Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Diabetes: A ComprehensiveReview of Complications, Mechanisms and Emerging TherapeuticStrategies

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia,
is a multifaceted metabolic disorder with escalating global
prevalence and significant health implications. Traditional research
and clinical focus have centered on its vascular complications.
However, the Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations of diabetes
represent a critical yet underexplored domain with substantial
impact on patient quality of life and disease management. These
manifestations encompass a spectrum of disorders ranging
from oropharyngeal dysphagia to lower GI tract symptoms like
constipation, diarrhea, and enteropathy. The pathophysiology
underlying these conditions is complex, implicating autonomic
neuropathy, glycemic variability, gut motility changes, microbiota
alterations, and hormonal disruptions.