Exploring the Therapeutic Properties of Ellagic Acid Nanoclusters - A Review

Abstract

Ellagic acid (EA) is a natural polyphenol and dilactone of hexahydroxydiphenic acid (HHDP), primarily found as ellagitannins in plants like pomegranates, raspberries, grapes, nuts, and strawberries. Its molecular structure consists of a gallic acid dimer linked by two lactone bonds. EA is produced through the hydrolysis of ellagitannins and geraniin and is a major bioactive compound in pomegranates, exhibiting strong antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, antiparasitic, and organ-protective properties.

However, EA’s low water solubility limits its absorption and therapeutic potential. To enhance its bioactivity and bioavailability, various nanoparticle formulations and microspheres have been developed. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that EA nanoparticles (EA-NPs) offer improved antioxidant effects, mitigate oxidative stress, detoxify, and inactivate DNA and RNA viruses. EA-NPs have also shown benefits in reducing diabetes complications and preventing lung, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Additionally, EA-loaded microspheres exhibit inhibitory effects on Babesia species and Theileria equi, while EA nanoparticle formulations combined with chemotherapeutics show promise in breast cancer therapy. This review explores EA nanoparticle formulations and their recent therapeutic advancements.