Pharmaceutical Approaches for Sustained Release Drug Deliverin Diabetes Management

Abstract

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world, with 537 million adults worldwide living with it in 2021 and predictions estimating
that the number may rise to over 783 million by 2045. Current immediate-release antidiabetic treatment options have limitations, such as short half-lives,
large peak-trough fluctuations in plasma concentrations, and low patient compliance, leading to a strong interest in Sustained-Release (SR) drug delivery
systems. In an effort to review advances in SR drug delivery systems, a wide variety of new technologies and methods have been established. The first
section of this review will provide a detailed overview of advanced polymeric matrix systems and nano-carrier systems that help deliver SR drugs, including
poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA), chitosan nanoparticles, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), liposomes, and dendrimers. The second section of this report will review new ways to deliver drugs, including experimental pH, glucose, and temperature-responsive hydrogels; gastro retentive formulations; transdermal systems using microneedles; and implantable systems. The third section of this review will also discuss new technologies that may be used as SR delivery systems, including 3D-printed dosage forms, exosome based delivery, oral insulin delivery systems using an excipient SNAC, and glucose-responsive “smart” systems. Pharmacokinetic advantages of these technologies, drug release mechanisms, currently available SR products on the market, regulatory issues, and future directions to connect research with diabetes care will also be discussed.