major biological procedures such as immune signaling, inflammation and tissue repair hence they can serve as excellent therapeutic approaches. Exosomes may be utilized for delivery of directly into targeted cells and therefore minimizing side effects and increasing the differential effects of treatment. This review focuses on the mechanisms of action and its associated roles as exosomes are being crucial player in autoimmune mediated skin diseases and also used to develop new therapeutic options. Autoimmune diseases (AID) known when immune responses of targeted autoantigens cause a tissue destruction and significantly affecting the quality of life. The current medications often have shown an adverse reactions and limited efficacy in different patient populations. Exosome, macrovesicle, and apoptotic bodies are among the extracellular vesicles found in body fluids and human tissues including blood. They have the tendency to transport the bioactive materials such as membrane receptors or proteins that are specific cells and able to make them more popular, specifically in the field of dermatology. Extracellular exosome-like vesicles are majorly found in human’s largest organ (as skin) that can regulate both normal and pathological conditions through numerous ways. Recently developed drugs are highly successful for treating certain problems in different pathological conditions involving synaptogenesis. These processes are included in immune signaling, inflammation, angiogenesis that are characterized by scleroderma, melanoma, and hair loss. Skin disorders could be able to encompass abnormal behaviors in skin that are majorly involved immune signaling pathways such as inflammation. These kinds of inherent properties as stability, biocompatibility and evasion from host immunity system shows exosomes as excellent candidates for therapeutics delivery. The aim of this review is to summarize the earlier and currently available literature on how effective exosome therapy is and its possible role for showing its mechanism of action when it deals with the common dermatological conditions. We therefore attempt to emphasize the novel role of exosomes in targeting autoimmune skin diseases and their potential to be used for clinical applications.