Breast Cancer in Men: An Overview of General Features and Molecular Pathology

Abstract

Breast cancer is often synonymous with women - but men get it as well. Male Breast Cancer (MBC) is a rare health condition which makes up approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. MBC is characterized by the development of uncontrolled malignant cells in the breast tissue. It occurs mostly in elderly men, 65-70 years old, but it can occur at a younger age also. MBC incident rates are higher in the United State and Europe as compared to Asian and African nations. In the United States however, African Americans are at higher risk as compared to the general population. The etiology and risk factors of MBC involve a complex multifactorial interplay of hormonal imbalance (eg. estrogen), family history, lifestyle, obesity and genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2. Signs and symptoms include a painless lump in the chest area, discharge or bleeding from the nipple and skin color changes in the nipple. The diagnosis of MBC is similar to Women’s Breast Cancer (WBC); which involves a combination of physical examination, mammogram, ultrasound and biopsy. The histology of MBC is similar as well - mostly being invasive ductal carcinoma with hormonal receptors (estrogen receptors being predominant). The treatment of MBC involves a combination of the removal of breast tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapies. These treatment protocols are given depending on the type, status and stage of the tumor. MBC can cause significant mortality and morbidity due to old age and late diagnosis. Its
impact on the affected individual, their family and society is profound. A 5-year survival of MBC is approximately 85% but can vary significantly with diagnostic stage. Although rare, MBC requires awareness, early detection and diagnosis. Considerable advancements have yet to be made in research, clinical trials, early detection and treatment for improving outcomes.