Insulin Signaling Abnormality and Insulin Resistance A Common Pathogenic Mechanism Between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative disorders, accounting for 60%–80% of dementia cases. Its pathogenesis is complex, and there is a lack of effective intervention strategies. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor for AD, and the two diseases share common pathogenic mechanisms. Abnormal insulin signaling and insulin resistance are key convergence points in the pathogenesis of both T2DM and AD. Meanwhile, factors such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction further exacerbate AD-related pathology. This review summarizes the shared pathogenic mechanisms of abnormal insulin signaling and insulin resistance in T2DM and AD, as well as other common pathogenic mechanisms. The aim is to identify potential therapeutic targets for T2DM-associated AD, provide a basis for early intervention by regulating metabolic pathways, and thereby achieve the research goal of preventing the occurrence and progression of AD.