A Framework of Economic Indicators for Transit-Oriented Development (Fei-Tod): A Case Study of Bandar Sunway, Malaysia

Abstract

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has emerged as a potential solution to urban sprawl and traffic congestion in rapidly urbanizing Malaysian cities. However, the absence of standardised economic assessment tools has hindered effective TOD implementation and evaluation. This study aims to address this gap by developing a comprehensive Framework of Economic Indicators for Transit-Oriented Development (FEI-TOD) tailored to the Malaysian context, with a specific focus on Bandar Sunway as a case study. The research employs a mixed-method approach, integrating a systematic literature review using the PRISMA method, a three-round Delphi survey with TOD experts, and structured interviews with key stakeholders in Bandar Sunway. This methodological triangulation ensures the incorporation of global best practices, expert consensus, and local insights. The study systematically identifies common elements of successful TOD projects globally, compiles and evaluates potential economic indicators, and develops a context-specific framework for Bandar Sunway. The resulting FEI-TOD comprises 45 indicators across five categories: land use, density, transit facilities, value earnings, and economic attributes. This framework contributes to both the theoretical understanding of TOD's economic impacts and the practical implementation of sustainable urban development strategies in rapidly growing Malaysian cities. The FEI-TOD serves as a decision-support tool for urban planners, policymakers, and developers, facilitating evidence-based decision-making in TOD planning and implementation. The study's findings have significant implications for urban policy and practice in Malaysia, aligning with national urban development goals and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 11. The adaptability of the FEI-TOD suggests potential for broader application across diverse urban contexts in Malaysia and other rapidly urbanising regions.