Male Infertility and its Possible Relationship with Eating Habits

Abstract

Background: Infertility affects 10 % of the global population, with 30 % of cases attributable to male factors. Chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension), stress, obesity, malnutrition, and inadequate lifestyles contribute to its development. Despite its psychosocial impact, the relationship between nutrition and male infertility remains insufficiently studied, with limited focus on specific dietary habits.

Objective: To analyze the influence of dietary habits on male fertility, emphasizing the impact of nutritional balance on semen quality.

Development: Evidence shows that both excess (obesity) and deficiency (extreme underweight) of body weight alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, reducing testosterone and sperm quality. Obesity induces hypogonadism, oxidative stress, and erectile dysfunction, while inadequate dietary patterns (high intake of saturated fats, trans fatty acids, and sugars) impair seminal parameters. Conversely, balanced diets (e.g., Mediterranean) with adequate antioxidants (vitamins C, E), folic acid, zinc, and selenium improve sperm motility and concentration. The beneficial role of plant proteins, skim dairy, and unsaturated fatty acids (olive oil) is highlighted, alongside avoiding processed foods, tobacco, and alcohol.

Conclusions: A balanced diet and healthy lifestyle significantly improve semen quality. Robust scientific research is needed to generate evidence on specific diets or foods influencing male fertility, an underexplored area.