Water Governance and Policy Challenges in Urban and Rural Drinking Water Supply in Developing Countries, with Insights from Multiple Industries

Abstract

This literature review offers a critical exploration of water governance challenges and policy responses for urban and rural drinking water supply in developing countries, with a particular focus on India and comparative insights from selected developed nations. Drawing upon a broad range of research that integrates technical and socio-political dimensions of water policy, governance frameworks, mathematical modeling approaches, and practical solutions to water-supply challenges. Emphasis is placed on success stories and failures, especially highlighting adaptive and integrated approaches needed to manage climate-related, institutional, and socio-economic complexities. The review applies an interdisciplinary perspective that synthesizes hydrological, engineering, and governance analyses. It concludes by underlining the significance of robust, transparent institutions; participatory stakeholder engagement; cross-sectoral partnerships; and mathematical optimization models for ensuring long-term water sustainability, resilience, and equity in both developed and developing contexts.