Impact of Biophoton Treatment on Functional Brain Age in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Based on EEG-Derived Metrics

Authors

  • James Z Liu First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA Author
  • Mariola A Smotrys First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA Author
  • Audrey Ager First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA Author
  • Devin R Liu Tesla BioHealing, Inc. 111 McCoy Street, Milford, DE 19963, USA Author
  • Sherry X Liu Tesla BioHealing, Inc. 111 McCoy Street, Milford, DE 19963, USA Author
  • Helen Y Gu First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47363/JNRRR/2026(8)244

Keywords:

Parkinson’s Disease, Electroencephalography, Functional Brain Age, Biophoton Therapy, Neurodegeneration, Neuromodulation

Abstract

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with progressive neurophysiological decline that is incompletely captured by chronological age or clinical scales alone. Functional brain age derived from electroencephalography (EEG) provides a quantitative marker of neural aging and functional integrity.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of biophoton-based treatment on EEG-derived functional brain age in patients with Parkinson’s disease compared with untreated controls.

Methods: Functional brain age was estimated by EEG metrics at baseline and last follow up in 16 participants (10 treatment, 6 control). The primary outcome was change in functional age. Between-group comparisons were performed using Welch’s t-test, and an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted adjusting for baseline functional age.

Results: Treated patients demonstrated a significant reduction in functional brain age (mean 5.1 years) at the last follow up, whereas controls showed no change. After adjustment for baseline functional age, the treatment effect remained significant, with a large effect size.

Conclusion: Biophoton treatment was associated with a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in EEG-derived functional brain age in patients with Parkinson’s disease (P<0.01). These findings support further investigation of biophoton-based interventions as a potential neurofunctional modulator in neurodegenerative disease.

Author Biographies

  • James Z Liu, First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

    First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

  • Mariola A Smotrys, First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

    First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

  • Audrey Ager, First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

    First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

  • Devin R Liu, Tesla BioHealing, Inc. 111 McCoy Street, Milford, DE 19963, USA

    Tesla BioHealing, Inc. 111 McCoy Street, Milford, DE 19963, USA

  • Sherry X Liu, Tesla BioHealing, Inc. 111 McCoy Street, Milford, DE 19963, USA

    Tesla BioHealing, Inc. 111 McCoy Street, Milford, DE 19963, USA

  • Helen Y Gu, First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

    First Institute of All Medicines, 139 Pittsburg Road, Butler, PA 16001, USA

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Published

2026-02-04

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): Volume 8 Issue 2

Section

Articles