Alternative Uses of Lead-Free Materials for Medical Radiation Protection: A Review

Abstract

 In light of its great density and potent radiation-blocking properties, lead has long been the main material used for radiation shielding in medical applications. However, attempts to discover safer and lighter alternatives have been motivated by its toxicity, environmental hazards, high weight, and disposal difficulties. Numerous lead-free shielding solutions, including tungsten, bismuth, barium sulfate, antimony, and polymer-based nanocomposites, have been developed as a result of advances in material science and are appropriate for both diagnostic and therapeutic imaging. Using articles that are indexed in the PubMed and Scopus databases, this review gathers and examines recent research on various substitute materials. Research shows that composites made on tungsten and bismuth have attenuation efficiencies similar to those of traditional lead aprons, but they are more flexible, durable, and less hazardous. Heavy metal oxide-reinforced polymer composites have also demonstrated great potential in the development of lightweight personal protective equipment, including as gloves, shielding curtains, thyroid collars, and aprons. Moreover, textile-based shielding systems and multilayer nanocomposites have become cutting-edge methods for improving radiation attenuation effectiveness. There are still issues with manufacturing costs, mechanical stability, uniformity, and long-term durability despite promising advancements. Sustainable and multipurpose shielding materials with enhanced attenuation performance and ergonomic qualities appropriate for regular clinical usage should be the focus of future research. The advancements, benefits, drawbacks, and prospects for lead-free radiation shielding materials in medical settings are highlighted in this review.