A Complete Review on: Bipolar Disorder and its Health Complications

Abstract

Bipolar disorder is mainly intended with chronic psychiatric conditions which characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania that leads to significant mood, behaviour and energy changes in Humans being. It's caused due to genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors and is a leading cause of mental disability worldwide. Treatment involves a combination of mood-stabilizing medications and psychosocial interventions like therapy and psycho-education, though diagnosis is often delayed due to symptom overlap with other disorders and lack of insight from patients. Bipolar disorder is associated with significant physical health complications, including increased rate of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome, which contribute to a significantly reduced life expectancy. Patients also face higher risks of substance use disorders and suicide, with annual suicide rates substantially exceeding the general population. These complications are driven by a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, highlighting the need for integrated care to address both psychiatric and physical health needs.